BJT Transistors

A transistor is a device that maintains the current or flow of voltage.
It plays the
role of a switch or gate switch for electron conducting signals. Transistor
working has major three layers of a semiconductor substance, each has the
ability to take off a current. Transistors are physically classified into two types.
Those 2 classes are Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) and Field Effect
Transistors (FET). The BJTs are once more classified into two NPN and PNP
transistors. The FET transistors are more bifurcated into JFET and MOSFET.
Bipolar Junction Transistor
The word transistor is derived from words transfer and resistor. The operation
of a bipolar junction transistor is the transmission of the input signal from low
to high resistance circuit. Thus, in this article, we are going to discuss in
detail about the bipolar junction transistor.
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistor
The bipolar junction transistor is a current-controlled and 3-terminal

semiconductor device. Moreover, it consists of two p-n junctions. These
junctions magnify the signal. Further, the three terminals are collector, base,
and emitter. The signal of less amplitude applies to the base becomes
available in the amplified way at the transistor collector. It doesn’t need an
external source like DC for carrying the amplification.
Construction of Bipolar Junction Transistor
It composes of three doped ( is the intentional introduction of impurities into

an intrinsic (undoped) semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its
electrical, optical and structural properties) semiconductors like a collector,
base, and an emitter that separate by 2 p-n junctions. The transistors
prepare in two ways- NPN and PNP. They are available in large quantities and
as distinct components. The key purpose is to magnify the current. We can
use them as amplifiers or switches. Moreover, we widely use them in other
devices such as mobile, radio transmitter, television, and industrial control.
Operation of Bipolar junction transistor
There are three regions of operation in bipolar junction transistor
Active region- It is the region where the transistor remains functional as an

amplifier.
Saturation region- It is the region where the transistor is on and functions as

a switch. The collector current is equivalent to the saturation current.
Cut-off region- It is the region in which the transistor is off and the collector
current is zero.
Types of Bipolar Junction Transistor
Mainly there are two kinds of bipolar junction transistors- PNP and NPN.
PNP- Here, the n-type semiconductor is between two p- kinds of the

semiconductor. The two p- semiconductors are emitter and collector while n-
type is the base. Here, the current enter transistor via emitter and the
emitter-base junction is forward and the collector base is reverse biased.
NPN- Here, a p-type semiconductor is between two n-kind semiconductors.

The two n-semiconductors are emitter and collector while p-semiconductor is
base. The current entering base, emitter, and collector have positive signs
while the current leaving transistor has a negative sign.
The combination of PNP and NPN creates three different types of Bipolar
Transistors
1. General Bipolar Transistor II) Bias Resistor Built in Transistors III) Radio
Frequency Bipolar Transistors
Another important aspect to consider is that the transistor is biased in an

accurate manner. Failure to do so can result in issues like
1. The shift of operating parameters
2. Distorted output signal
3. Reduced work efficiency of transistors
Moreover, one must not confuse BJT with MOSFET as both are separate
entities. While BJT is a bipolar Junction Transistor with three terminals called
as Base, emitter and collector. Further, MOSFET is a metal oxide based
semiconductor Transistor with terminal called source, drain and gate.
Function of the Bipolar junction Transistor
They are of two kinds of transistors based on doping kinds of three main
terminals. NPN transistor has two semiconductor junctions with the thin p-
doped anode. PNP transistor has two semiconductor junctions with a thin n-
doped cathode.
The charge flow is due to the diffusion of charge carriers. The regions are
collector, base, and emitter. The emitter is highly doped. The base and
collector have the same concentration of charge carrier. The base-emitter
junction is forward while the base-collector is reverse biased. The forward
biased is p-doped and has more potential as compared to the n-doped one.
Further, always remember that there is a fixed maximum limit of a transistor

of any kind, the collector supply voltage. Any over the limit charge can
damage the transistor.
Application of Bipolar Junction Transistor
We generally use BJT as a switch, filter, amplifier, and oscillator. Additionally,

we also apply it as an amplifier in electronic signals. Thus, we can also use it
as a component of Modulator (an electronic circuit that superimposes a low-
frequency (information) signal onto a high-frequency (carrier) signal for the
purpose of wireless transmission).

BJT Transistors

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A transistor is a device that maintains the current or flow of voltage.

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistor

The bipolar junction transistor is a current-controlled and 3-terminal

Construction of Bipolar Junction Transistor

It composes of three doped ( is the intentional introduction of impurities into

Operation of Bipolar junction transistor

There are three regions of operation in bipolar junction transistor

Active region- It is the region where the transistor remains functional as an

Saturation region- It is the region where the transistor is on and functions as

Types of Bipolar Junction Transistor

PNP- Here, the n-type semiconductor is between two p- kinds of the

NPN- Here, a p-type semiconductor is between two n-kind semiconductors.

Another important aspect to consider is that the transistor is biased in an

1. The shift of operating parameters

2. Distorted output signal

3. Reduced work efficiency of transistors

Function of the Bipolar junction Transistor

Further, always remember that there is a fixed maximum limit of a transistor

Application of Bipolar Junction Transistor

We generally use BJT as a switch, filter, amplifier, and oscillator. Additionally,

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