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4.1 TYPES OF JOINTS BASED ON ACTION OF FORCES

4.1.1 Compression Joints
Compressive forces can be transmitted between adjacent precast components by a direct
bearing or through an intermediate medium such as in-situ mortar, fine concrete,
bearing pads or other bearing elements. Direct contact between the elements should be
used when a great degree of accuracy in manufacturing and erection needs to be
achieved and when the bearing stresses are small. Cementitious materials such as in-situ
mortar, fine concrete or grouting are often used in the joints between load-bearing
elements in columns and walls as well as for beam and floor elements. The nominal
thickness is about 10 to 30 mm for mortar and grout and 30 to 50 mm for fine concrete.
The bedding is usually without any reinforcing bars. The mode of failure is predicated
by the crushing of the mortar or splitting of the precast components in contact with it.
Although the mortar, grout or fine concrete is in a highly confined state under
predominantly plane stress conditions and should achieve a compressive strength higher
than fcu, a low design strength is normally used because the edges of the bedding tend to
spall off. This will lead to a non-uniform stress distribution. The situation can be
exacerbated by poor workmanship, unintentional eccentricity, spurious bending
moments, and shear forces. Another fact which leads to a reduction of the joint strength
is when there is a great difference in the elastic response between the bedded material
and the precast concrete, which may result in localized contraction, lateral tensile stress,
and splitting forces. This effect may become important when the joints thickness is
greater than 50 mm.
The position of the support reaction must be accounted for eccentricities due to
rotation and tolerances. The rules for this are given in Eurocode 2 (STN EN 1992-1-1,
2015). The basic dimensions of the bearing should be determined such that the stress
under the bearing is limited to that of the strength of the bearing material and that of the
concrete in the connected components.

Advantages

• Simple and quick to install.

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• Panel edges can be plain or simple profiles.

• Economical.

Disadvantages

• Cannot be fully weatherproof, so limited to low-rise industrial buildings.

• Joint width is critical.
• Maintaining compression on the seal at the intersection of horizontal and vertical
joints is difficult.
• Difficult to maintain and/or replace.
• Time-consuming while erecting.

4.1.2 Tensile Joints

The connections with the tensile capacity are often part of the overall tying system that
should provide structural integrity and prevent progressive collapse. Such a connection
should be designed and detailed to have a ductile behavior. Premature brittle failures
must be avoided and it should be possible to obtain a rupture of the ductile components
of the connections (fib Bulletin, 2008). Tensile forces are transferred between the
concrete by means of various types of steel connectors that are anchored to each side of
the elements at the joint with a continuity achieved by the overlapping of steel bars,
dowel action, bolting or welding. The tensile capacity of the connection can be
determined by either the strength of the steel elements or by the anchorage capacity.

4.1.3 Shear Joints

Shear forces can be transferred between concrete elements by adhesion or friction at a
joint interface, a shear-key effect at indented joint faces, the dowel action of transverse
steel bars, pins and bolts, etc. Shear keys are generally formed by providing the precast
members with indented joint faces. The shear keys work as mechanical locks, thereby
preventing any significant slip along the joint. Shear keys must fulfill certain minimum
requirements concerning the length, depth and inclination of the tooth. Such minimum
requirements are given in code and design rules (fib Bulletin, 2008).

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A shear transfer by bond between precast and in-situ elements is possible, when
the shear stress is low. It is not necessary to deliberately roughen the surface texture of
precast units beyond the as-cast finish, which may be of a slip-forming, extrusion or
tamped finish. Shear transfer by shear friction requires the presence of a permanent
normal compressive force. The force may arise from permanent gravity loads, by
prestressing or be artificially induced by reinforcement bars placed across the joints.
Shear keys for the transfer of shear forces between elements are obtained by cast in-situ
concrete or grout in joints between the elements which surface castellations. Under the
action of a shear load, the shear keys act as mechanical locks that prevent significant
slips at the interface.

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4.2 TYPES OF JOINTS BASED ON FUNCTION

Types of joints in concrete constructions are:

1. Construction Joints

2. Expansion Joints

3. Contraction Joints

4. Isolation Joints

Construction Joints in Concrete:

Construction joints are placed in a concrete slab to define the extent of the
individual placements, generally in conformity with a predetermined joint layout.
Construction joints must be designed in order to allow displacements between
both sides of the slab but, at the same time, they have to transfer flexural stresses
produced in the slab by external loads.
Construction joints must allow horizontal displacement right-angled to the joint
surface that is normally caused by thermal and shrinkage movement. At the same time
they must not allow vertical or rotational displacements. Fig.1 summarizes which
displacement must be allowed or not allowed by a construction joint.

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Edqe each sids with B-in. redius

Butt-type construction joint

Edqe each side with in. radius

0.I D
'
{ 0. 2 D

Tongue-and-groove construction joint

Smooth dowel b0r

coated to prevent bond ,;

52

Butt-type6 construction joint with dowels

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Expansion joints in Concrete

The concrete is subjected to volume change due to many reasons. So we have to

cater for this by way of joint to relieve the stress. Expansion is a function of length. The
building longer than 45m are generally provided with one or more expansion joint. In
India recommended c/c spacing is 30m. The joints are formed by providing a gap
between the building parts.

Contraction Joints in Concrete

A contraction joint is a sawed, formed, or tooled groove in a concrete slab that

creates a weakened vertical plane. It regulates the location of the cracking caused by
dimensional changes in the slab.

Unregulated cracks can grow and result in an unacceptably rough surface as well
as water infiltration into the base, sub base and sub grade, which can enable other types
of pavement distress.

Contraction joints are the most common type of joint in concrete pavements, thus
the generic term joint‖ generally refers to a contraction joint. Contraction joints are
chiefly defined by their spacing and their method of load transfer. They are generally
between 1/4 – 1/3 the depth of the slab and typically spaced every 3.1 – 15 m

Isolation Joints in Concrete

Joints that isolate the slab from wall, column or drainpipe

Isolation joints have one very simple purpose they completely isolate the slab
from something else. That something else can be a wall or a column or a drain pipe.
Here are a few things to consider with isolation joints:

• Walls and columns, which are on their own footings that are d p than the slab
sub grade, are not going to move the same way a slab does as it shrinks or
expands from drying or temperature changes or as the sub grade compresses a
little.

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Even wooden columns should be isolated from the slab.

• If slabs are connected to walls or columns or pipes, as they contract or settle

there will be restraint, which usually cracks the slab—although it could also
damage pipes (standpipes or floor drains).
• Expansion joints are virtually never needed with interior slabs, because the
concrete doesn’t expand that much—it never gets that hot.
• Expansion joints in concrete pavement are also seldom needed, since the
contraction joints open enough (from drying shrinkage) to account for
temperature expansion. The exception might be where a pavement or parking lot
are next to a bridge or building— then we simply use a slightly wider isolation
joint (maybe ¾ inch instead of ½ inch).
• Blowups, from expansion of concrete due to hot weather and sun, are more
commonly caused by contraction joints that are not sealed and that then fill up
with non- compressible materials (rocks, dirt). They can also be due to very long
un jointed sections.
• Very long un jointed sections can expand enough from the hot sun to cause
blowups, but this is rare.

• Isolation joints are formed by placing preformed joint material next to the
column or wall or standpipe prior to pouring the slab. Isolation joint material is
typically asphalt- impregnated fiberboard, although plastic, cork, rubber, and
neoprene are also available.
• Isolation joint material should go all the way through the slab, starting at the sub
base, but should not extend above the top.
• For a cleaner looking isolation joint, the top part of the preformed filler can be
cut off and the space filled with elastomeric sealant. Some proprietary joints
come with removable caps to form this sealant reservoir.
• Joint materials range from inexpensive asphalt-impregnated fiberboard to cork
to closed cell neoprene. Cork can expand and contract with the joint, does not
extrude, and seals out water. Scott White with APS Cork says that the required

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performance is what determines the choice of joint materials. How much motion
is expect, exposure to salts or chemicals, and the value of the structure would all
come into play—and of course the cost.
• At columns, contraction joints should approach from all four directions ending
at the isolation joint, which should have a circular or a diamond shaped
configuration around the column. For an I-beam type steel column, a pinwheel
configuration can work. Always place the slab concrete first and do not install
the isolation joint material and fill around the column until the column is
carrying its full dead load.
Requirements of joints
a. The joints should be leveled

b. The joints should be perfectly rigid

c. The joints should posses sufficient strength a d fitness

d. The joints should get sufficient yield strength

e. The joints should be provided rich mortar (or)

concrete compared with joining member

f. The joints should be plumb checking

g. The module of the joint should be checked

h. The dowel rod must be welded with main members

i. Sufficient stirrups should be provided for beam members

j. Sufficient lateral ties should be provided for beam members

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4.3 DESIGN OF EXPANSION JOINT

Joint Techniques:

The joint technique is a vital role for prefabricated structures. The joint
mechanism is implemented to prefabricated elements. In case of dry joint the joint is
under the category of bolting and welding .The bolted or welded connection should be
designed properly with economical consideration. In case of wet joint the joint is in situ
concrete. The in situ concrete should be in rich mortar.
Design of expansion joint
1. The expansion joint are provided to accommodate movements of thermal

expansion
2. To avoid the cracks expansion joints should be provided

3. The thermal are formed due to summer seasons and the precast member

will expand behind the original dimension. This cause the cracks will be
developed in the prefabricated structures
4. Hence to avoid the formation of cracks expansion joint should be provided

in the prefabricated structures

Spacing’s of Expansion joints

MAX SPACING
SI.NO TYPE OF WALL IN
METRE
1 Large Block 35
2 Curtain Wall 80
3 Large panel (homogeneous) 45
4 Large panel (non-homogeneous) 60

5. AS per NBC the structures which are more than 20m the expansion joint
must be provided the material are used for expansion joints bitumen with
mineral , filler and cork strip. The expansion joint is protected by a sealing
compound at the top against intrusion. The building is commonly separated
the structure. The welded joints between the panels which permits the
rotation.
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The exposed roof elements are higher expansion produced the materials are also
expanded. The common building material, linear co-efficient of thermal expansion are
given below

SI.NO MATERIALS CO-EFFICIENT α ,10-4

PER 0 C
1 Gravel 13
2 Brick 5
3 Concrete 8
4 Clinker 6
5 Blast furnace slag 11
6 Expanded clay 10
7 Lime stone 10
8 Expanded shale 10
9 Prelate 11
10 Vermiculite 14

Design procedure for expansion joint

Expansion joint must be sized to accommodate the movements of several primary

phenomena imposed upon the bridge following installation of its expansion joint
devices. Concrete shrinkage, thermal variation, and long term creep are the three most
common primary sources of movement.

Calculation of movements associated with each of these phenomena must include

the effects to super structure type, tributary length , fixity condition between super
structure, sub structure and pear flexibilities.

a) Shrinkage effects

Accurate calculation of shrinkage as a function of time requires that average

ambient humidity, volume to surface ratios and curing methods to be taken in
consideration as summarized, because expansion joint devices are generally
installed in their respective block at least 30 to 60 days following concrete deck
placement, they must accommodate only the shrinkage that occurs from that time
onwards. For most situations, that shrinkage strain can be assumed to be
0.0002.For normal weight concrete is an unrestrained condition .This value must
be corrected for restrained condition imposed by various super structure types

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∆shrink = β.µ .Lt

Where
Lt =Tributary length of the structure subjected to shrinkage
β = ultimate shrinkage strain after expansion joint installation estimated as
0.0002 of more refined calculations
µ = restrained factor accounting for the restraining effect imposed by
superstructure element installed before the concrete slab is cast =0.1 for steel
girders ,0.5 for precast prestressed concrete girders ,0.8 for concrete box girders
and T beam ,1.0 for flat slabs.

b) Thermal effects:
Bridges are subjected to all modes of heat transfer, radiation, convection and
conduction. Each mode affects the thermal gradients generated in a bridge
superstructure differentially. Climate influences vary geographically resulting
in different seasonal and average properties.
Example:
A massive concrete box girder bridge will be much slower to respond to an
imposed thermal situation, particularly diurnal variation than steel plate Girder
Bridge composed of many relatively thin steel elements.
Variation in superstructure average temperature produces elongation and
shortening .Therefore thermal movement ranges calculated using a maximum and
minimum anticipated bridge. Super structure average temperature anticipated
during the structures life time. The consideration in the proceeding have led to the
following temperature guide lines

Concrete bridges 00 F to 1000 F

Steel bridges 300 F to 1200 F

Total thermal movement range is calculated as

∆temp = α. Lt. . ∂ T

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Where
Lt =Tributary length of the structure subjected to thermal variation
α= Co-efficient of thermal expansion 0.000006 in /0 F for concrete and
0.0000065 in /0 F
∂ T= Bridge superstructure average temperature ranges as a function on
bridge type and location Generally these settings are specified for
temperature of 400 F , 640 F and 800 F

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4.4 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS

Joints for different structural connections:
• Jointing of column to footing

• Jointing of column to beam on top of column.

• Jointing of column to beam at an intermediate functions.

• Lengthening of columns.
• Jointing of beams.
• Forming of joints of arched structure.
• Joining of joints of post tensioned structures.
• Joining of precast to monolithic reinforced concrete structures.

(a) JOININNG COLUMNS TO FOOTING:

This joint is usually rigid but also can be hinge. A rigid joint can be made
by placing the column into a calyx of the footing or by using a welded joint. The
figure shows the three variations of this method. Can be used for smaller, For
average, For large footings

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The depth of the calyx is dimensioned according to the long or side length of the
column. The depth of the calyx should be equal to 12.5% of the length of the
column.
The opening of the calyx is 6-10 cm greater in all direction than the class
of the column. This is enabling the vibrator to be operated while concreting at
the bottom of the calyx of checked by leveling before concreting.
A similar steel plate is also put on the lower end of the column when
positioning the column. These two steel plates must be on each other. The
dimensions of these steel plates are frame 100x100x10 to 150x150x10 mm a
chord into the concrete after the column is put in placed properly plumbed two
advantages of the calyx joint should be mentioned.
1. The placing plumbing and fixing of the column as well as the
subsequent filling of the calyx with concrete is for simpler and
requires less time than in the case of a welded joint.

2. The method is least sensitive to inaccuracies occurring during the

construction. The disadvantages of the calyx joint are more suitable
for small columns. In the case of large columns requiring calyx
depth of which is greater than 1 m.

(b) JOINING OF COLUMN TO BEAM AT AN INTERMEDIATE UNCTION:

One method of forming a hinge like joint consists either or placing to beam on to
a small cantilever protracting frame the column or of putting it on the bottom of an
adequately shaped opening left out of the column shaft.

The beam rests temporarily on a tongue like extension on a steel plate placed in
this opening on the supporting surface the tongue is also furnished with a steel plate
anchored into the concrete The other parts of the tongue are supported after the placing
has been finished with concrete cast through an opening left for this purpose.

Hinge like joining of girder to column:

1. Opening for casting.

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2. Subsequent concreting.

3. Steel plate.

(c) LENGTHNING OF COLUMNS:

Columns are usually lengthened at floor levels. An intermediate lengthening

should be avoided it possible.

The lengthening of columns can be executed similarly to the joining with footing,
accordingly the upper columns rests on the lower ones by a tongue like extension. The
steel bars of the main reinforcement are joined by overlapping looped steel bars a
welding. There after the stirrups have to be placed of finally the joint must be
concreted.

(d) JOINING OF BEAMS:

The functions of beams can be affected either by overlapping the protracting steel bars
or by welding them together.

Fig. shows the hinge like joint of purlins. In this method the whole shear must be born
by both cantilevers (i.e.) by two separate structures therefore it is expedient to form this
joint at least for large girders.

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The method illustrated in the fig presents a dry joint of beams which is called a bolted
front. The advantages of this joint are immediate bearing capacity.

(e) FORMING OF FUNCTIONS OF ARCHED STRUCTURES:

Precast arches are usually produced and assembled in the form of three hinged
structures. When the constant load has already been applied the centre joint is
frequently eliminated. The omission of the centre joint increases the rigidity of the
structures. Naturally arched structures can also be precast in a piece i.e. in the form of
two hinged ones.

Hinges of arched structures can be made by using either steel shors are more expensive,
but the centre transmission of forces is enhanced by their use of forming of joints on an
arched structure.

The arrangement of the Centre junction and the end hinge of an arched structure. This
method was used in the construction of the hall for the middle rolling train in
D.O.Sgyor. The structure was precast of assembled in the form of a three-hinged arched
transformed latest into a two-hinged one.

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(f) DESIGN OF JOINTS FOR POST TENSIONED STRUCTURES:

Post tensioned structure can generally be joined for more simply then the usual
reinforced concrete structures, by using post tensioning it can be ensured that in the
entire structure. The joints included only compressive can develop consequently the
problem of joining can be solved in a very easy manner namely by placing plane
surfaces side by side and then filling the gaps with cement mortar by so doing longer
beams can also be produced from shorter precast member. Thus is post tensioned
structures the forming of joints does not cause difficulties.

Sketches on solution of principles relating to the joining of post tensioned structure are
to be illustrated in the fig. all these joints are of course rigid and moment bearing. It is
not permissible for the mortar which is to be poured into the ducts of the stressing
cables to avoid this cable ducts are joined by placing a shore piece of tube or rubber
ring into the duct itself.

(g) JOINING OF PRECAST TO MONOLITHIC REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTUR S:

It frequently occurs that a monolithic beam has to be joined to a precast column.

In this case the function can be established in the same way as already been described in
the previous paragraph an joining namely by placing the end of the beam either on to a
cantilever protruding from the column or into an opening formed i to the columns shaft.

When making the joint, first of all a 2.5 cm deep cavity is chiseled out of the sole of the
precast column. The bottom of this cavity should be roughen d so as to

attain a belter band between the concrete of the monolithic beam and the precast
column.

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4.5 BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

Various Types Of Connections
• Beam To Column Connection With Steel Plate Corbel
• Beam To Column Connection With Angle Corbel
• Beam To Column Connection With Built Up Steel Corbel
• Beam To Column Connection With Steel Joist Corbel, Encased In The Beam
• Beam To Column Connections With Vertical Steel Bearing Plates
• Beam To Column Connection With Concrete Corbel
• Beam To Column Connection With Steel Joist Hanger
• A Beam column joint is said to be desirable if it is able to transmit large amount
of vertical shear forces.
• Depending on the type of bearing and the size of the bearing surface, different
beam column joints will be able to transmit various magnitudes of vertical shear
force.
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH STEEL PLATE CORBEL
• The beam is supported on a horizontal steel bearing plate which is cast into the
column and is tack welded to the main reinforcing bars

• This connection for SSB beams may be considered if the vertical shear force is very
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small
• The plate should have sufficient thickness to prevent it from bending. In
determining the thickness, the maximum cantilever moment may be assumed to
occur at the column reinforcing bars.
• To avoid point bearing ,special care should be taken to install the beam
perpendicular to column face.
• For lateral location of the beams ,saddle plates may be used.
• The bearing plate must be provided with permanent protection against corrosion and
against fire.
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH ANGLE CORBEL
• This connection for SSB when carried out according to variant ―A‖ is only able
to transmit small vertical shear force and could be generally considered only for
temporary structures
• VARIANT “A”
• In variant A the angles are connected with the horizontal flange up and by mild
steel bolts
• Point bearing on the column face can be avoided by applying an epoxy layer at
the interface with the vertical angles just prior to placing the angles

• The entire corbel construction should be prefabricated and must be cast in which
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makes manufacture of corbel more complicated

• This should not be considered for fire proof buildings.
VARIANT “B”
• In variant B ,the angles with the horizontal flange down are connected by vertical
flat bars welded to the ends of the angles.
• In the column ,the bearing surface is increased by horizontal flat bars welded to
the undersides of vertical flat bars.
• Ensures a better anchorage and greater stiffness of the corbel and lateral location
of the beams.

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH BUILT UP STEEL CORBEL

• This connection for SSB will be able to transmit a large vertical shear force.
• The beams are supported on a built up steel corbel which is cast into the column.
VARIANT A
• In variant A the corbel consists of two vertical flat bars to which the horizontal
bearing plates are welded
• In column the bearing surface is increased by horizontal flat bars welded to the
undersides of the vertical flat bars.
• The max B.M in the vertical flat bars is assumed to occur over the centre of the
horizontal connection plates.
VARIANT B
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• The corbel consists of two vertically placed channels to which, outside the
column horizontal bearing plates are welded
• An additional tie must be provided immediately under the corbel, in an end
column also above the corbel to counteract the splitting forces
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH STEEL JOIST CORBEL,
ENCASED IN THE BEAM
• This connection for SSB can depend the size of the bearing surface, transmit a
fairly large vertical shear force.
• In this case the beams are supported on a steel joist corbel which extends into a
recess in the end of the beam.
VARIANT A
• The corbel is formed by a cast-in broad flange rolled steel I section.
• Additional tie is provided to counteract the splitting forces.

VARIANT B
• Could be considered if the beams must also be located vertically.
• The corbel consists of two rolled steel I sections with splice plates welded in
between the webs, so that the bolts can pass through a hole in the beam.
• Additional tie under the corbel to counteract the splitting forces.
• Corbel must be provided with a permanent protection against corrosion and fire

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BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS WITH VERTICAL STEEL BEARING

PLATES
• The beams are supported on vertical steel plates against the column faces. The
beam ends are also provided with a vertical steel plate.
• The entire bearing construction is contained within the beam section.
• This connection will be able to transmit large vertical shear force. Due to limited
bearing surface this connection should be considered only for short beams.
• Anchorage of steel plates must not only cater for transmission of vertical shear
but also prevent the plates from being pulled out.
• To avoid point bearing ,care must be taken to install the bearing plates
perpendicular to the column face
• Disadvantage is that only very small tolerances can be allowed. Temporary safety
measures during erection are necessary and permanent stability after erection is
required.
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH CONCRETE CORBEL
• The beams are supported on concrete corbels
• This connection is generally applied to simply supported beams
VARIANT A
• The concrete corbels protrude under the beams.
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VARIANT B
• The beams have notched ends and are supported on corbels.
• The notched ends must be reinforced against the vertical shear force and also
against torsion if it is eccentrically loaded.

VARIANT C
• Columns are provided with concrete corbels which are bolted to the column

faces.
• It is advisable to use high tensile bolts and provide an Epoxy layer at the column
a d corbel interface. The bolts and nuts must have permanent protection against
corrosion and fire.
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• To prevent the beams from toppling, beam and column interface could be shaped
to form a tongue and groove joint.

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH STEEL JOIST HANGER

• Beams are supported by means of steel joist hangars on concrete corbels.
• This connection is suitable for limited construction depths.
• The hangar construction must be designed to transmit the total vertical shear
force. Since the connection cannot transmit torsion, it is unsuitable for edge beams.

• The hanger construction consists of two vertical channels with flanges facing
each other which are welded to anchor bars projecting from top of beam
• During erection, these channels are placed on an equalizing pad on top of the
corbel.
• The beam is secured vertically and laterally by tightening a nut with washer on a
bolt which projects from the corbel through the slot in between the channel flanges.

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