Earth and Science Quarter 2 Reviewer: By: Althea Macuse

MOVEMENTS TECTONIC

- An Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth’s crust which are cause by Convection Currents.
90% are from Plate Boundaries
5% are Volcanic.

- (PHIVOLCS) Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology -- Principally mandated to

mitigate disasters that are related geotectonic phenomena.

- Two ways an Earthquake is Measured:

- Intensity – How an earthquake is felt by people, It is measured using Roman Numerals.
- Magnitude – The actual strength of the earthquake ( Ritcher Scale ), It is recorded by an
instrument called Seismograph.

An Aftershock is a low intensity movement that happens after an Earthquake.

- Astenosphere is the lower portion of the upper mantle that is molten and flowing.

Plate Tectonic Theory

- A theory that says the earth’s surface consists of many Tectonic Plates.
- Oceanic Plate – Plates in the ocean
- Continental Plates – Plates in the land
- The border between plates is called a Plate Boundary.

PARTS OF EARTHQUAKE

Focus – Where the Earthquake originates

Fault – A fracture in the Earth’s Crust

Epicenter – The area directly above the Focus

Fault Scarp – The offset in the ground resulting from an Earthquake

Fault

-A weakness in the Earth’s crust.

- Active Fault – Movement in 10. 000 years

- Inactive Fault – No Movement in millions of years

PARTS AND TYPES OF FAULT:

Hanging Wall – Located Above the fault.

Foot Wall – Located Below the fault.

TYPES OF FAULT:

Normal or Gravity Fault Reverse Fault Strike-Slip fault

- FW goes up - FW goes down - FW and HW slide across
- HW goes down - HW goes up - Horizontal Movement
- Tensional Movement - Compressional Movement
FOCUS
- Types of Focus:
- Deep Focus – occur 70 – 700km Deep
- Shallow Focus – 0 – 70km Deep

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARY

Convergent Divergent Transform

- Moves towards each other - Moves away from each other - Moves across each other

SEISMIC WAVES
- Are used by scientists to be able to identify the interior of the earth.

- Seismograph -- Is an instrument that detects measure, and record seismic waves.

- Seismogram -- Is the data that is recorded as zigzag lines.

MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

1.) Body Wave – Travel Within the earth’s interior

- (P – wave) Primary Wave

- (S – wave) Secondary Wave

- (L – wave) Surface Waves – Travel in the surface

PRIMARY WAVE SECONDARY WAVE SURFACE WAVE

Travel through solid, liquid Travel only through solids Travel in surface
and gas
First recorded in seismograph Second recorded in Last recorded in seismograph
seismograph
Moves alternate Moves in up and down Swaying motion in ground
compression and expansion direction
Depends on compressability, Depends on rigidity and N/A
rigidity and density of object density only

2.) Surface Wave -- Arrive only after body waves, and travel slower than body waves.
- Love waves (L-waves) – Are the fastest surface waves, move the ground from side to side producing
horizontal motion. Typical velocities range between 2-6 km/s.

- Rayleigh waves (R-waves) -- Roll elliptically along the ground, move the ground up and down and side
to side the same direction of its propagation, felt mostly and the slowest of surface waves. Its speed
ranges from 1-2 km/s.

TSUNAMI

- Vertical movement or up and down movement from an underwater fault can produce a tsunami.
- Far from the shore a tsunami is low maybe just 1 meter high but it travels at the speed of a jet plane.
–-- When a tsunami reaches the shore, it slows down but grows in height.

TYPHOON

- Hurricanes -- Formed over the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific
- Cyclones -- Formed over the South Pacific and Indian Ocean
- Typhoons -- Formed over the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Named in alphabetical order.

HOW TYPHOONS FORM:

1. Typhoons start off as tropical thunderstorms.

2. The strong winds pull in moisture from the ocean.

3. The thunderstorms convert the moisture into heat.

4. the heat causes more air to flow to the center of the storm causing evaporation of water. 5. All the
heat and air, flow towards the eye creating the typhoon.

Pre-conditions for Typhoon:

1. Pre-existing low level focus or disturbance

2. Warm ocean water

3. Low atmospheric stability

4. Sufficient Coriolis force

5. Humid mid-atmosphere and upper atmosphere divergence

- Monsoon -- Trough is the most common mechanism to cause a typhoon to develop.

- Intertropical Convergence Zone – Convergence of the Northeast and Southeast trade winds.
 Typhoon Formation Basins:

1. North Atlantic Ocean

2. Western part of the Northern Pacific Ocean
3. Eastern part of the Northern Pacific Ocean
4. Southwestern Pacific Ocean
5. Southeastern Indian Ocean
6. Southwestern Indian Ocean
7. Northern Indian Ocean or Arabian Sea or Bay of Bengal

- Western Pacific – Is the most active

- Northern Indian – Is the least active
- Sierra Madre Mountain Ranges -- acts as a typhoon barrier weakening incoming typhoons from
the Pacific Ocean before reaching the central mainland.

-The winds rotate or spin around a center called an Eye. The more warm air and moisture present the
more intense the wind.

PHILIPPINE AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY

-(PAR) The smallest and innermost monitoring domain whose boundary is closest to the Philippine
islands. The exact dimensions of this domain are the area of the Western North Pacific bounded by
imaginary lines connecting the coordinates first that 5° N 115 ° E, 15° N 115° E, 21° N 120° E, 25°N 135°
E, 5°N 135° E

- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) -- to

monitor all tropical cyclones that enter this area.

CATEGORY MAXIMUM WIND SPEED (Kph)

Tropical Deprission 64 kph
Tropical Storm 118 kph
Typhoon 200 kph
Super Typhoon Greater than 200 kph
COMETS, METEORS AND ASTERIODS

COMETS

 Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit the Sun.
 When frozen, they are the size of a small town.
 When a comet's orbit brings it close to the Sun, it heats up and spews dust and gases into a
giant glowing head larger than most planets.
 Remnants of the Earth, Sun, planets, and Moon

PARTS OF A COMET

 Nucleus – center of the comet is made up of frozen water may be hidden by coma
 Coma - vapor cloud surrounding the nucleus
 Hydrogen envelope – invisible, irregular cloud surrounding the coma o Ion tail – a trail of plasma
streams back from the solar wind
 Dust tail – a prominent trail of dust and gasses generally in direction of the solar wind but curves
toward comet path

TWO SOURCES OF COMETS:

 Long-period comets (those which take more than 200 years to complete an orbit around the
Sun) originate from the Oort Cloud.
 Short-period comets (those which take less than 200 years to complete an orbit around the Sun)
originate from the Kuiper Belt.

Halley's Comet (Short Period Comet)

 The most famous comet in history. Because it marked the first time astronomers understood
comets.
 Repeat visitors to our night sky.
 Makes an appearance once every 76 years. And it is said to return in 2061.

Hale-Bopp (Long Period Comet)

 is a comet that was one of the most widely observed of the 20th century and one of the
brightest seen for many decades.

ASTEROIDS

 Simply rocky or metallic objects that orbit the sun

 ASTEROIDS COMPOSITION

 C-type (chondrite) -- are most common. It consist of clay and silicate rocks, and are dark in
appearance.
 S-type (stony) -- are made up of silicate materials and nickel-iron
 M-types are metallic (nickel-iron) -- Orbits between Mars and Jupiter

- CERES is the largest asteroid.

- ASTERIOD BELT is an area where many asteroids orbit the sun in a region between Mars and
Jupiter.

METEORS, METEOTIES AND METEOROIDS

- METEORS -- are objects from outer space that pass through Earth's atmosphere
- METEORITES -- are rocks from space that have landed on Earth's surface
- METEOROIDS -- are small particles and not bigger than a grain of sand that orbit our sun

- Comets is made-up of gas, dust, ice and rocks. The comet is basically composed of the nucleus,
the coma, the head and tail. Comets can either be short period or long period comments.

- Asteroid is often referred to as minor planets are simply rocky or metallic objects that orbit the
sun in the same way that the planets orbit. The asteroid belt is the group of asteroids between
the orbits of Jupiter and Mars

- Meteoroid is any place of an asteroid, comet, or even lunar material that has been after some
collisions and that has veered off and pulled toward a larger gravitational body.

- Meteorite is the fragment found on the ground when a meteoroid does not completely burn up
as it travels through the atmosphere.

EARTHSCI PERIODICAL 2 REVIEWER BY: ALTHEA MACUSE (Jade)

GOODLUCK TO US!!^^