REVIEWER

EARTH QUAKES
 Vibrations of the Earth Crust
 Focus - The earthquakes point in the crust, or mantle, where
energy is released.
 Epicenter - Is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the
focus; energy that reaches the surface is greatest at this point.
 Seismic Waves - The energy spreads outward in all directions

FAULT
 It is a crack or fracture along Earth in which movement
occurred.
Stress
 is a kind of force that squeezes the rocks together, pull apart,
or pushes them in different directions.
Types of Stress
1) Tension Stress - is the stress that tends to pull something
apart

2) Compression Stress – results when a system of forces pushes

an object from opposite sides
3) Shearing - results when a system of forces pushes the plates in
different directions

TYPES OF FAULTS
1) Normal fault - districts where the normal fault is spreading
apart Earth's crust, the foot wall moves above the hanging wall
2) Reverse fault/Thrust fault
- It occurs when crusts (rock layers) are pushed against or
towards each other due to a stress known as compression. In a
reverse fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

3) Strike-slip/transverse fault
Transverse fault – It is vertical (or nearly vertical) fracture where
the blocks have mostly moved horizontally. If the block opposite
an observer looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip
style is termed right lateral (dextral); if the block moves to the
left, the motion is termed left lateral (sinistral).
 ACTIVE AND INACTIVE FAULTS
 ACTIVE FAULT –
 It is defined as a process of a shallow earthquake that
produces displacement across a fault
 These faults are known to possess recently generated
an earthquake within 10,000 years.

 INACTIVE FAULT -
 This can be also called dead fault which is confined
within the lower ground
 do not show signs of ever having generated an
earthquake in the last 10,000 years
INSTENSITY & MAGNITUDE
Intensity –
 strength of shaking produced by the earth quake at a
specific location
 determined by the Mercalli Scale, expressed in Roman
Numerals. I, II, III, IV….
Magnitude –
 energy released at the source of the earthquake
 Richter Scale expresses the magnitude of an Earthquake
and measures the energy released, expressed in Hindu
Arabic
 SEISMIC WAVES

 Body Waves
• The body waves are seismic waves that travel through the
interior of the Earth.
2 Types of body waves:
1. Primary Waves (P wave)
 These are the fastest kind of seismic waves, and
 the first to arrive at a seismic station and recorded in the
seismograph.
 P waves are also known as compressional or longitudinal waves
because of the pushing and pulling they do.
 Move through solid and liquid layers of the Earth.
 Push and pull rock creating a back-and-forth motion in the
direction the wave is moving (longitudinal wave)
2. Secondary Waves (S Wave)
 These are waves that arrive second, after
 S waves are slower than P waves and can only move through
solid rocks, not through any liquid medium.
 S waves are also known as transverse or shear waves, these
waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side
 travel more slowly than P waves but do more damage.
 Surface Waves
 travel only through the crust. These are of lower frequency than
body waves, and are easily distinguished on a seismograph
2 Types of surface waves:

1. Love waves
 named after Augustus Edward Hough Love This wave is the
fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-
side. Love waves produce entirely horizontal motion. It
can travel a velocity of 4 km/s and create more shaking.
2. Rayleigh waves
 named after John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh, a British
scientist who predicted the existence of this kind of wave
in 1885. This wave rolls along the ground just like a wave
roll across a lake or an ocean. It moves the ground side-to-
side and up and down in the same direction that the wave
is moving.
 TYPHOONS
Tropical Cyclone
It comes from two distinct words: “tropical” refer to its
geographical starting point; and “cyclone” a meteorological term
which refers to its cyclonic circulation where the strong winds in
the Northern Hemisphere circulate counter-clockwise and
clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
"three-layered zones"
 Tropical Cyclone Advisory Domain and
 Tropical Cyclone Information Domain.
 Philippine Area of Responsibility
6 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPHOON
1) SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES (SST) -
 TO PROVIDE ENOUGH HEAT CONTENT TO FUEL THE SYSTEM
OF TYPHOON
2) UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE/VERTICAL MOTION –
 ONE IN WHICH WARM AIR CONTINUES TO RISE UNTIL IT FINDS
ITSELF SURROUNDING BY AIR OF AN IDENTICAL
TEMPERATURE.
3) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH) –
 THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE AVAILABLE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
4) WIND SHEAR –
 CHANGE IN WIND SPEED/DIRECTION WITH HEIGHT.
5) CORIOLIS EFFECT –
 RESULT OF THE EARTH’S ROTATION, INDUCES MOTION
TO THE RIGHT
COMETS
  Frozen left over from the formation of our solar system
 Stella Cometa/Hairy Star and Dirty Snow Balls
Parts of a Comet
1. Nucleus – Solid body contains a mixture of dust, ice or frozen
gases, water vapor
2. Coma – Cloud like that surrounds the Nucleus
3. Tail – Made of dust and gas particles
Origin of Comets
 Kuiper Belt
 Oort Cloud
Long Term / Period Comets –
Most in the Oort Cloud
Short Term / Period Comets –
Most in the Kuiper Belt
Famous Comets
1) Comet Halley –
 Most famous comet in History
2) Comet Hale Bopp –
 Known for being Large & Bright
3) Hyakutake –
 Yuji Hyakutake

4) Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 –
  more than 20 fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
collided with the planet Jupiter.
ASTEROIDS
 Small metallic body that orbits the Sun
 Also called Minor Planets
 They are found at the Asteroid Belt Between Mars and Jupiter
Types of Asteroids (according to position)
1. Athens- lie near the orbit of Mars. (Ex: Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta)
2. Apollos- lie near Jupiter. (Ex: Eros, Geographos, Icarus)
3. Trojans- lie within the main asteroid belt. (Ex: Hector, Diomedes,
Agamemnon, and Petrocius

Meteoroid, Meteor, Meteorite?

Meteoroid –
is a small piece of an asteroid or a comet, typically pebble-sized
Meteoroids –
are lumps of rock or iron that orbit the sun, just as planets,
asteroids, and comets do.
Meteoroids –
are lumps of rock or iron that orbit the sun, just as planets,
asteroids, and comets do, “falling or shooting star”, and are
harmless even though u can observe them from the Earths
Meteor shower –
the bits of comet debris, most no larger than a grain of sand,
create streaks of light in the night sky as they burn up in Earth's
atmosphere