276 CHAPTER 5 Number Theory and the Real Number System Ls) 3 The Rational Numbers YOU ARE MAKING EIGHT DOZEN CHOCOLATE Sip cots fora age seipbotod sur TAM Laue Woek patty. he “reape ute the Petite accel to pepre e After studying this section, you dovon cookics, euch ax $ cup sugar, should be able to: ‘How do you adjust the amount of 1 Define the rational numbers. sugar, as well as the amounts of 2. Reduce rational numbers. cach of the other ingredients, Convert between mine Bven in the recipe’ 3 tines ancmproner ‘Adapling a recipe to suit a we dice uo ok poo press aionel numbers es Usually involves working 4 ees ators none vvith numbers that are not 5 Express decimals inthe fr integers For example, the (UE number describing the 6 Muliolyanc'dvieratonsl ” Smount of sugar (cup), isnot an integer although it consists of the quotient of two fhumbers. integers, 3 and 4. Before returning to the problem of changing the size of a recipe, we 7 Add ang subtract rational study a new set of numbers consisting of the quotients of integers. & Use the order af operations Defining the Rational Numbers ‘agreement with rational If two integers are added, subtracted, or multiplied, the result is always another 9 Apoly the densty property of integer. This, however, is not always the case with division. For example, 10 divided rational numbers by Sis the integer 2. By contrast, 5 divided by 10 is $, and is not an integer. To 10. Save probiens invoving permit divisions such as f, we enlarge the set of integers, calling the new collection soe geers the rational numbers. Te set of rational nunbers consists ofall the numbers that can be expressed as a quotient of two integers, with the denominator not 0. Petre te raina THE RATIONAL NUMBERS. ‘The set of rational numbers is the set of all numbers which can be expressed in the form #, where a and b are integers and b is not equal to 0. The integer a is called the numerator, and the integer bis called the denominator, Cah Is the rational number 3? the same at —27 We know that the quotient of two numbers with diferent signs is a negative number. Thus, $a-} and 4 =- ‘The following numbers are examples of rational numbers Lasso ‘The integer 5 is a rational number because it can be expressed as the quotient of integers: 5 ~ #, Similarly. 0 can be written as In general every integer «risa rational number because it can be expressed in the form ¢. + 2 Reduce rational numbers, Reducing Rational Numbers ‘A rational number is reduced to its lowest terms, or simplified, when the numerator and denominator have no common divisors other than 1. Reducing rational numbers to lowest terms is done using the Fundamental Principle of Rational Numbers. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF RATIONAL NUMBERS If fis a rational number and cis any number other than 0, gen ‘The rational numbers f and $"< are called equivalent fractions.SECTION 5,3. The Rational Numbers 277 ‘When using the Fundamental Principle to reduce a rational number, the simplification can be done in one step by finding the greatest common divisor of the numerator and the denominator, and using it for «Thus, to reduce a rational number to its lowest terms, divide both the numerator and the denominator by their greatest common divisor. For example, consider the rational number, The greatest common divisor of 12and 100 is 4. We reduce to lowest term as follows: By BB 35" 00 100s 4 35 Reducing a Rational Number Reduce 2 to lowest terms. SOLUTION Begin by finding the greatest common divisor of 130 and 455, 130 435 7%, “~ 2° 65 so OL ”~ Ph Ss 13 7 B ‘Thus, 130 = 2-5+13 and 455 = 5-7-13, The greatest common divisor is 5+13, or 65. Divide the numerator and the denominator of the given rational number by 5-13 or by 65. 30 29 2 | 130 _ O65 2 gS S77 SS SSS 7 ‘There are no common divisors of 2 and 7 other than 1. Thus, the rational || umber fis in ts lowest terms. Ai cueck Pont 1 Reduce % to lowest terms. Convert between mixed numbers Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions and improper fractions. A mixed number consists of the sum of an integer and a rational number, expressed without the use of an addition sign. Here is an example of a mixed number: Th igi ad a 34 sfeuns rb Su ow do Tread the mixed rmumber 34? Ieread “three and four-fifths” ‘An improper fraction isa rational number whose numerator is greater than its denominator, An example of an improper fraction is ¥. ‘The mixed number 34 can be converted to the improper fraction # using the following procedure:278 CHAPTER 5 Number Theory and the Real Number System Ca Docs ~ 2} mean that Teed 10 add |t0 =2? No.-24 means (28) or -(2+ 4) 2} does not mean eh GREAT QUESTION! ‘When should Luse mixed ‘numbers and when are improper fractions preferable? In applied problems, answers are usually expressed as mixed numbers, which many people find more meaningful than improper fractions. However, {improper fractions are often easier to work with when performing operations with fractions. Converting from a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction Convert 3$ to.an improper fraction ‘SOLUTION Map he rnin he Ing dd hs re 5 ah ma a id samba mite A cueck point 2 Convert 23 to an improper fraction. ‘When converting a negative mixed number to an improper fraction, copy the negative sign and then follow the previous procedure, For example, S43 i ML Cap agai rm op sn 2 a ing A positive improper fraction can be converted to a mixed number using the following procedure: Converting from an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number Convert to a mixed number. SOLUTION so bi mit et _— weedeat ‘Step 2 ‘Write the mixed number using quotient Ta cinator’ ‘Thus, omer gj aan A cueck point 3 Convert § to a mixed number.SECTION 5,3. The Rational Numbers 279 ‘When converting a negative improper fraction to a mixed number, copy the negative sign and then follow the previous procedure. For example, oy he gti si. Ap bere rational numbers as Rational Numbers and Decimals We have seen that a rational number is the quotient of integers. Rational numbers can also be expressed as decimals. As shown in the place-value chart in the margin, 2 | itis convenient to represent rational numbers with denominators of 10, 100, 1000, & | andsoomas decimals. For example, 3\3 1 3 8 eae FA OT Fp = MR, and TT = 0.008, 3 3 g\é 3 Any rational number { can be expressed as a decimal by dividing the siS/E/E Zlale denominator, b, into the numerator, a Be éié\z ale iz aos |oas|ronm] Expressing Rational Numbers as Decimals Express each rational number as a decimal: at be SOLUTION In each cas, divide the denominator into the numerator. s 1 g 7 625 b. 0.6363 a7 0.6363, 0.25 1) 0000-— )5.000 66 48 “40 20 33. 6 7 40 os 40 “40 0 33, 70 In Example 4, the decimal for, namely 0.625, stops and is called a terminating decimal. Other examples of terminating decimals are 1 f=025, 2-04, and $= 0875. By contrast, the division process for Z results in 0.6363... with the digits 63, repeating over and over indefinitely. To indicate this, write a bar over the digits that repeat. Thus, = 088. The decimal for 7,083, is called a repeating decimal. Other examples of repeating decimals are $50333... =0F and 3= 0666... = 06.280 CHAPTER 5 Number Theory and the Real Number System RATIONAL NUMBERS AND DECIMALS Any rational number can be expressed as a decimal. The resulting decimal will cither terminate (stop), or it will have a digit that repeats or a block of digits that repeats AD cueck point 4 Express cach rational number as a decimal: Br esas i ie Reversing Directions: Expressing Decimals as Quotients of Two Integers ‘Terminating decimals can be expressed with denominators of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, and so on. Use the place-value chart shown in the margin. The digits to the right of the decimal point are the numerator of the rational number. To find the denominator, ‘observe the last digit to the right of the decimal point. The place-value of this digit will indicate the denominator. 2/2|3 a S32 Expressing Terminating Decimals in + Form 23336 algle|2|3|a Express cach terminating decimal as a quotient of integers: BO |e | |e |e a 07 b. 0.49 ©. 0.048. [201 | ae | | ota a SOLUTION 07 b. 049 = because the last digit on the right, 9 is in the hundredths positon «0048 = ifs because the digit on the right 8, iin, the thowsanths positon. Reducing to lowest terms, ly = gtg’=fy = {f because the 7is in the tenths position, AQ cHECK POINT 5 Expres each terminating decimal a6 a quotient of integer, reduced to lowest terms: 09 b. 086 ©. 0.053. A BRIEF REVIEW Solving One-Step Equations + Solving an equation involves determining al values that result in a true statement ‘when substituted into the equation. Such values ate solutions of the equation, Example ‘The solution of x ~ Wis 14 because 14 — + Two basic rules can be used to solve equations: 10is a true statement, 1L We can add or subtract the same quantity on both sides of an equation. 2. We can multiply or divide both sides of an equation by the same quantity, as Jong as we do not multiply or divide by zero.SECTION 5,3. The Rational Numbers 281 Examples of Equations That Can Be Solved in One Step The Euan gestion | Howto Sole |sohvingtheRquaen |" Shon ro 4=10 | AddMtobotbsides | x -4=4— 1044 iu “ yo I2=17| Subuacti2somboh | y+ 12-1 = 17-2 ses yes 5 Die bot sides by 8 m8 alipirbosherby x9 &s 4s Equations whose solutions require more than one step are discussed in Chapter 6 ‘Why have we provided this brief review of equations that can be solved in one step? If you are given a rational number as a repeating decimal, there is a technique for expressing the number as a quotient of integers that requires solving a one-step equation. We begin by illustrating the technique with an example. Then we will summarize the steps in the procedure and apply them to another example. . onanin 2 Expressing a Repeating Decimal in} Form Express 0.6 as a quotient of integers. SOLUTION Step1 Let nm equal the repeating decimal. Lot n= 08, so that n = 0.66666 Step 2 _If there is one repeating digit, multiply both sides of the equation in step 1by 10. n= 0.66666 This isthe equation from step 1. 10m = 10(0,66666....) Multiply both sides by 10. 10n = 6.66666 ‘Multiplying by 10 moves the ‘decimal point one place to the right. Step 3 Subtract the equation in step 1 from the equation in step 2. Be sure to line up the decimal points before subtracting. 10m = 6.66666... This isthe equation from step 2 = 0.66666... This isthe equation from step 1 n= 6 Ramones rm sgh tht mars Ta, 10 = Ln = 9 Step 4. Divide both sides of the equation in step 3 by the number in front of, and solve for n. We solve 9n = 6 for n by dividing both sides by 9. on = 6 This the equation frm step 3. on _ 6 m8 Divide bath sides by 9 6 ‘ m= Sm % Reduce to lone ems 6 zy 2 o7 aye We began the solution process with n 08, and now we have n= $ Therefore, 5-2 06 = 3.282 CHAPTER 5 Number Theory and the Real Number System Here are the steps for expressing a repeating decimal as a quotient of integers. Assume that the repeating digit or digits begin directly to the right of the decimal point. AZT CHECK POINT 6 Express 03 asa quotient of integers. ; ae Decimal in 2 Expressing a Repeating Decimal in > Form Express 033 as a quotient of integers. SOLUTION Step 1 Let m equal the repeating decimal. Let n= 033, so that n= 0535353. ‘Step 2. If there are two repeating digits, multiply both sides of the equation in step 1 by 100. n= 0535353 “This is the equation from step 1. 100n = 100(0.535353...) Multiply both sides by 100. 100n = 53.535353 ‘Multiplying by 100 moves the decimal point two places to the right ‘Step 3. Subtract the equation in step 1 from the equation in step 2. 100n = 53.535353 ... This isthe equation fom step 2 0.535353 “This isthe equation from step 1 99n = 33 ‘Step 4 Divide both sides of the equation in step 3 by the number in front of and solve forn, We solve 99n = 53 for n by dividing both sides by 99, 99n = 53 This is the equation fom sep 3 99m ae Divide both sides by 98. nn 3. 9 Because n equals 0.53 and n equals 3, 3 os = 5 AEA CHECK POINT 7 Express 0.75 as a quotient of integers.SECTION 5,3. The Rational Numbers 283 Matiy and avid rational Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers numbers ‘The product of two rational numbers is found as follows: 12a Multiplying Rational Numbers Multiply. I possible, reduce the product to its lowest terms: tal este abe B(H)(-E)& (38)08) Tsit OK if ave by common factors before Tmatipy? SOLUTION “Yes. You can divide asi puerto nema b. (3)(-3) = : res Pecrning alten |e Ga)08 ‘hen mulpy the remainog factors inthe numerators and muti theremaining‘aetors (77 CHECK POINT 8 Multiply If posible, reduce the product ots lowest terms: ‘example, 720 b (-F)(-#) « (33) (13). ‘Two numbers whose product is 1 ate called reciprocals, or multiplicative inverse, of each other, Thus, the reciprocal of 2 is }and the reciprocal of Fis 2 because 2-} = 1. In general, if j is a nonzero rational number, its reciprocal is ¢ because §-# = 1, Reciprocals are used to find the quotient of two rational numbers. Dividing Rational Numbers Divide, If possible, reduce the quotient to its lowest terms: Uy ast b-$ sor % or at +} a284 CHAPTER 5 Number Theory and the Real Number System Add and subtract rational Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers numbers. Rational numbers with identical denominators are added and subtracted using the following rules: Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers with Identical Denominators Perform the indicated operations: a pty ‘SOLUTION AD) CHECK POINT 10 Performa the indicated operations: ata bind © 35 = (-18): I the rational numbers to be added or subtracted have different denominators, wwe use the least common multiple of theit denominators to rewrite the rational numbers. The least common multiple of the denominators is called the least ‘common denominator. Rewriting rational numbers with a least common denominator is done using the Fundamental Principle of Rational Numbers, discussed at the beginning of this section, Recall that if is a rational number and cis a nonzero number, then Multiplying the numerator and the denominator of a rational number by the same nonzero number is equivalent to multiplying by 1, resulting in an equivalent fraction, Adding Rational Numbers with Unlike Denominators Find the sum:$ + b ‘SOLUTION ‘The smallest number divisible by both 4 and 6 is 12. Therefore, 12 isthe least common multiple of 4 and 6, and will serve as the least common denominator, To obtain a denominator of 12, multiply the denominator and the numeratorSECTION 5,3. The Rational Numbers 285 of the first rational number, }, by 3. To obtain a denominator of 12, multiply the denominator and the numerator of the second rational number, by 2. 3133 Rewrite each rational number as an equivalent 5 radio wth «denominator of 12; = 1, and multiplying by 1 does not change a and ‘umber’ value = Maly Zz apy i. Add ators and put thi ‘the a umerstrs and pt tht sm oer the , 2 least common denominator A@ cHeck POINT 11 Find the sum} +3 If the least common denominator cannot be found by inspection, use prime {actorizations of the denominators and the method for finding their least common multiple, discussed in Section 5. ia CU aed Subtracting Rational Numbers with Unlike Denominators Perform the indicated operation: ~ 3 SOLUTION We need to first find the least common denominator, which is the least common multiple of 15 and 24, What is the smallest number divisible by both 15 and 24? The answer is not obvious, so we begin with the prime factorization of each number. 1S = 5:3 24 = 8-3 = 2-3 ‘The different factors are 5,3, and 2. Using the greater number of times each factor appears in either factorization, we find that the least common multiple is 5-3-2) = 5-3-8 = 120. We will now express each rational number with a denominator of 120, which is the least common denominator. For the first rational number, 120 divided by 15 is 8 Thus, we will multiply the numerator and the denominator by 8. For the second rational number, 3, 120 divided by TECHNOLOGY 24 is 5.Thus, we will multiply the numerator and the denominator by 5. 1 7 18 75 Here is a possible sequence Rewrite each rational number as an ‘ona graphing calculator for ISIS 8S ‘equivalent fraction with a ‘the subtraction problem in denominator of 120 Example 12 so =) 20” 120 wey ENTER 8-35 Subleact the mumeratrs and put 0 this diference over the least commen denominator. Perform the subtraction Reduce to lowest terms Tye caleulator display reads F =f serving at a check for our answer in Example 12. EG CHECK POINT 12 Perform the indicated operation: 3 - .28% CHAPTER 5 Number Theory and the Real Number System Melee nedorrONy NUMBSRS: Solving Crime with Mathematics NUMB&RS was a prime-time TV crime series The show's hero, Charlie Eppes, isa brilliant mathematician who uses his powerful skis to help the FBI identify and catch criminals. The episodes are entertaining and the basic premise shows how math is a powerful ‘weapon in the never-ending fight against crime. NUMBSRS is significant because it was the first popular weekly drama that revolved around mathematics. A team of mathematician advisors censured that the equations seen in the scripts were real and relevant to the episodes, The mathematical content of the show included many topics from this book, ranging from prime numbers, probability theory, and basic geometry. Episodes of NUMB3RS begin witha spoken tibute about the importance of mathematics We all use math everywhere. To tell time, to predict the weather. to handle money .. Math is more than formulas and equations Math fs more than numbers. Its logic. Itis rationality. Itis using your mind to solve the biggest mysteries we know: eM LCA ed Fil in each blank 0 tha the resulting statement i tue 1. The set of numbers isthe st of all nombers which can be expresiedin the form f where a and hare and isnot equal to The number J ig an example of alan because Numbers in the form j (6ee Exercise 1) can be expressed as decimals. The decimals either or fraction ‘The quotient of two fractions is the product of the first umber and the of the second number. Exercise Set 5.3 Practice Exercises {In Exercises I-12, reduce each rational number to its lowest terms, 1B 28 a8 at 58 «8 1 38 28 we os wt In Exercises 13-18, convert each mixed number to an improper fraction. 18 25 14.2) 15. -7} 16-6} V7. 2% Bk {In Exercises 19-2, conver each improper fraction toa mixed muber v8 m0. ¢ a -3 a -3 2B u¥ In Exercises 5-8, determine whether each statement is true or flee Ifthe statement is false, make the necessary change(s) to produce a ‘rue statement. i 5 bth 6 feds 7. Every fraction bas infinitely many equivalent fractions In Exercises 25-38, express each rational number as a decimal m. 28 8.7 £ a a wt wen. 2 f 3 MPF 6} In Exercises 37-48, express each terminating decimal as a quotient (of integers. If possible reduce 10 lowest terms 37. 03 38. 09 39.04 40. 06 aL 039 2, 059 48. 082 44, 0.64 45. 0.725 46. 0.825 47, 05399 48, 0.7006In Exercises 49-56, express each repeating decimal asa quotient of integers If possible, reduce to lowest terms. 49. 07 50, oF 5L 09 58035 54. 08T 55. OT 82, 03 56. 050 [In Exercises 57-104, perform the indicated operations. If possible, reduce the answer to its lowest terms BRESARRPRRES 3-2 -s$4 3h ah i) peeage 96. 98, 10. a0. 103. 14 = 42 +7) = ( Jn Exercises 105-110, find the rational number halfway between ‘the two numbers in each pair. 10s. fand} 106, Fand 108. Fand} 108, ~Fand—} 107. ona} 110, ~4and Different operations with the same rational numbers usually result in different answers. Exercises 111-112 illustrate some curious exceptions. ULL. Show that 2 + and x 9 give the same answer. 112, Show that 8? + Hand 92 + Ht give the same answer. Practice Plus In Exercises 113-116, perform the indicated operations. Leave denominators in prime factorization form. SECTION 5,3. The Rational Numbers 289 In Baercises 117-120, express each rational number as a decimal. ‘Then insert either < or > in the shaded area between the rational numbers to make the statement true bat 28 ny Fas us, 2a sok us. — Application Exercises ‘The Dog AteMy Calendar, The bar graph shows seven common excuses by college students for not meeting assignment deadlines and the number of excuses for every 500 excuses that fll into each of these categories. Use the information displayed by the graph to solve Exercises 121-122. Reduce fractions to lowest terms. Excuses by College Students 0 Assignment Deadlines 200) [Namober of Excuses (er 50D excuses) seess Excuse ‘Source: Roig and Caso, “Lyng and Cresting Fraudulent Excuse Making ‘Cheating, ane Pliers," Journal of Psychology JBL. What fraction of the excuses involve not understanding the assignment? 122, What fraction of excuses involve illness? To meet the demands of an economy that values computer and technical skils, the United States will continue to need more ‘workers with a postsecondary education (education beyond high school). The circle graph shows the fraction of jobs in the United States requiring various levels of education by 2020. Use the information displayed by the graph to solve Exercises 123-124, Fraction of Jobs Requiring ‘Various Level of Bdacation by 2020 Lose Than High School High Senoat Graduate Source US. Bureau of Labor Sttstes