Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division Office of Navotas City

Review Test Material for

Oral Communication

Module 1: Communicative Strategies

SEVEN (7) TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

1. NOMINATION – suggesting, introducing, or proposing a topic, activity, choice
of preference, opinion or any idea to be discussed.
Example:
▪ “What do you think of this?”
▪ “What topic interests you as a reader?”
2. RESTRICTION - a limitation or restraint given to an issue or topic, avoidance
for a certain topic to be discussed.
Example:
▪ Limiting a question to specific answers, “Did you find it interesting? (Yes/No)
▪ That’s very interesting, but let’s gets back to the subject at hand.”
3. TURN-TAKING – a principle in which participants allow appropriate chances
or opportunities for others to talk.
Example:
▪ “If I were you I’d listen to her, before saying something.”
▪ “Go on with your ideas, I want to hear your thoughts about our topic.”
4. TOPIC CONTROL – a principle of communicative strategy which refers to the
conversation systems that can be divided into two types:
a. Task-Oriented – a situation when there is something to be made and
accomplished or something needs to get finished at a particular required or
approved
time.
Example:
▪ “Let’s do this together before the deadline.”
▪ “Good work. It would be great if your group can use it effectively.”
b. Non-task- Oriented – focuses simply on how to make the user continue
conversation without getting bored, tired, or exhausted. It does not involve any time
element and does not have an objective or a particular job to be done.
Example:
▪ “I learned that being a good listener is one of the best ways to be a good
communicator.”
▪ “Thank you for raising that idea. This is a good time to talk about it.”
5. TOPIC-SHIFTING – a rhetorical deception where one person in a discussion
or conversation manages to subtly change the discussion’s topic to another related
but a different one.
Example:
▪ “That's quite interesting! But what I want to say earlier is about the newly
released vaccine.”
▪ “It is important to be ready. On the other hand, can we really handle it?”
6. REPAIR – the act of correcting an ill-performed utterance either self-initiated
or in response to a feedback.
Example:
▪ “I’m sorry that I was late for your presentation. Was there any important
information that I missed?”
▪ “I beg your pardon. Could you say that again, please?”
7. TERMINATION- refers to an effective strategy employed when ending and
closing the conversation.
Example:
▪ “Thank you for your time, but I must go.”
▪ “That’s it for today. Have a nice weekend. ”
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
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Schools Division Office of Navotas City
Module 2: Strategies in Various Speech Situations

Types of Speech Context

1. Intrapersonal – This refers to communication that centers on one person
where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. “The
message
is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which
processes
what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to
yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others.” (Hybels &
Weaver,
2012, p 16)
Examples:
⚫ You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from the other class
talked to you on the way home and you decided it probably meant nothing.
⚫ You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for
submitting your project before the due date and you reflected on why this was
so.
2.. Interpersonal – This refers to communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and among them. Solomon and
Theiss (2013) state that “the inter part of the word highlights how
interpersonal communication connects people… when you engage in
interpersonal communication, you and another person become linked
together… The personal part means that your unique qualities as a person
matter during interpersonal communication…”
Types of Interpersonal Context
3. Dyad Communication – communication that occurs between two people
Examples
You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
a. Small Group – This refers to communication that involves at least three but
not more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a
desired goal. In this type of communication, all participants can freely share ideas in
a loose and open discussion.
Examples
You are participating in an organizational meeting which aims to address the
concerns of your fellow students.
You are having a discussion with your group mates on how to finish the
assigned tasks.
b. Public – This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or
send the message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by
informational or persuasive purposes. “In public communication, unlike in
interpersonal and small group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is
louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The
speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or a Power Point
presentation.” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19)
Examples
You deliver a graduation speech to your batch.
You participate in a declamation, oratorical, or debate contest watched by
several people.
4. Mass Communication – This refers to communication that takes place
through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and
other types of media.
Examples
You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through
the school’s newspaper.
Types of Speech Style
The context dictates and affects the way people communicate, which results
in various speech styles. According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles.
These
are (1) intimate, (2) casual, (3) consultative, (4) formal, and (5) frozen. Each
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style dictates what appropriate language or vocabulary should be used or observed.
1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between or among close family
members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in
public.
2. Casual – This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or
the vernacular language are used.
3. Consultative – This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually
acceptable language is a must in this style. Examples of situations are
communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor
and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.
4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style,
this is one-way. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation
Address of the President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.
5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly
occurs in ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution,
Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.
Definition of Speech Acts
A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended
effect. Some of the functions which are carried out using speech acts are offering an
apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A speech
act might contain just one word or several words or sentences. For example,
“Thanks”
and “Thank you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it” both show
appreciation regardless of the length of the statement.
Three Types of Speech Act
According to J. L. Austin, a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech
Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right
circumstances or context. These are:
1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
“Please do the dishes.”
2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the speaker requests the
addressee to wash the dishes.
3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the
particular context in which the speech act was mentioned.
“Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee washing the dishes.
There are also indirect speech acts which occur when there is no direct
connection between the form of the utterance and the intended meaning. They are
different in force (i.e., intention) from the inferred speech act.
For example, read the following utterance.
“Can you pass the rice?”
Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the rice?
Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.
Six elements affected by shifts in speech context, speech style, speech
act and communicative strategy.
The terminologies below are the six (6) elements that will be directly affected
if there is a shift in speech context, speech style, speech act and communicative
strategy .
1. Language Form A language function refers to what
students do with language as they engage with content and interact with others.
Functions represent the active use of language for a specific purpose. Language
forms deal with the internal grammatical structure of words and phrases as well as
the word themselves.
Language form can also be the following
Verbal Communication: Your Words and Ideas
The actual words that you say certainly influence your presentation. Make
sure that you rehearse often so that the words feel comfortable in your mouth as
you
speak them aloud.
Non-Verbal Communication: Your Body Language
Your non-verbal communication (paralanguage element) is equally as
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important as the words you have to say.
2. Duration of Interaction -
TIME (CHRONEMICS)
Time given to listen or to speak to people creates a sense of self-esteem in
them. It is equated with care and concern. On the other hand, a person who uses
one’s own time and other people’s time wastefully, creates an impression of being
inefficient and disorganized. A sense of timing in conducting meetings, in conveying
good or bad news, in making a presentation, generates respect and goodwill.
SPACE DISTANCE (PROXEMICS)
Each communicator has a personal zone and territory built or constructed
around himself or herself which he or she does not allow to invade during
communication unless the relationship between the speaker and the listener is
intimate. Edward T. Hall has described human relationship in terms of four kinds
of distance as:
1. Intimate – Physical contact to 18 inches.
2. Personal – 18 inches to 4 feet.
3. Social – 4 feet to 12 feet.
4. Public – 12 feet to range of eyesight and hearing.
Without question, the type and quality of our communication activities differ
in each of these four zones. But remember that we determine these areas
individually
and can change them by changing our physical location.
3. Relationship of Speaker - When you give a speech, your audience members
should have the power to decide whether or not they want to believe what you are
saying.
4. Role and Responsibilities of the Speaker -
A. Perform Pre-Speech Research
Successful public speakers complete in-depth research before making
a presentation. They research their topic to make sure they are well informed.
Public speakers also learn about their audience in order to present in a
personalized and relevant way.
B. Write and Outline Speeches
Public speakers spend their time creating a speech that educates and
motivates a crowd. They make sure that all talking points are sharp and
concise. The most successful public speakers outline speeches that are
engaging, informative, and persuasive.
C. Rehearse Speeches
Practicing speeches prior to delivering them live is critical for public
speakers. They prepare and rehearse to make their presentations more
effective. Public speakers use rehearsals to simplify their message, and find
new ways to engage their audience through stories, analogies, and other
interplay activities.
D. Give Public Presentations
Pubic speakers are essentially hired to deliver live presentations and
seminars. Their talks must hold audience attention and encourage
participation to be successful. A public speaker may talk to small groups of
10 or large groups of 10,000. Some presentations have a training and
development component while others are more inspirational.
E. Interacting with Audience Members
Public speakers, especially those that work in a training capacity, are
usually expected to interact with audience members after their speeches.
Through these conversations, they gain speech feedback, which they
incorporate into future presentations.
5. Message - No matter which model of communication you study, every model
includes the most important element of all: the message. You can’t have
communication without a message. The word “message” actually comes from the
Latin mittere, “to send. ”
6. Delivery - It requires making connections with your audience and presenting
yourself formally to the public. This involves the speaker’s articulation,
pronunciation, intonation, pauses, tone, dialect, accent, pitch, stresses of words in
the speech and projection and posture.
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Department of Education
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Module 3: Principles of Effective Speech Writing

Principles of effective speech writing refers to the things to be considered

in preparing great speech to effectively deliver the message to the
audience.
This includes;
1. Audience
2. Purpose
3. Topic
4. Logical organization
5. Word choice
6. Grammatical correctness
7. Duration
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
This entails looking into the profile of the target audience so that you can
tailor fit speech content and delivery for them.
• Audience Analysis
Demography age, gender, educational
background, affiliation, nationality,
economic status
Situation time, venue, occasion, size
Psychology values, beliefs, culture, attitude,
preferences
PURPOSE
A speech has purpose. Such purpose might include:
• to inform – provides audience with clear understanding of concept
• to entertain – provides audience with amusement
• to persuade – provides audience ideas that will influence their beliefs and
decision
TOPIC
The topic refers to the main point. You can determine the topic once you already
have the main point. Narrowing down a topic is a very good strategy for making
idea more specific and focused.
ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
The organizational patterns refer to the writing patterns. These are structures
that will help you in organizing the ideas related to your topic. Below are the
different organizational patterns.
PATTERN DESCRIPTION
Biographical Present descriptions of life of a person
Chronological Presents the idea in time order
Causal Present cause and effect relationship
Comparison /Contrast Present comparison or contrast of two
or three points
Problem / Solution Presents an identified problem and recommended solutions.
WORD CHOICE
The word choice refers to the selection of precise words that will increase the
impact you create on your audience. Well-selected words appeal to the senses while
an improper word choice leads to a certain misunderstanding.
GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS
The grammatical correctness refers to the notion that certain words, word
forms, and syntactic structures meet the standards and conventions prescribed by
grammarians.
DURATION
The duration refers to the consideration of how long your speech should be.
Time, occasion, venue and number of audiences affect the decision for planning
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duration of speech.
Some Guidelines in Speech Writing
1. Keep your words short and simple. Your speech is meant to be heard by your
audience, not read.
2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words because they can confuse your
audience.
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal pronoun “I,” but take
care not to overuse it. When you need to emphasize collectiveness with your
audience, use the personal pronoun “we.
4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to the personal and
conversational tone of
your speech.
5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful with your language, jokes, and
nonverbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to effectively convey your point.
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the speech falls under the time limit.

Module 4: The Principles of Effective Speech Delivery

ARTICULATION
✓ It refers to the clarity of sounds and words we produce. If someone is
articulate, they speak words clearly, and speakers should strive to
speak clearly.
✓ Poor articulation results when speakers do not speak clearly.
✓ Unawareness and laziness are two common challenges to
articulation.
✓ As with other aspects of our voice, many people are unaware that they
regularly have errors in articulation.
✓ Recording yourself speak and then becoming a higher self-monitor are
effective ways to improve your articulation.
MODULATION
✓ It refers to the control or adjustment of voice speaker’s voice.
✓ Voice modulation means using your voice and tone to deliver your
speech more effectively.
Vocal delivery includes components of speech delivery that relate to your
voice. These include articulation and modulation. Our voice is important to consider
when delivering our speech for two main reasons. First, vocal delivery can help us
engage and interest the audience. Second, vocal delivery helps ensure that our
ideas
are communicated clearly.
✓ Modulation has different aspects to consider such as rate, volume,
and pitch.
1. Rate refers to how fast or slow you speak. If you speak too fast, your
audience will not be able to absorb the information you present. If you speak
too slowly, the audience may lose interest. The key is to vary your rate of
speaking in a middle range, staying away from either extreme, in order to keep
your audience engaged.
2. Volume refers to how loud or soft your voice is. As with speaking rate,
you want to avoid the extremes of being too loud or too soft, but still vary your
volume within an acceptable middle range. When speaking in a typically sized
classroom or office setting that seats about twenty-five people, using a volume
a few steps above a typical conversational volume is usually sufficient. When
speaking in larger rooms, you will need to project your voice.
3. Pitch refers to how high or low a speaker’s voice is. As with other vocal
qualities, there are natural variations among people’s vocal pitch. Unlike rate
and volume, there are more physiological limitations on the control we have
over pitch. Despite these limitations, each person still has the capability to
intentionally change their pitch across a range large enough to engage an
audience. Changing pitch is a good way to communicate enthusiasm and
indicate emphasis or closure.
Many speakers are more nervous about physical delivery than vocal
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delivery. Putting our bodies on the line in front of an audience often makes us feel
more vulnerable than putting our voice out there. Yet most audiences are not as
fixated on our physical delivery as we think they are. Knowing this can help relieve
some anxiety, but it doesn’t give us a free pass when it comes to physical delivery.
We should still practice for physical delivery that enhances our verbal message.
Physical delivery of a speech involves non-verbal communication through the
stage presence, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements, and rapport
with the audience by means of eye contact.
STAGE PRESENCE
✓ When we talk about the stage presence, it involves speaker’s
appearance, projection, and manner on the stage.
✓ To procure stage presence, the speaker ought to talk confidently and
deliver the speech wholeheartedly.
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
✓ The expression on the speaker’s face determines the audience’s
closeness to him.
✓ It can help bring a speech to life when used by a speaker to
communicate emotions and demonstrate enthusiasm for the speech.
✓ Warm smile and confident look take the audience close to the speaker.
✓ The expressions and the tone used by the speaker should go hand in
hand with the message and the emotions that are delivered.
✓ The speaker ought to ensure that his/her facial expressions do not
contradict his/her verbal message.
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GESTURES AND BODY MOVEMENTS
✓ It includes arm and hand movements.
✓ All the movements on the stage should be voluntary and warranted.
Nervousness can cause involuntary movements which can distress
both the speaker and the audience. If the speaker gets involved in the
speech and trusts the audience, nervousness can go. No movement
can happen on the stage without reason.
✓ Movements driven by the speech can help the speaker maintain
contact with all the sections of the audience.
RAPPORT WITH THE AUDIENCE
✓ Building rapport is defined as engaging with the audience and
connecting with them.
✓ Have eye contact, speak naturally, and relate with the audience.
✓ Eye contact is one of the most important gestures. It not only
increases the speaker’s direct contact with the audience but also
increases their interest in their speech.
✓ Direct eye contact helps the speaker understand audience reaction
then and there and it makes the occasion less frightening.