LESSON 13 – SIGNALS

Chifundo Polska Mlangeni

Chifundo.mlangeni20@gmail.com
signal, system and signal processing
• Signal:
– function representing a physical quantity or
variable
• System:
– Process in which an input signal is transformed
into an output signal Input Output
System
• Signal processing signal signal

– Involves manipulating of the signals using a

system
Classification of Signals
• Continuous/Discrete;
• Digital/Analog
• Even/Odd;
• Energy/Power;
• Real/Complex;
• Deterministic/Random;
• Periodic/Aperiodic
 Continuous/Discrete
• A signal x(t) is a continuous-time signal if t is a
continuous variable.
• If t is a discrete variable, that is, x(t) is defined
at discrete times, then x(t) is a discrete-time
signal.
 Digital/Analog
• Analogue signal:
– continuous time signal that can take on any value in a
continuous interval (a, b)
– Continuously varying EM wave that may be
propagated over a variety of media depending on
spectrum.
• Digital signal:
– discrete time signal that can only assume a finite
number of distinctive values, normally coded in binary
form (0, 1); and
– a sequence of voltage pulses that may be transmitted
over a wire medium.
 Even/Odd
• A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if
• x(-t) = -x(t)
• x[-n] = -x[n]
Odd signal: Signal opposite to its reflection about the origin

• A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if

• x(-t) = x(t)
• x[-n] = x[n]
• Even signal: Signal identical to its reflection about the origin
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 Energy/Power
• For an arbitrary continuous-time signal
x(t), the normalized energy content E is
defined as:
• For an arbitrary continuous-time signal
x(t), the normalized average power P is
defined as
• x(t) is said to be an energy signal if and
only if 0 < E < ∞ , and so P = 0.
• x(t) or x[n] is said to be a power signal if
and only if 0 < P < ∞, thus implying that E =
∞.
• Signals that satisfy neither property are
referred to as neither energy signals nor
power signals.
 Real/Comple
x
• A signal is a real signal if its value is a real
• number, and a signal is a complex signal
if its value is a complex number.
• A general complex signal x (t) is a function of
the
• 1 2
• Where x1 t andx2 t arerealsignalsandj = −1
 Deterministic/Random
• Deterministic signals:
– values are completely specified for any given time.
– can be modeled by a known function of time t .
• Random signals:
– take random values at any given time and must be
characterized statistically.
– Stochastic signals!!!!
 Periodic/Aperiodic
• A continuous-time signal x ( t ) is said to be
periodic with period T if there is a positive
nonzero value of T for which

• For all t and any integer m. The fundamental

period T of x ( t ) is the smallest positive value
of T
Signal Types
Analog Signals
• Any continuous signal that a
time varying variable of the
signal is a representation of
some other time varying
quantity
• Measures one quantity in
terms of some other quantity
t
• Examples
• Speedometer needle as
function of speed
• Radio volume as function of
knob movement
Signal Types
Digital Signals
• Consist of only two states
• Binary States
• On and off 1
• Computers can only
perform processing on
digitized signals 0
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
• An electronic integrated circuit which converts a signal from analog
(continuous) to digital (discrete) form
• Provides a link between the analog world of transducers and the
digital world of signal processing and data handling
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
• An electronic integrated circuit which converts a signal from analog
(continuous) to digital (discrete) form
• Provides a link between the analog world of transducers and the
digital world of signal processing and data handling
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
• An electronic integrated circuit which converts a signal from analog
(continuous) to digital (discrete) form
• Provides a link between the analog world of transducers and the
digital world of signal processing and data handling
ADC Conversion Process
Two main steps of process
1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding

Analog-to-Digital Converter

Quantizing
and
Encoding
Sampling and
Hold
t
Input: Analog Signal t
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals

at uniform time intervals Continuous Signal
• Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

• Digital system works with

discrete states
• Taking samples from each
location t

• Reflects sampled and hold

signal
• Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals

at uniform time intervals
• Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

• Digital system works with

discrete states
• Taking samples from each
location t

• Reflects sampled and hold

signal
• Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals

at uniform time intervals
• Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

• Digital system works with

discrete states
• Taking a sample from each
location t

• Reflects sampled and hold

signal
• Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals

at uniform time intervals
• Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

• Digital system works with

discrete states
• Taking samples from each
location t

• Reflects sampled and hold

signal
• Digital approximation
ADC Process
Quantizing Encoding
• Separating the input signal • Assigning a unique
into a discrete states with K digital code to each state
increments for input into the
• K=2N microprocessor
• N is the number of bits of the
ADC
• Analog quantization size
• Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/2N
• Q is the Resolution
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

signal
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

11
signal
10
• Apply 2 bit coding
01

00
K=22 00
01
10
11
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog 11

signal 10
• Apply 2 bit coding 01

00
K=22 00
01
10
11
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

signal
• Apply 3 bit coding

K=23 000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

signal
• Apply 3 bit coding
• Better representation of
input information with
additional bits K=23 000 K=16 0000 K=…
001 .
• MCS12 has max of 10 010 .
011 .
bits 100 1111
101
110
111
THANK YOU