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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

PREPARATORY EXAMINATION
2021
10781

GEOGRAPHY

PAPER 1

TIME: 3 hours

MARKS: 150

12 pages + an annexure of 7 pages

This question paper consists of 12 pages and an annexure of 7 pages is

included as an insert in the question paper.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. This question paper consists of THREE questions.

 QUESTION 1: Climate and weather (60)

 QUESTION 2: Geomorphology (60)
 QUESTION 3: Mapwork (30)

2. Answer ALL THREE questions.

3. All diagrams are included in the ANNEXURE.

4. Illustrate your answers with labelled diagrams, where possible.

5. Leave a line open between sub-sections of questions answered.

6. Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page.

7. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper. Number the answers in the CENTRE of the line.

8. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK.

9. Write neatly and legibly.

10. You may use a non-programmable calculator and a magnifying glass.

11. The unit of measurement must be given in the final answer, where applicable,
e.g. 10 km, 4°C, east.

SECTION B: MAPWORK AND APPLICATION

RESOURCE MATERIAL

1. An extract from topographic map 2931AB TUGELA

2. Orthophoto map 2931AB 19 TUGELA

3. NOTE: The resource material must be collected by schools for their own use.

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INSTRUCTIONS, INFORMATION AND RESOURCE MATERIAL

1. You are provided with an extract from the 1 : 50 000 topographical map 2931AB
TUGELA and an orthophoto map 2931 AB 19 TUGELA of a part of the mapped
area.

2. You must hand the topographical map and the orthophoto map to the invigilator at
the end of this examination session.

3. Show ALL calculations and use supplied formulae, where applicable. Marks will
be allocated for these.

4. NO marks will be allocated for answers with incorrect units.

5. The area demarcated in RED on the topographical map represents the area
covered by the orthophoto map.

6. You may use a magnifying glass.

7. The following English terms and their Afrikaans translations are shown on the
topographical map:

ENGLISH AFRIKAANS
Furrow Voor
Golf course Gholfbaan
River Rivier
Sewage works Rioolwerke
Weir Stuwal

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SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER

1.1 Read the following statements and choose the appropriate word(s) in brackets to
make the sentence TRUE. Write down only the question number (1.1.1 to 1.1.7)
and the correct answer in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g., 1.1.8 Convection.

1.1.1 The climate of a small area such as valley climate is referred to as (micro-
climate/macro-climate).

1.1.2 (Down-slope/up-slope) winds are also known as katabatic winds.

1.1.3 In (daytime/night-time), heating occurs, and warm air rises from the valley
floor towards the crest causing anabatic winds.

1.1.4 The belt where the warm air accumulates midway up the valley, is called
the (radiation belt/thermal belt).

1.1.5 A (frost pocket/fog pocket) forms on the valley floor when the temperature
falls below freezing point.

1.1.6 Radiation fog in the valley is associated with (calm conditions/rapid

winds).

1.1.7 Property values are usually (higher/lower) on the warmer middle slope
than on the valley floor. (7 x 1) (7)

1.2 Refer to FIGURE 1.2, the Tropical Cyclone Edouard. Various options are provided
as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only
the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.2.1–1.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK,
for example 1.2.9 A.

1.2.1 Tropical Cyclone Edouard was the… cyclone of the season.

A 2nd
B 5th
C 6th
D 9th

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1.2.2 The movement of the air around the low pressure in the centre of the
weather system is proof that this tropical cyclone occurred in the …
hemisphere.

A southern
B northern
C western
D eastern

1.2.3 The centre of the weather system is known as the … of the tropical
cyclone.

A cortex
B hurricane
C eye
D moisture front

1.2.4 The reason for the calm weather in the centre of the tropical cyclone is …

A subsiding air that warms adiabatically.

B subsiding air that cools adiabatically.
C ascending air that warms adiabatically.
D ascending air that cools adiabatically.

1.2.5 The path of the tropical cyclone is from …

A west to east.
B east to west.
C north to south.
D south to west.

1.2.6 The possible wind speed at approximately 24 hours is … km/h.

A 10
B 50
C 100
D 130

1.2.7 It took approximately … hours for the tropical cyclone to reach the mature
stage

A 0
B 2
C 8
D 24

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1.2.8 The mature stage occurs when …

A pressure begins to increase above 998 hPa.

B pressure begins to increase above 1 000 hPa.
C pressure decreases far below 1 000 hPa.
D pressure begins to decrease below 1 014 hPa.
(8 x 1) (8)

1.3 Refer to FIGURE 1.3 which shows mid-latitude cyclones on a synoptic weather
map.

1.3.1 Which season is represented on the synoptic weather map in

FIGURE 1.3? (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 At what stage of development is mid-latitude cyclone C? (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.3 Give evidence from the synoptic map to support your answer to
QUESTION 1.3.2. (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.4 (a) Which mid- latitude cyclone, A, B or C is the oldest? (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Give TWO reasons for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.4 a). (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5 Refer to the extract of the station model of Cape Town. Explain the
change in temperature, wind direction and cloud cover as the cold front of
mid-latitude cyclone A approaches Cape Town. (3 x 2) (6)
(15)

1.4 FIGURE 1.4 shows a line thunderstorm.

1.4.1 In which season do line thunderstorms develop over South Africa?

(1 x 1) (1)

1.4.2 Describe the air that flows from the:

(a) South Indian Anticyclone (1 x 2) (2)

(b) South Atlantic Anticyclone (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.3 On which side of the moisture front do line thunderstorms occur? (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.3. (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest the positive and

negative impact that line thunderstorms have on the agricultural sector in
the interior of South Africa. (4 x 2) (8)
(16)

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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

PREPARATORY EXAMINATION
2021
10781

GEOGRAPHY

PAPER 1

ANNEXURE

7 pages

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SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

FIGURE 1.2: TROPICAL CYCLONE EDOUARD

[Adapted from https://nauticalclass.com/what-actions-vessel-should-take]

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FIGURE 1.3: MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES

[Adapted from Surface-synoptic-weather-map]

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FIGURE 1.4: LINE THUNDERSTORM

[Source: Examiner’s own diagram]

FIGURE 1.5: HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS

[Adapted source: https://www.google.com/search?q=hitte+eiland&safe=strict&rlz=1C1GCEU]

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FIGURE 2.3: DRAINAGE PATTERNS

[Source: Adapted from http: www.geologyin.com/2014/03/drainage-pattern.html?m=3]

FIGURE 2.4: RIVER CAPTURE

[Source: Examiner’s own sketch]

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FIGURE 2.5: GAUTENG RIVER CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT

Gauteng is located on the continental divide with some rivers flowing towards the
Indian Ocean and others to the Atlantic Ocean. It contains the headwaters of a
number of important river systems in an urban environment.

The high flow velocity of the river causes erosion especially where vegetation cover
is removed, or the banks of rivers and streams are modified. Seasonal flooding is a
real danger in several extensive areas in Gauteng. Canalisations of several rivers in
urban as well as rural areas have further negative effects.

Healthy riverbanks maintain the form of the river channel, provide habitat for species
(aquatic and terrestrial) and filter sediment, minerals and light. Water quality includes
the chemical, physical and bacteriological properties of water which determine its
suitability for use.

The urban nature of Gauteng (especially the central part) as well as road networks
across the province seals natural surfaces in a manner that does not allow natural
infiltration of rainwater into the ground. This high runoff scenario during rainfall
events coupled to pollution emanating from the urban environment puts a high level
of stress on the river system of Gauteng.
[Source: https://armour.org.za/wp/about-us/armour-a-voice-for-water/]

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INDEX TO SHEET

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP ORTHOPHOTO MAP

CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 METERS CONTOUR INTERVAL 5 METERS

END
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1.5 Refer to FIGURE 1.5 that shows methods to reduce the effects of an Urban Heat
Island.

1.5.1 Define the term Urban Heat Island. (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.2 Describe how the glass windows in FIGURE 1.5, will result in the increase
in temperature in the urban area. (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.3 Explain TWO possible negative effects that Urban Heat Islands have on
the health of human beings. (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.4 Explain how the THREE strategies (A, B and C), evident in FIGURE 1.5,
contributed to the reduction of the Heat Island Effect. (3 x 2) (6)
(14)
[60]

QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY

2.1 Read the following statements on the characteristics of a drainage basin and
choose the appropriate word(s) in brackets which will make the statement TRUE.
Write down only the question number (2.1.1 to 2.1.7) and the answer in your
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.1.8 Dendritic.

2.1.1 The point where the tributary joins the main river is known as the
(source/confluence).

2.1.2 The total area of land drained by the river and its tributaries is known as
the (drainage basin/catchment area).

2.1.3 A (river system/drainage pattern) is the main river with all its tributaries.

2.1.4 The surface area that captures rainfall is known as the (drainage
basin/catchment area).

2.1.5 The tributary of a river is a result of (surface runoff/infiltration).

2.1.6 The (watershed/interfluve) is a spur that separates two tributaries of the

same river system.

2.1.7 The upper layer of underground saturated rock is referred to as the

(ground water/water table)
(7 x 1) (7)

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2.2 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the geomorphologic description
of fluvial landforms in COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A–I) next to the
question number (2.2.1 to 2.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.2.9 J.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.2.1 The splitting of a river into different streams A Levees
due to a slow-moving river depositing
alluvium at the mouth B Terraces

2.2.2 Low-lying ground adjacent to a river in the C Delta

lower course
D Distributaries
2.2.3 This fluvial landform forms due to a
knickpoint E Floodplain

2.2.4 Steps on the sides of a river as it erodes its F Waterfall

own floodplain through rejuvenation
G Meander
2.2.5 A fluvial landform resulting from a slow
moving river depositing alluvium before it H Gorge
enters the sea
I Meander scar
2.2.6 This feature forms when an ox-bow lake
dries up

2.2.7 A very steep sided valley where a river

flows at the bottom

2.2.8 The winding pattern of a river that results in

lateral erosion
(8 x 1) (8)

2.3 Refer to FIGURE. 2.3 that shows the different types of drainage patterns.

2.3.1 Identify drainage patterns A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.2 What is the dominant physical factor that determines the development
of different types of drainage patterns? (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.3 Give TWO visible characteristics of drainage pattern A in FIGURE

2.3. (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.4 Why would farming be more suitable in an area with drainage

pattern A? (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.5 Explain how physical factors limit the effective use of water in
drainage pattern B. (3 x 2) (6)
(15)

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2.4 Refer to FIGURE 2.4 that shows river capture.

2.4.1 Define the concept river capture. (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.2 Name the main physical factor (natural factor) visible in FIGURE 2.4
that resulted in river capture taking place. (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.3 Identify the features of river capture labelled C and D in FIGURE 2.4.
(2 x 1) (2)

2.4.4 State the impact that river capture will have on the volume of water in
rivers D and F. (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.5 Discuss how the process of river capture has led to the rejuvenation
of river F. (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.6 Explain the negative impact that rejuvenation will have on the
economic activity visible next to river F on FIGURE 2.4. (2 x 2) (4)
(14)

2.5 Study the extract on Gauteng River Catchment Management in FIGURE 2.5.

2.5.1 Define the concept river management. (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.2 Give evidence from the extract that shows the importance of
catchment management in Gauteng. (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3 Identify TWO issues from the article that pose a challenge to effective
river management. (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.4 Explain why aquatic life is affected by poor river management in

Gauteng. (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, provide sustainable

strategies that can be implemented to deal with problems associated
with poor river management systems. (4 x 2) (8)

(16)
[60]

TOTAL SECTION A: 120

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SECTION B: MAPWORK AND APPLICATION

QUESTION 3

The questions below are based on the 1 : 50 000 topographic map 2931AB TUGELA as
well as the orthophoto map 2931 AB 19 TUGELA of a part of the mapped area. Refer to
the general information on Tugela below, as well as the contour interval and index to
sheet (page 7) in the ANNEXURE.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON TUGELA

INFORMATION: TUGELA

The uThukela River originates as a stream on the 3 050m high Mont-aux-Sources

plateau near the merger point of the Lesotho–Free State provincial borders. Its upper
course, which lies within Royal Natal National Park, flows through the Drakensberg
range before coming down fast through a series of waterfalls having a total drop of
948 m. The river cuts through the Tugela Gorge at the foot of the escarpment (about
1,500 m above sea level) and is quickly joined by many tributaries.

The uThukela River ends its course of 502 km at the Indian Ocean, about 84 km north
of Durban. The mouth almost completely blocked in times of normal flow by a
sandbar. Its narrow valley and alluvial deposits restrict irrigation.

The climate in this area is mild, and generally warm and temperate. The summers
have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The average annual
temperature is 19,4°C at the Tugela Mouth resort and the average annual rainfall is
679 mm.

[Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/Tugela-River]

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QUESTION 3: TOPOGRAPHIC AND ORTHOPHOTO MAP TECHNIQUES

3.1 Refer to the topographical map and the orthophoto map.

3.1.1 Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number (3.1.1) in the ANSWER BOOK.

The length of the railway tunnel at F in block E3 is … metres.

A 0,3 m
B 30 m
C 300 m
D 3 000 m (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.2 Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number (3.1.2) in the ANSWER BOOK

The map reference for the map northeast of 2931AB is …

A 2831 CC.
B 2831 DC.
C 2931 BA.
D 2931 DC. (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.3 Use the following formula and steps to determine the magnetic bearing
from the benchmark, G in block D5 to trigonometrical beacon 93, H in
block C4.

Formula: magnetic declination + true bearing

(a) Difference in years

(b) Mean annual change

(c) Total annual change

(d) Magnetic declination

(e) True bearing

(f) Magnetic bearing (7 x 1) (7)

3.1.4 Why is it important to calculate the current magnetic declination?

(1 x 1) (1)
(10)

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3.2 TOPOGRAPHIC AND ORTHOPHOTO MAP APPLICATION

Refer to the valley I − J on the topographical map.

3.2.1 (a) The wind that blows at night in the valley is a/an (anabatic/katabatic)
wind? (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Describe the flow of the wind identified in QUESTION 3.2.1 (a).
(1 x 2) (2)

(c) Identify the type of vegetation at K. (1 x 1) (1)

(d) Explain the climatological factor that determined the location of the
vegetation type at K. (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.2 Refer to the uThukela River on the orthophoto map.

(a) Identify the fluvial landform created by the uThukela River on the
orthophoto map. (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Identify slope 5 and give a reason for your answer. (1 + 1) (2)

(c) (Grass/Trees) are found at 6 on the orthophoto map. (1 x 1) (1)

(d) Explain the positive impact that the vegetation at 6 will have on the
cultivated land at 7. (1 x 2) (2)
(12)

3.3 GIS APPLICATION

Refer to both the topographical map and the orthophoto map.

3.3.1 (a) Does an orthophoto map consist of raster or vector data? (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Motivate your answer to QUESTION 3.3.1 (a). (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.2 There is clear evidence of the application of buffering on both the

topographic and orthophoto maps.

(a) Define the term buffering. (1 x 2) (2)

(b) Provide evidence of how buffering was applied in block D3 on the

topographic map. (1 x 2) (2)

(c) Name ONE data layer that would have been consulted in the
application of buffering in block D3. (1 x 1) (1)
(8)

TOTAL SECTION B: 30

TOTAL: 150

END