Physics Notes 2023-2025

WEEK 2
1. ISOTOPES
2. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
3. RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
Lesson 1
Warm-Up
What do you know about:
1. identity,
2. relative mass,
3. relative charge
4. position in the atom

of the subatomic particles.
Class Activity
Bohr’s Models
• Used to represent a model of an atom.
Concept
Students will draw valence shells of
Check
following elements:
Manuscript
work 1. Sodium
2. Fluorine
3. Neon
Think about it
Why do atoms form

ions?
Example (Positive Ion)
A negative Ion (Anion)
Write the electronic
configuration
of ions formed by
following atoms
• Calcium
• Aluminium
• Oxygen
• Sulphur
Recalling
Concept Check
• An element X has 7 electrons in its outer
electron shell. What ion does this atom
form?
• An element has 2 electron in the outer

shell. How could this element form ion?
Sample Question
Marking scheme
Wrap Up
Discussion of question
Lesson 2
Warm-Up
Isotopes
• Isotopes are different atoms
of the same element that
contain the same number of
protons but a different
number of neutrons.
Isotopes
Isotopes have
Isotopes have
same chemical
different mass
properties but
number but same
different physical
atomic number.
properties.
Properties of Isotopes
The difference between isotopes is the number of neutrons which
are neutral particles within the nucleus and add mass only.
The difference in mass affects the physical properties, such as

density, boiling point and melting point
Isotopes are identical in appearance, so a sample of C-14 would

look no different from C-12
Isotopes of the same element display the same chemical

characteristics.
Concept check!
Properties of
Isotopes
• Isotopes of the same element
display the same chemical
characteristics.
• Why do you think

this is so?
ANSWER
• This is because they have the same

number of electrons and,
therefore, the same electronic
configuration and this is what determines
an atom's chemistry.
Let’s say we have two types of tomatoes:
large and small:
Example
If 8 out of 10 of these tomatoes are large, then we
cannot say that the average mass of the tomatoes
is (300 + 50)/2 = 175 g.
• This would be the average mass of just two

tomatoes, or of any sample of equal quantity.
However, if we want to know the average mass
of all the tomatoes, we need to know how
many percent of each we have.
For this example,
We have 80% large and 20% small tomatoes,

therefore, to calculate the average mass, we
multiply the mass of each tomato by the
100th fraction of its percentage:
The mass of each isotope is
multiplied by its percentage the
products are summed up.
Therefore, for chlorine, we’d have:
Calculating Average Atomic Mass
• The average atomic mass of an element can be

calculated from the mass number and relative
abundances of all the isotopes of a particular element
using the following equation:
• The top line of the equation can be extended to include the

number of different isotopes of a particular element present.
Examples
Average atomic mass of
bromine
Bromine has two main isotopes:

• Bromine-79 (79Br) with an atomic
mass of approximately 78.9183 amu.
• Bromine-81 (81Br) with an atomic

mass of approximately 80.9163 amu.
Natural
abundance
The natural abundance

of these isotopes is
roughly:
• Bromine-79: 50.69%
• Bromine-81: 49.31%
Percentage to Fraction
Conversion:
Percentages represent parts per
hundred.
To convert a percentage to a fraction, you divide by 100.
• For Bromine-79:
50.69% becomes 50.69 / 100 = 0.5069
For Bromine-81:
• 49.31% becomes 49.31 / 100 = 0.4931
To calculate the average
atomic mass of bromine:
Let’s calculate this:
Average Atomic Mass =
(0.5069×78.9183)+(0.4931×80.9163)
≈ 39.99+39.88
≈ 79.87\approx
Class Activity
Past paper Q: 0620/31/O/N/16
Wrap Up
Discussion of class activity question

Lesson 3
Relative Atomic
Mass & Relative
Molecular Mass
Warm-Up
• Let’s try counting the number of rice particles in a bucket of
rice.
Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
• Atoms are very tiny particles .
• Atoms have very small masses.
It is not practical to use actual masses of

atoms in calculations.
Chemist often compare masses of
different atoms with each other.
• Interpret the figure given
on student textbook
Task page-84. Instruct the
students to calculate the
mass of carbon.
Relative Atomic Mass
Definition: The average mass of the
isotopes of an element compared to
1/12th of the mass of an atom of 12C.
• The symbol for the relative atomic mass is Ar
• The carbon-12 is used as the standard atom

and has a fixed mass of 12 units.
• It is against this atom which the masses of all

other atoms are compared.
Relative atomic mass
Scientists decided to adopt carbon-12 as the
standard for defining the relative atomic mass
of other elements.
Scientists gave carbon-12 as a basic

mass value of 12 units.
Masses of all other atoms are compared

to one-twelfth (1/12) of carbon-12.
Relative Atomic Mass Ar
The symbol for relative atomic mass is Ar. (r is subscript)
The relative atomic mass of each element is given in periodic table.

Relative Molecular Mass
Many elements and compound exist as molecule.

For example,
Chlorine exist as molecule.
Hence, we use relative molecular mass instead of

relative atomic mass.
Relative Molecular Mass
Relative molecular mass is the sum of the relative

atomic masses of the atoms in the molecule.
Calculating RMM:
Step-by-Step Example: Let's calculate the RMM of water (H₂O):
• Hydrogen (H): RAM = 1
• Oxygen (O): RAM = 16
• Formula: H₂O means there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1

oxygen atom.
• Calculation: ( 2 × 1 ) + ( 1 × 16 ) = 2 + 16 = 18
Therefore, the RMM of water is 18.

Key Points to Remember:
• Relative Atomic Mass is specific to
individual elements and is found on the
periodic table.
• Relative Molecular Mass involves adding

the RAMs of all atoms in a molecule.
Example Problem
Calculate the RMM of carbon dioxide (CO₂):
Carbon (C): RAM = 12
Oxygen (O): RAM = 16
• Formula: CO₂ means there is 1 carbon

atom and 2 oxygen atoms.
• Calculation: (1×12)+(2×16)=12+32=44
So, the RMM of CO₂ is 44.

Calculate Relative
Molecular Mass
• O2
• SO2
• (CH3CH2)2O
Class Activity
Ionic Formula Number of Relative Relative
Compound atoms in atomic mass formula
formula mass
Sodium
chloride
Calcium Nitrate
Copper(II)
Sulfate crystals

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WEEK 2

4. position in the atom

Why do atoms form

• An element has 2 electron in the outer

The difference in mass affects the physical properties, such as

Isotopes are identical in appearance, so a sample of C-14 would

Isotopes of the same element display the same chemical

• Why do you think

• This is because they have the same

• This would be the average mass of just two

We have 80% large and 20% small tomatoes,

• The average atomic mass of an element can be

• The top line of the equation can be extended to include the

Bromine has two main isotopes:

• Bromine-81 (81Br) with an atomic

The natural abundance

Discussion of class activity question

It is not practical to use actual masses of

• The symbol for the relative atomic mass is Ar

• The carbon-12 is used as the standard atom

• It is against this atom which the masses of all

Scientists gave carbon-12 as a basic

Masses of all other atoms are compared

The symbol for relative atomic mass is Ar. (r is subscript)

The relative atomic mass of each element is given in periodic table.

Many elements and compound exist as molecule.

Hence, we use relative molecular mass instead of

Relative molecular mass is the sum of the relative

• Hydrogen (H): RAM = 1

• Oxygen (O): RAM = 16

• Formula: H₂O means there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1

Therefore, the RMM of water is 18.

• Relative Molecular Mass involves adding

Oxygen (O): RAM = 16

• Formula: CO₂ means there is 1 carbon

So, the RMM of CO₂ is 44.

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