The Mole Concept Final

THE MOLE CONCEPT
23
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022 x 10
COUNTING ATOMS
• Chemistry is a quantitative science - we need a "counting unit."
• The MOLE
• 1 mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms

or molecules) as there are in 12.0 g of C-12.
Particles in a Mole
AMADEO
AVOGADRO
Amedeo Avogadro (1766-1856)
(1776 – 1856)never knew his own number;
it was named in his honor by a
French scientist in 1909.
its value was first estimated
by Josef Loschmidt, an Austrian
chemistry teacher, in 1895.
?
quadrillions thousands
trillions billions millions
1 mole = 602213673600000000000000
or 6.022 x 1023
There is Avogadro's number of particles in a mole of any substance.

CAREERS IN CHEMISTRY -
PHILOSOPHER
Q: How much is a mole?

A: A mole is a quantity used by chemists to count atoms and
molecules. A mole of something is equal to 6.02 x 1023 “somethings.”
1 mole = 602 200 000 000 000 000 000 000
Q: Can you give me an example to put that number in perspective?

A: A computer that can count 10,000,000 atoms per second would
take 2,000,000,000 years to count 1 mole of a substance.
COUNTING TO 1 MOLE
A computer counting 10 million atoms every second

would need to count for 2 billion years to count just a single mole.
Lets look at the mathematics.
365 days 24 hours 60 min 60 sec

x sec = 1 year = 31,536,000 sec
1 year 1 day 1 hour 1 min
Therefore 1 year has 31,536,000 seconds or 3.1536 x 107 sec.

A computer counting 10,000,000 atoms every second could count
3.153 x 1014 atoms every year.
Finally, 6.02 x 1023 atoms divided by 3.1536 x 1014 atoms every year
equals 1,908,929,477 years or approximately 2 billion years!
HOW BIG IS A MOLE?
One mole of marbles would cover the entire Earth

(oceans included) for a depth of three miles.
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
❑ A MOLE of any substance contains as many elementary units (atoms

and molecules) as the number of atoms in 12 g of the isotope of
carbon-12.
❑ This number is called AVOGADRO’s number NA = 6.02 x 1023
particles/mol
❑ The mass of one mole of a substance is called MOLAR MASS
symbolized by MM
❑ Units of MM are g/mol
❑ Examples
H2 hydrogen 2.02 g/mol
He helium 4.0 g/mol
N2 nitrogen 28.0 g/mol
O2 oxygen 32.0 g/mol
CO2 carbon dioxide 44.0 g/mol
1 MOLE OF PARTICLES
Representative particles
The smallest pieces of a substance.

For a molecular compound it is a molecule.
For an ionic compound it is a formula unit.
For an element it is an atom.
Mole Examples
sugar
water
lead
mercury
copper
sulfur
sodium chloride
Mole Calculations
MOLE CALCULATIONS
1 MOLE (MOL):
Amount of matter that contains as many objects (atoms,
molecules) as the number of atoms in isotopically pure 12C.
6.022 x 1023
Also known as Avogadro’s number.
1 mol 12C atoms = 6.02 x 1023 12C atoms
1 mol H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
1 mole NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023 NO3- ions.

Molar Mass
The atomic mass of any substance expressed in
grams corresponds to 1 mol of the substance.

Atomic mass of a substance expressed in grams is
the molar mass.
The molar mass of a diatomic substance is equal to
twice its atomic mass.
Molar Mass
The generic term for the mass of one mole.

The same as gram molecular mass, gram
formula mass, and gram atomic mass.
Mole Calculations
Calculate the number of sodium atoms in 0.120 mol Na?
0.120 mol Na x 6.02 x 1023 atoms Na = 7.22 x 1022
1 mol Na
Mole Calculations
Calculate the number of moles of potassium in 1.25
x 1021 atoms of K.
1.25 x 1021 atoms K x 1 mol K = 2.08 x 10-3 mol K

6.02 x 1023 atoms K
Mole Calculations
What is the mass in grams of 2.01 x 1022 atoms of
sulfur?
2.01 x 1022 atoms S x 1 mol S x 32.07 g S
6.02 x 1023 atoms S 1 mol S
= 1.07g S
Mole Calculations
How many O2 molecules are present in 0.470g of
oxygen gas?
0.470 g O2 x 1mol O2 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules O2
32.00 g O2 1 mol O2
= 8.84 x 1021 molecules O2

What about compounds?
In 1 mole of H2O molecules there are two

moles of H atoms and 1 mole of O atoms
To find the mass of one mole of a compound
determine the moles of the elements they have
Find out how much they would weigh add
them up.
Molar Mass
The Mole
Calculate the number of Magnesium and Chlorine ions
present in 0.450 mol of MgCl2.
# Mg2+ ions:
0.450 mol MgCl2 x 6.02 x 1023 formula units x 1 Mg2+
1 mole 1 formula unit
# Mg2+ ions = 2.71 x 1023
# Cl- ions:
0.450 mol MgCl2 x 6.02 x 1023 formula units x 2 Cl-
1 mole 1 formula unit
# Cl- ions = 5.42 x 1023
Molar Mass
What about compounds?
What is the mass of one mole of CH4?
1 mole of C = 12.01 g
4 mole of H x 1.01 g = 4.04g
1 mole CH4 = 12.01 + 4.04 = 16.05g
The Gram Molecular mass of CH4 is 16.05g
The mass of one mole of a molecular
compound.

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THE MOLE CONCEPT

• 1 mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms

There is Avogadro's number of particles in a mole of any substance.

Q: How much is a mole?

1 mole = 602 200 000 000 000 000 000 000

Q: Can you give me an example to put that number in perspective?

A computer counting 10 million atoms every second

Lets look at the mathematics.

365 days 24 hours 60 min 60 sec

Therefore 1 year has 31,536,000 seconds or 3.1536 x 107 sec.

One mole of marbles would cover the entire Earth

❑ A MOLE of any substance contains as many elementary units (atoms

The smallest pieces of a substance.

1 mol H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

1 mole NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023 NO3- ions.

grams corresponds to 1 mol of the substance.

The generic term for the mass of one mole.

1.25 x 1021 atoms K x 1 mol K = 2.08 x 10-3 mol K

= 8.84 x 1021 molecules O2

In 1 mole of H2O molecules there are two

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