Injuries and First Aid Procedures (Part 2)

Injuries and First Aid Procedures (Part 2)
Fractures (Broken Bones)

A fracture is a broken bone, the same as a crack or a break. A bone may be completely
fractured or partially fractured in any number of ways (crosswise, lengthwise, in multiple
pieces).
Types of Fractures
Althouh bones are rigid, they do bend, or give, somewhat when an outside force is
applied. However, if the force is too great, bones will break, just as a plastic ruler breaks
when it is bent too far.
The severity of a fracture usually depends on the force that caused the break. If the
bone's breaking point has been exceeded only slightly, the bone may crack rather than
break all the way through. If the force is extreme, such as that caused by an automobile
crash or gunshot, the bone may shatter.
If the bone breaks in such a way that bone fragments stick out through the skin, or a
wound penetrates down to the broken bone, the fracture is called an open fracture.
This type of fracture is particularly serious because once the skin is broken, infection in
both the wound and the bone can occur.
Common types of fractures include:

Stable fracture. The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place.
Open (compound) fracture. The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that
breaks the skin at the time of the fracture. The bone may or may not be visible in the
wound.
Transverse fracture. This type of fracture has a horizontal fracture line.
Oblique fracture. This type of fracture has an angled pattern.
Comminuted fracture. In this type of fracture, the bone shatters into three or more
pieces.
First Aid Procedures:
 Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean
cloth or a clean piece of clothing.
 Immobilize the injured area. Don't try to realign the bone or push a bone that's
sticking out back in. If you've been trained in how to splint and professional help isn't
readily available, apply a splint to the area above and below the fracture sites.
Padding the splints can help reduce discomfort.
 Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain. Don't apply ice directly to
the skin. Wrap the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material.
 Treat for shock. If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay
the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible, elevate
the legs.
Strains
Strains are injuries to muscle or tendons (which connect muscle to bone) due to
overstretching. Signs and symptoms include: 1. pain in the joint or muscle, 2. swelling
and bruising, 3. warmth and redness of the injured area and 4. trouble moving the
injured part
What to Do:
1. Make sure that the patient stops activity right away.
2. Think R.I.C.E. for the first 48 hours after the injury:
Rest: Rest the injured part until it's less painful.
Ice: Wrap an icepack or cold compress in a towel and place over the injured part
immediately. Continue for no more than 20 minutes at a time, four to eight
times a day.
Compression: Support the injured part with an elastic compression bandage for
at least 2 days.
Elevation: Raise the injured part above heart level to decrease swelling.
3. Give your child ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain and swelling.

4. Get Emergency Medical Care if the patient has:
 severe pain when the injured part is touched or moved
 continued trouble bearing weight more bruising
 numbness or a feeling of "pins and needles" in the injured area
 a limb that looks "bent" or misshapen
 signs of infection (increased warmth, redness, streaks, swelling, and pain)
 a strain that doesn't seem to be improving after 5 to 7 days
Stoppage of Breathing
What to do:
1. Use artificial respiration (MMR)
2. Use artificial circulation (CPR)
3. In case of choking use Heimlich Maneuver.
- from behind the victim, wrap arms around the victims waist. Grab your fist and
press into the victims abdomen just above the navel. Apply pressure with a quick
upward thrust and repeat, if necessary.
4. In other cases use mouth to mouth resuscitation.

Steps in Mouth to mouth Resuscitation:
. quickly clear the mouth
. tilt the person’s head back
. pinch the nostrils shut unless the victim is a child
. put your mouth over the victims mouth blow air into the lungs,
. repeat 12-15 times/ minute for adult, 20 times/min for child
. watch the victim’s chest and listen for the return flow of air
. repeat process about every 5 seconds, 3 seconds for child
Internal Poisoning
Internal poisoning is an injury due to swallowing, touching or sudden contact with
toxic chemicals. Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include:
 Burns or redness around the mouth and lips
 Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint thinner
 Vomiting
 Difficulty breathing
 Drowsiness
 Confusion or other altered mental status
What to do:
1. Try to make the person vomit except on strong acids, alkalis and
Petroleum products poisoning.
2. Use universal antidote if possible.
On poisonous plants:
1. Wash and change clothes after contact
2. Use calamine lotion, if possible.
3. See doctor for serious cases
On poisonous snakebites:
1. cut into skin
2. apply suction to snakebite to remove poison
3. apply tourniquet on the affected part
References:
Cronan, K. (July 2018), First Aid: Strains and Sprains, retrieved from
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/strains-sprains-sheet.html
Throckmorton, T. (August 2021), Fractures and Broken Bones, retrieved from

https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/fractures-broken-bones/
Mayo Clinic (26, June 2020), First Aid - Broken Bones, retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-
aid/first-aid-fractures/basics/art-20056641

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Injuries and First Aid Procedures (Part 2)

Fractures (Broken Bones)

Common types of fractures include:

3. Give your child ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain and swelling.

4. In other cases use mouth to mouth resuscitation.

Throckmorton, T. (August 2021), Fractures and Broken Bones, retrieved from

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