Unit 2 Summative Assessment Practice

Show your work for each question in the space provided. Examples and equations may be included in
your responses where appropriate. For calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps involved
in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Pay attention to
significant figures.

1. Answer the following questions about the polarity of covalent bonds.

(a) Circle the diagram that is the more accurate representation of the polar covalent bond between
phosphorus (P) and chlorine (Cl).

(b) Justify your choice in part (a) in terms of periodic trends and relative values for
electronegativity.

(c) Circle the diagram that is the more accurate representation of the polar covalent bond between
oxygen (O) and selenium (Se).

(d) Justify your choice in part (c) in terms of periodic trends and relative values for
electronegativity.

(e) Circle the bond that has the greatest dipole moment.

C–O Ge–O N–O

(f) Justify your choice in part (e) in terms of periodic trends and relative values for
electronegativity.

(g) Circle the bond that has a dipole moment of zero.

C–C N–P O–F

2. The diagram above shows the relationship between potential energy and internuclear distance.
The curve for two bromine (Br) atoms is indicated by a solid line.

(a) Use the information in the diagram to estimate the following values.

Bond length of the Br–Br bond: pm

Bond energy for the Br–Br bond: kJ/mol

(b) Do you predict that the bond length of the Cl–Cl bond should be shorter or longer than that of
the Br–Br bond? Justify your answer in terms of periodic trends.

(c) A student sketched the potential energy curve for two Cl atoms on the diagram above, as
indicated by the dotted line. There is an error with the student’s sketch. Identify this error, and
explain how the potential energy curve should be corrected so that it would be a more accurate
representation of the bond between two Cl atoms.
 Appearance red liquid
Melting point –121°C

3. (a) Circle the chemical formula that is more likely to have the properties listed in the table above.

CaCl2 SCl2

(b) Justify your choice in part (a) in terms of the type of bonding present in each substance.

4. The Lewis diagram for C 2H6 is shown above.

(a) Draw the correct Lewis diagram for C2H2.

(b) The bond energy for the carbon-carbon bond in C 2H6 is approximately 350 kJ/mol. Do you
predict that the bond energy of the carbon-carbon bond in C 2H2 should be less than or greater
than 350 kJ/mol? Justify your answer.
5. The energy required to separate the ions in the crystal lattice of an ionic solid into individual
gaseous ions is known as the lattice energy. The lattice energy of NaCl(s) is equal to 788 kJ/mol.

Reaction Lattice Energy (kJ/mol)

NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g) 788
KCl(s) → K+(g) + Cl–(g) ?
MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(g) + 2 Cl–(g) ?

(a) Do you predict that the lattice energy of KCl(s) should be lower than or higher than
788 kJ/mol? Justify your prediction based on periodic properties and Coulomb’s law.

(b) Do you predict that the lattice energy of MgCl 2(s) should be lower than or higher than
788 kJ/mol? Justify your prediction based on periodic properties and Coulomb’s law.

6. In the space below, complete the Lewis electron-dot diagram for the S 2Cl2 molecule by drawing in
all of the bonding and nonbonding electron pairs.

(a) What is the approximate value of the Cl–S–S bond

angle in the S2Cl2 molecule that you drew above?

(b) Based on your Lewis structure, identify the hybridization

(sp, sp2, or sp3) of the sulfur atom in the S2Cl2 molecule.
7. In the space below, complete the Lewis electron-dot diagram for the NO 2– ion by drawing in all of
the bonding and nonbonding electron pairs.

(a) What is the approximate value of the O–N–O bond

angle in the NO2– ion that you drew above?

(b) Based on your Lewis structure, identify the hybridization

(sp, sp2, or sp3) of the nitrogen atom in the NO2– ion.

(c) Do you predict that the nitrogen-oxygen bonds in the NO2– ion should have the same length or
have different lengths? Justify your answer.

8. A particle diagram is shown above that is intended to represent a portion of the crystal lattice in
LiF(s). Identify an error that is shown in this particle diagram. Explain how the particle diagram
should be corrected so that it would be a more accurate representation of LiF(s).
 Type of Steel % Carbon Characteristics Uses
Malleable and Chains and
Low-carbon steel < 0.2 %
ductile nails
High-carbon steel 0.6 – 1.5 % Hard and brittle Cutting tools

9. The table above provides some information about two types of steel, both of which are alloys of
iron (Fe) and carbon (C).

(a) Should steel be classified as a substitutional alloy or as an interstitial alloy? Justify your answer
in terms of the relative sizes of the atoms of Fe and C.

(b) Explain why high-carbon steel is more rigid than low-carbon steel.

10. Three possible Lewis diagrams for the thiocyanate ion, NCS –, are shown in the table below.

(a) Assign formal charges to each atom in each Lewis diagram.

Formal Formal Formal

Lewis Diagram Charge Charge Charge
on N on C on S

#1

#2

#3
10. (continued)

(b) Which Lewis diagram from part (a),

Element Electronegativity
diagram #1, #2, or #3, do you predict to be
the most preferred representation of the N 3.04
bonding in the thiocyanate ion? Justify your C 2.55
answer based on formal charges and the
S 2.58
electronegativity values shown at right.

11. Identify the total number of sigma () bonds and pi () bonds present in the molecule represented
by the Lewis diagram shown below.

sigma () bonds pi () bonds

12. Fill in the missing information in the table below.

Substance Molecular Shape Polar or Nonpolar?

ClF3

SF4

XeF4

CF4

CH2F2
13. For each molecule in the table below,
 Draw the Lewis diagram. Include both bonding and nonbonding pairs of electrons.
 Identify the molecular shape.
 Identify the approximate bond angle.
 Identify the hybridization (sp, sp2, or sp3) of the central atom in the molecule.
 Classify the molecule as polar or nonpolar.

BF3 NF3

molecular shape = molecular shape =

approximate bond angle = approximate bond angle =

hybridization of central atom = hybridization of central atom =

polar or nonpolar? polar or nonpolar?

14. Comparing the Lewis structures of CH4 and NH3, each Lewis structure contains a central atom with
a total of four electron domains. It is observed from experimental evidence that the bond angle in
NH3 is slightly less than the bond angle in CH4. Give an explanation for this observation.