LANIE E.

AVELINO, LPT, MA

Understanding the Self (Module GE 101) lnea 2020 | 1

 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
MODULE TWO

PRELIMINARIES

Module Title: Module Two - UNPACKING THE SELF

Course Title: Understanding the Self

Course Number: GE 101

Course Description:

This course Understanding the Self is a fundamental course in the General Education Curriculum for tertiary education. It s
designed to help the students understand the nature of identity including the factors that influence and shape personal identity.
Today, issues of self and identity are very critical to adolescents. This book was conceptualized to aid undergraduate students
develop a more critical and reflective attitude in exploring the issues and concerns of the self and identity for a better and proper
way of understanding one’s self. It emphasizes the integration of personal daily experiences of the students with their learning
experiences inside the classroom to encourage them to improve themselves for a better quality of life.

Total Learning Time: 7 weeks

Pre-requisites: N/A

OVERVIEW

This module has three major parts. The first chapter enables the students to understand the construct of the self from
various disciplinal perspective: philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology including the more traditional
division between East and West. The second chapter deals with some of the various aspects that make up self like
the biological self, the material self, the spiritual self, the political self and the digital self. The third and final
chapter provides a discussion on some areas and issues or concern for young students these days, which are learning,
goal setting and stress. This module will provide opportunities for students to gain new skills for practical
application of the concepts learned that aim to help them become better and significant individuals of our society in
order to build a great nation.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

This course/module made a concerted effort to achieve the following learning outcomes.
 Discuss the development aspect of the reproductive system; Describe the erogenous zones; Explain human
sexual behavior; Characterize the diversity of sexual behavior; describe sexuality transmitted diseases; and
Differentiate natural and artificial methods of contraception.
 Explain the association of self and possessions; Identify the role of consumer culture to self and identity; and
Appraise one’s self based on the description of economic/material self
 Identify various religious practices and beliefs; Understand the self (spiritual self) in relation with religious
beliefs; Differentiate the concept, beliefs, customs and practices of different religions in the world; and
Explain the ways of finding the meaning of life.
 Develop a Filipino identity; Identify different Filipino values and traits; and reflect on your selfhood in relation
to your national identity.
 Define online identity; Compare real identity versus online identity; Describe the influence of internet on
sexuality and gender; and Discuss the proper way of demonstrating values and attitudes online.

INDICATIVE CONTENT

CHAPTER II - UNPACKING THE SELF

 Lesson 1. The Physical and Sexual Self
 Lesson 2. To Buy or Not to Buy? That is the question! (Economic/Material Self)
 Lesson 3. Supernaturals: Believe It or Not!(Spiritual Self)
 Lesson 4. The Political Self and Being Filipino
 Lesson 5. Who Am I in the Cyberworld? (Digital Self)

Understanding the Self (Module GE 101) lnea 2020 | 2

 DISSCUSSION

It has been believed that the sex chromosomes of humans define the sex (female or male) and their secondary sexual
characteristics. From Childhood , we are controlled by our genetic makeup. It influences the way we treat ourselves
and others. However, there re individuals who do not accept their innate sexual characteristics and they tend to
change their sexual organs through medication and surgery. Aside from our genes, our society or external
world/environment helps shapes ourselves.

Lesson 1. The Physical and Sexual Self

Marieb EN. (2001) explains that the gonads(reproductive gland that produces the gametes; testis or ovary) begin to
form until about the eight week of embryonic development. During the early stages of human development, the
embryonic reproductive structures of males and females are alike and are said in the indifferent stage. When the
primary reproductive structures are formed, development of the accessory structures and external genitalia begins.
The formation of male and female structures depends on the presence of testosterone. Usually, once formed, the
embryonic testes release testosterone, and the formation of the duct system and external genitalia follows. In the
case of female embryos that form ovaries, it will cause the development of the female ducts and external genitalia
since testosterone hormone is not produced. Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in
the embryo results in strange abnormalities. For instance, a genetic male develops the female accessory structures
and external genitalia if the embryonic testes fail to produce testosterone. On the other hand, if a genetic female is
exposed to testosterone (as in the case of a mother with androgen - producing tumor or her adrenal gland) the
embryo has ovaries but may develop male accessory ducts and glands, as well as a male reproductive organ and an
empty scrotum. As a result, pseudo-hermaphrodites are formed who are individuals having accessory reproductive
structures that do not match their gonads while true hermaphrodites are individuals who possess both ovarian and
testicular tissues but this condition is rare in nature. Nowadays many pseudo-hermaphrodites undergo sex change
operations to have their outer selves fit their inner selves.

A critical event for the development of reproductive organs take place about one month before birth wherein the
male testes formed in the abdominal cavity at approximately the same location as the female ovaries, descend to
enter the scrotum. If this normal event fails, it may lead to cryptorchidism. This condition usually occurs in young
males and causes sterility (which is also a risk factor fir cancer of the testes) that is why surgery is usually performed
during childhood to solve this problem. Moreover, abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to
congenital problem/defects of the reproductive system. For instance, ales who possess extra female sex chromosome
have the normal male accessory but atrophy of their testes causes them to be sterile. Other abnormalities results
when a child has only one sex chromosome. Other much less serious conditions also affect males primarily such as
phimosis, which is due to a narrowing of the foreskin of the male reproductive structure and misplaced urethral
openings.

Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old., when the reproductive organs grow
to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal gonadal hormones
(testosterone for males and estrogen for females). After this time, reproductive capability continous until old age in
males and menopause in females. The changes that occur during puberty is similar in sequence in all individuals but
the age which they occur differs among individuals, in males as they reached the age of 13, puberty is characterized
by the increase in the size of the reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary
and face. The reproductive organ continue to grow for two years until sexual maturation marked by the presence of
mature semen in the testes. In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11 signals their
puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which happens two years after the start of puberty.
Hormones play an important role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility of females.

Note: ***See attached sheets (PPT)***

 Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System

Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults. Vaginal infections are
more common in young and elderly women and in those whose resistance to diseases are low. The usual infections
include those caused by escherichia coli which spread through the digestive tract, the sexually transmitted
microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea and herpes virus, yeast (type of fungus). Vaginal infections that are left
untreated may spread throughout the female reproductive tract and may cause pelvic inflammatory diseases and
sterility. Problems that involve painful or abnormal menses may also be due to infection or hormone imbalance.

In males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatis. Urethritis and epididymitis, all of which may
follow sexual contacts in which sexually transmitted disease (STD’s) microorganisms are transmitted. Neoplasms
are the major threat to reproductive organs. Tumors of the breast and cervix are most common reproductive cancers
in adult females, and prostate cancer is widespread among adult males.

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Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20s. a natural decrease in ovarian
function usually follows characterized by reduced estrogen production that causes irregular ovulation and shorter
menstrual periods. Consequently. Ovulation and menses stop entirely, ending childbearing ability. This event is
called as menopause, which occurs when females no longer experience menstruation. The production of estrogen
may still continue after menopause but the ovaries finally stop functioning as endocrine organs. The reproductive
organs and breasts begin to atrophy or shrink if estrogen is no longer released from the body. There is no counterpart
for menopause in males. Although aging men show a steady decline in testosterone secretion, their reproductive
capability seems unending. Healthy men are still able to father offspring well into their 80’s and beyond.

 Erogenous Zones

Erogenous zones refers to the parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when
touched in a sexual manner. Some of the commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts, genitals and
anus. Erogenous zones may vary from one person to another. Some people may enjoy being touched in a certain
area more than the other areas. Other common areas of the body that can be aroused easily may include the neck,
thighs, abdomen and feet.

 Human Sexual Behavior

Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity - solitary, between two persons, or in a group - that includes sexual
arousal. There are two major factors that determine human sexual behavior, the inherited sexual response patterns that
have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction and that become part of each individuals genetic inheritance, and the
degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by society in the expression of his sexuality. The
various types of human sexual behavior are usually classified according to the gender and number of participants. There is
solitary behavior involving only one individual, and there is Sociosexual behavior involving more than one person.
Sociosexual behavior is generally divided into heterosexual behavior (male with female) and homosexual behavior (male
with male or female with female). if three or more individuals are involved, it is possible to have heterosexual and
homosexual activity simultaneously.

 Solitary Behavior - Self -gratification means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally
sexual climax. Usually most self-gratification takes place in private as an end in itself, but can also be
done in a Sociosexual relationship. Self-gratification generally beginning at or before puberty, is very
common among young males, but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when Sociosexual activity is
available.Consequently, self-gratification is most frequent among the unmarried. There are more males
who perform acts of self-gratification than females. The frequency greatly varies among individuals and it
usually decreases as soon as they develop Sociosexual relationship. Majority of males and females have
fantasies of some Sociosexual activity while they gratify themselves. He fantasy frequently involves
idealized sexual partners and activities that the individual has not experienced and even might avoid in
real life. Nowadays, humans are frequently being exposed to sexual stimuli especially from advertising
and social media. Some adolescents become aggressive when they respond to such stimuli. The rate of
teenage pregnancy is increasing in our time. The challenge is to develop self-control in order to balance
suppression and free expression. Adolescents need to control their sexual response in order to prevent pre-
marital sex and acquire STDs.

 Sociosexual Behavior - Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of Sociosexual behavior that occurs
between only one male and one female. It usually begins in childhood and may be motivated by curiosity,
such as showing or examining genitalia. There is varying degree of sexual impulse and responsiveness
among children. Physical contact involving necking or petting is considered as an ingredient of the
learning process and eventually of courtship and the selection of a marriage partner. Petting differs from
hugging, kissing and generalized caresses of the clothed body t practice involving stimulation of the
genitals. Petting may be done as an expression of affection and a source of pleasure, preliminary to coitus.
Petting has been regarded by others as a near-universal human experience and is important not only in
selecting the partner but as a way of learning how to interact with another person sexually.

 Coitus - the insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive organ, is viewed by
society quite different depending upon marital status of the individual. Majority of the human society
allow premarital coitus, at least under certain circumstances. In modern Western society, premarital coitus
is more likely to be tolerated but not encouraged if the individuals intend marriage. Moreover, in most
societies, marital coitus is considered as an obligation. Extramarital coitus involving wives is generally
condemned and, if permitted, is allowed only under exceptional conditions or with specified
persons.Societies are becoming more considerate towards males than females who engaged in
extramarital coitus. This double standard of morality is also evident in premarital life. There is a difficulty
to enforce abstinence among sexually experienced individual and usually older people for societies that
try to confine coitus in married couples. A behavior may be interpreted by society or the individuals as
erotic depending on the context in which the behavior occurs. For instance, a kiss may be interpreted as a
gesture of expression or intimacy between couples while others may interpret it as a form of respect or
reverence. Examination and touching someone’s genitalia is not interpreted as a sexual act especially
when it is done for medical purposes. Consequently, the apparent motivation of the behavior greatly
determines its interpretation.

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 Physiology of Human Sexual Response

Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages or phase when sexual activity is continued.

1. Excitement Phase - it is caused by increasing in pulse and blood pressure, a sudden rise in blood supply to surface
of the body resulting in increased skin temperature. Flushing and swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly
noticeable in the male reproductive structure and female breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital
fluids, vaginal expansion and general increase in muscle tension. These symptoms of arousal eventually increase to
a near maximal physiological level that leads to the next stage
2. Plateau Phase - It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs.
3. Sexual Climax - It is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate, blood pressure
and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male.
It is also characterized by involuntary vocalizations. Sexual climax may last for a few seconds ( normally not over
ten) after which the individuals enters the resolution phase.
4. Resolution Phase - is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal physiologic state, Males and
females are similar in their response sequence. Whereas males return to normal even if stimulation continues, but
continued stimulation can produce additional orgasms in females. Females are physically capable of repeated
orgasms without the intervening “rest period” required by males.

 Sexual Problems

Sexual problems may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin.

Physiological Problem - are the least among the three categories. Only a small number of people suffer from
diseases that are due to abnormal development of the genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology controlling sexual
response. Some common physiologic conditions that can disturb sexual response include vaginal infections,
retroverted uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumors, diabetes, senile changes of the vagina, and cardiovascular problems.
Fortunately, the majority of physiological sexual problems can be resolved through medication or surgery while
problems of the nervous system that can affect sexual responses are more difficult to treat.

Psychological Problem - comprise by far the largest category. They are usually caused by socially induced
inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, ignorance, and sexual myths held by society. An example of the latter is the belief
that good, mature sex must involve rapid erection, prolonged coitus, and simultaneous orgasm. Magazines, marriage
books, and general sexual folklore often strengthen these demanding ideals, which are not always achieved;
therefore can give rise to feelings of inadequacy anxiety and guilt. Such resulting negative emotions can definitely
affect the behavior of an individual. Erectile impotence is almost always of psychological origin in males under 40.
Fear of being impotent, frequently causes impotence, and in many cases, the afflicted male simply caught up in a
self-perpetuating problem that can be solved only by achieving a successful act of coitus. In other cases, the
impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue and distraction because of nonsexual
worries, intoxication, or other causes- such as occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy.

Vaginismus is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that
penetration is painful or impossible. It can be due to anti-sexual conditioning or psychological trauma that serves as
an unconscious defense against coitus. It can be treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the female
reproductive organ with increasingly large cylinders.

 The Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

Natural Method - this method so not involve any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body.
People who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way of birth control and
others follow such natural methods because they are more cost-effective.

a. Abstinence - the natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural birth
control method with ideally 0% fail rate. It is the most effective way to avoid STIs ( Sexually Transmitted
Infections). however, most people find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only few use this method.
b. Calendar Method - this is also called as the rhythm method. It entails withholding from coitus during the days that
the woman is fertile. According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is likely to conceive three or four days before and
three or four days after ovulation. The woman needs to record her menstrual cycle for six months in order to
calculate the woman’s safe days to prevent conception.
c. Basal Body Temperature - the BBT indicates the woman’s temperature at rest. Before the day of ovulation, BBT
falls at 0.5 ◦F; it increases to a full degree because of progesterone and maintains its level throughout the menstrual
cycle. This serves as the basis for the method. The woman must record her temperature every morning before any
activity. A slight decrease in BBT followed by a gradual increase in the BBT can be a sign that a woman has
ovulated.
d. Cervical Mucus Method - the change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method. During
ovulation, the cervical mucus is copious, thin and watery. It also exhibits the property of spinnbarkeit, where it can
be stretched up until at least 1 inch and is slippery. The woman is said to be fertile as long as the cervical coitus
during those days to prevent conception.

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e. Symptothermal Method - is basically a combination of the BBT method and the cervical mucus method. The
woman records her temperature every morning and also takes note of changes in her cervical mucus. She should
abstain from coitus three days after and rise in her temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a mucus
change.
f. Ovulation Detection - this method uses an over the counter kit that requires the urine sample of the woman. The
kit can predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that happens 12-24 hours before ovulation.
g. Coitus Interruptus - this is one of the oldest methods that prevents conception. A couple still goes on with coitus,
but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ.
A disadvantage of this method is the pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may cause
fertilization.

 Artificial Methods

a. Oral Contraceptives - also known as pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen suppresses the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and LH to prevent ovulation. Moreover, progesterone
decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperms access to the ova. It is suggested that the woman
takes the first pill on the first Sunday after the beginning of a menstrual flow, or as soon as it is prescribed by the
doctor.
b. Transdermal Patch - contains both estrogen and progesterone. The woman should apply one patch every week for
three weeks on the following areas: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks. At the fourth week, no
patch is applied because the menstrual flow would then occur. The area where the patch is applied should be clean,
dry, and free of irritation.
c. Vaginal Ring - releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and it surrounds the cervix. This silicon ring
in inserted into the female reproductive organ and remains there for three weeks and then removed on the fourth
week, as menstrual flow would occur. The woman becomes fertile as soon as ring is removed.
d. Subdermal Implants - these are two rod like implants inserted under the skin of the female during her menses or
on the seventh day of her menstrual flow to make sure that she will not get pregnant. The implants are made with
etonogestrel, desogestrel and progestin which can be helpful for three to five days.
e. Hormonal Injections - contains medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone and is usually given once every 12 weeks
intramuscularly. The injection causes changes in the endometrium and cervical mucus and can help prevent
ovulation.
f. Intrauterine Device - (IUD) small, T-shaped object containing progesterone that is inserted into the uterus via the
female reproductive organ. It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory condition to prevent
implantation of the zygote. The IUD is Fitted only by the physician and inserted after the woman’s menstrual flow.
The device can be effective for five to seven years.
g. Chemical Barriers - these are used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix and to lower the
pH level of the female reproductive organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm. On the other hand, these
chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections.
h. Diaphragm - it is a circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus. Diaphragm works
by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the female reproductive organ and it works better when used together
with spermicide. The diaphragm should be fitted only by the physician, and should remain in place for six hours
after coitus.
i. Cervical Cap - the cervical cap is made of soft ribber and fitted on the rim of the cervix. It is shaped like a thimble
with a thin rim, and could stay in place for not more than 48 hours.
j. Male Condoms - it is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect male reproductive organ before
penetration into the female reproductive organ to trap the sperm during ejaculation. It can prevent STIs and can be
bought over the counter, Male condoms have typical fail rate of 15% due to break in the sheaths integrity or spilling
of semen.
k. Female Condoms - is made up of latex rubber sheaths that are pre-lubricated with spermicide. They are usually
bound by two rings. The outer ring is first inserted against the opening of the female reproductive organ and the
inner ring covers the cervix. It is used t prevent fertilization of the egg by he sperm cells.
l. Surgical Methods - During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens is
then tied, cauterized, cut or plugged to block the passage of the sperm. The patient is advised to use a back up
contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are recorded because the sperm could remain viable in
the vas deferens for six months. In women, tubal ligation is performed after menstruation and before ovulation. The
procedure is done through a small incision under the woman’s umbilicus that targets the Fallopian tube for cutting,
cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of both the sperm and the ova.

Note: ***See attached sheets (PPT)***

Lesson 2. To Buy or Not to Buy? That is the Question! (The Material/Economic Self)

We are living in a world of sale and shopping spree. We are given a wide array of products to purchase from a simple set
of spoon and fork to owning a restaurant. Almost everywhere, including the digital space, we can find promotions of
product purchase. Product advertisements are suggestive of making us feel better or look good. Part of us wants to have
that product. What makes us want to buy those products are connected with who we are. What we want to have and
already possess is related to our self. Belk (1988) stated that “we regard our possessions as parts of ourselves. We are what
we have and what we possess”. there is a direct link between self-identity with what we have and possess. Our wanting to
have and possess has a connection with another aspect of the self, the material self.

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 The Material Self

A psychologist William James said that understanding the self can be examined through its different components.
He described these components as: 1. constituents; 2. the feelings and emotions they arouse - self feelings; 3. the
actions to which they prompt - self seeking and self preservation. The constituents of the self are composed of the
material self, social self, spiritual self and the pure ego. The material self, according to James is about our bodies,
clothes, immediate family, and home. We are deeply affected by these things because we have put much investment
of our self to them.
The innermost part of our material self is our body. Intentionally, we are investing in our body. We are directly
attached to this commodity that we cannot live without. We strive hard to make sure that this body functions well
and good. Any ailment or disorder directly affects us. We do have certain preferential attachment or intimate
closeness to certain body parts because of its value to us. Next to our body are the clothes we use. Influenced by the
philosophy of dress, James believed that clothing is an essential part of the material self. Any time we bring an
object into the surface of our body, we invest the object into the consciousness of our personal existence taking in its
contours to be our own and making it part of the self. Clothing is a form of self expression. We choose and wear
clothes that reflect our self. Thus, clothes are placed in the second hierarchy of material self. Third in the hierarchy
is our immediate family. Our parents and siblings hold another great important part of our self. What they do or
become affects us. When an immediate family member dies, part of our self dies too. When their lives are in
success, we feel their victories too. In their failures, we are put to shame or guilt. We place huge investment in our
immediate family when we see them as nearest replica of our self. The fourth component of material self is our
home. Home is where our heart is. It is the earliest nest of our self-hood. Our experiences inside the home were
recorded and marked on particular parts and things in our home. The home is an extension of self, because in it, we
can directly connect our self. Having investment of self to tings, made us attached to those things. The more
investment of self given to the particular thing, the more we identify ourselves to it. We also tended to collect and
possess. Possessions then become a part or an extension of the self.

 We Are What We Have

Belk 1988 posits that “ we regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess.
The identification of the self started in our infancy stage when we make a distinction among self and environment
and others who may desire our possessions. As we grow older. Putting importance to material possession decreases.
However, material possession gains higher value in our lifetime if we use material possession to find happiness,
associate this things with significant events, accomplishments and people in our lives. The possessions that we
dearly have tell something about who we are, our self-concept, our past and even our future.

Note: ***See attached sheets (PPT)***

Lesson 3. Supernaturals: Believe it or Not! (The Spiritual Self)

Spiritual self is one of the four constituents of the self. The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of
self. It is the most intimate version of the self because of the satisfaction experienced when thinking of one’s ability
to argue and discriminate, of one’s moral sensibility and conscience, and of our unconquerable will is purer than all
other sentiments of satisfaction. The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen through the
expression of religion, its beliefs and practices. In the same manner, cultural rituals and ceremonies are some
manifestations what people believe in. Moreover, seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the spiritual self is
on. An individual lives in a society where there are many practices of religion. The choice of religious belief lies
within the spiritual self. Although the choice maybe influenced by the society and its culture, Rebecca Stein (2011)
works on the definition of religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all of basic
characteristics”. these characteristics are;

 A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and Gods.

 A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and awe.
 The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on supernatural beings as well as
physical beings and objects.
 The performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of scared object to communicate
to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control events.
 The articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and other means.
 Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of social control within a
community; provide explanation for unknown and a sense of control for individuals.
 Ritual

Ritual is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law (Britannica 2017). Ritual is a
specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by all known societies. It is thus possible to view ritual as a way of
defining or describing humans. There are three fundamental characteristics of rituals according to Penner
(Britannica 2017). Ritual has the characteristics of:
1. A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the sacred.
2. Dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in language of myth.

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 3. Is symbolic in relation to its reference.
The self can be described as a ritual being who exhibits a striking parallel between their ritual and verbal behavior.
Just as language is a system of symbols that is based upon arbitrary rules, ritual maybe viewed as a system of
symbolic acts that is based upon arbitrary rules. Participation to rituals is expressions of religious beliefs.

 Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices

There are different religions with different beliefs and practices. Some of the major world religions are Buddhism,
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. Excerpt of some religious beliefs and practices are found in the
University of London’s Religion and Belief Guide 2017.

Buddhism

Beliefs - Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses. Instead, there are suffering, pain, and frustrations. When
people suffer, they want to experience the goodness of life and avoid disappointments. It becomes a habit known as
the reactive cycle of wanting and hating, like and dislike, and craving and aversion. This reactive cycle can be
broken through the practice of mediation, acquiring more wisdom and deeper understanding, and acceptance of
things as they are.

Customs and Practices - There are two types of meditation practices: samatha and vipassana. Samatha is practiced
as mindfulness of breathing and development of loving-kindness (Metta Bhavana). Vipassana practices aim at
developing insight into reality. Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha’s teaching, the Dharma. Through the
reflection of Dharma, Buddhist can achieve a deeper understanding of life. Buddhist believe in a non-violence
principle. Some of the Buddhist major celebrations are Parinirvana day in February; Buddha day (wesak) in May;
Dharma day in July; Padmasambhava day in October; and Shangha day in November.

Christianity

Beliefs - Christian believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three persons. God the father (creator), God the Son
(savior), and God the Holy Spirit (sustainer). Eternal life after death will be achieved through faith in Jesus Christ.
Jesus Christ is, God the Son, who came into flesh, to spread the good news of salvation. He died on the Cross for the
sin of humanity but resurrected from the death, so that anyone who believes in Him will be saved and have eternal
life. The holy Bile is a selection of books, which is divided into two, the old testament and the new testament.

Customs and Practices - Sacrament of Baptism and sacrament of communion are practiced by Christian churches.
The sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth in Christian world, while the sacrament of communion is an act of
remembrance of Jesus Christ’s sacrificial love. Jesus Christ teaching in unconditional love, that is expressed in
loving the poor, oppressed, and outcast of the society. Christmas and resurrection (Easter) are two major
celebrations in Christianity. Christmas usually on December 25, commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ while
Resurrection Sunday (depends on the lunar calendar, sometime in March and April) celebrates the resurrection of
Jesus Christ from death.

Hinduism

Beliefs - Hinduism covers a wide range of traditional beliefs and religious groups; thus there is no single founder or
leader. Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death and rebirth, governed by Karma. Karma is a concept
where the reincarnated life will depend on how the past life was spent. Hindus believe that the soul passes through a
cycle of successive lives and its next incarnation is always dependent on how the previous life was lived. Vedas are
sacred scriptures of Hindus. Mahabharata and Ramayana are two other important texts of the Hindus.

Customs and Practices - Diwali and Navrati are the most celebrated festivals of the Hindus. Diwali is the festival of
nine nights, Which celebrate the triumph of good over evil. Hindus have set dates to honor particular manifestations
of God.

Islam

Beliefs - Muslim believe in Allah, who is their “One God”. they believe in the unity and universality of God.
Muslims also have a strong sense of community or “ummah” and an awareness of their solidarity with all Muslims
worldwide. Islam means “willing submission to God”. Muslims believe that Mohammed is the last and final prophet
sent by God. Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570 CE and received revelations from God through the Angel
Gabriel over a period of 23 years. The holy book of Islam is called the Quran, which was taught to be recited in
Arabic because any translation is seen as inadequate.

Customs and Beliefs - Muslims believed in the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundation of Muslim life:

1. Shahada - statement of faith: “there is no God but the one true God and Mohammed is his messenger”.
2. Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times a day.
3. Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It comprises the 2.5% of a Muslims assets.

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4. Haji - the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims who can afford are asked to do the pilgrimage at least once in
their lifetime.
5. Sawm - the fasting. Muslims do fasting, from food, drink, and sexual act, during the celebration of Ramadan.
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. The fast is from dawn to sunset.

Two of the major festivals in Islam are Eidul-Fitr and Eidul-Adha. Eidul-Fitr is the celebration at the end of
Ramadan, while Eidul-Adha is celebrated within the completion of the Pilgrimage, the Hajj.

Judaism

Beliefs - the Jews believe in the God of Abraham, the same God that liberated the Hebrew slaves from Egypt to
Canaan, the Promised Land through the leadership of Moses and later, Joshua. The Jews believe in the coming of
Messiah, the savior. The sacred scripture of the Jews is called the Torah or the Law. The Torah is the guide of the
Jewish living. The Study and interpretation of Torah is part of the Jewish culture.

Customs and Beliefs - there are five major festivals observed by the Jews:

1. Rosh Hashanah - the new year

2. Yom Kippur - the Day of Atonement
3. Pesach - Passover
4. Shavuot - Pentecost
5. Sukkot - Tabernacles. The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening at sunset and is an an important time when
families gather for the Shabbat meal.

Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the expression of the spiritual self. What to believe
and how to manifest the belief is entirely dependent on the individual, to the self. A person might believe that there
is a higher being, a supernatural being, usually termed as God, but not necessarily wants to be affiliated or identified
with certain religious group. Others may have religious practices which are perceived to be contrary to the practices
of other groups. Religious beliefs and practices, therefore, are formed relative to its context and culture.

Note: ***See attached sheets (PPT)***

 Finding and Creating Meaning of Life

Another extensive study of self can be found in the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl.

The Psychiatrist

Dr. Viktor E. Frankl was born on March 26, 1905 in Vienna, Austria, where famous psychiatrists Sigmund Freud
and Alfred Adler lived. At a young age, he wrote a short paper to Freud was published after three years. Dr. Frankl
graduated with a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1930. He was assigned in Vienna Hospital suicide
ward and headed the Rothschild Hospital, eight years later. A survivor of the Holocaust, Dr. Viktor E. Frankl
published a book about logotherapy in 1959, the book was translated to English and was revised in 1963 as the
Doctor and the Soul: An Introduction to Logotheraphy. His book, Man’s Search for Meaning, has been used as
textbook in high school and college courses. Dr. Viktor E. Frankl died in 1997.

Logotherapy

Logotherapy is a psychotherapy introduced by Dr. Viktor E. Frankl, who is considered the father of Logotherapy.
The main belief of logotherapy is that “mans find personal meaning of life. Whatever life situation they may be. In
logotherapy, meaning can be discovered by creating a work or doing a deed, experiencing something or
encountering sometime and the attitude towards an avoidable sufferings. Logotherapy uses philosophy of optimism
in the face of tragedy, where people are capable of “turning suffering into human achievement; delivering from guilt
the opportunity to change oneself for the better; and deriving from life’s transitoriness an incentive to take
responsible action.

Logotherapy Assumptions

All psychotherapies make philosophical assumptions about the human person that cannot be proved with certainty.

1. The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. This first assumption deals with the body
(soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According to Dr. Viktor E. Frankl, the body and mind are what we have
and the spirit is wha we are.
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. Assumption two is “ultimate meaning”. This
is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an order in a world with laws that go
beyond human laws.

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3. People have a will to meaning. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and acting. When
we see meaning,we are ready for any type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve
power and pleasure.
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning. Assumption four is that we are
free to activate our will to find meaning, and this can be done under any circumstances. This deals with change of
attitudes about unavoidable fate.
5. Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions are are to be meaningful. The fifth
assumption, the meaning of the moment is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate
meaning, this meaning can be found and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by
following the voice of our conscience.
6. the individual is unique. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This enhanced by the
realization that we are constantly looking to find meaning. We are free to do these at all times in response to certain
demands

In essence, all humans are unique with an entity of body mind and spirit. We all go through unique situations and are
constantly looking to find meaning. We are free to do these at all times in response to certain demands.

 Basic Concepts of Franklian Psychology

 Life has meaning under all circumstances.

 Main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life.
 Freedom to find meaning.

Furthermore, Franklian Psychology aims to: (1)become aware of spiritual resources, (2) make conscious spiritual
resources, and (3) use “ defiant power of the human spirit” and stand up against adversity.

Frankl’s Sources of Meeting

There are three possible sources of the meaning of life; purposeful work, courage in the face of difficulty, and love.
1. Purposeful work. To find the meaning of life starts wit holding a future goal. Each individuals has each own
future goal to achieve or a task to perform. That task or goal to fulfil becomes the meaning of their life. Therefore,
meaning of life is unique to every individual.
2. Courage in the Face of Difficulty. A meaningful life is a life with suffering. Suffering is inevitable part of life. To
find meaning of life is to life is to recognize suffering, pain, and death as part of life and to have the courage to face
these life difficulties.
3. Love. Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his personality. No one can
become fully aware of the very essence of another human being unless he loves him. By his love, he is enabled to
see the essential traits and features in the beloved person; and even more, he sees that which is potential in him.
Furthermore, by his love, the loving person enables the beloved person to actualize these potentialities. By making
him aware of what he can be and of what he should become, he makes these potentialities come true. The ultimate
secret on the spiritual foundation of life is that love is salvation and joy eternity. The ultimate factor to find the
meaning of life is love.

Note: ***See attached sheets (PPT)***

Lesson 4. The Political Self and Being Filipino

What makes a Filipino a genuine Filipino? Do physical characteristics such as having dark hair, flat nose and dark
complexion make one a Filipino? Or is it a person’s language, birthplace, and ethnicity? If you were to introduce
yourself as a Filipino to a person of another nationality and he or she asks, “Who are Filipinos?”, what will you
reply?
The Philippines as we know it today has only emerged in the 1890s after over three centuries of colonization of the
Spaniards. Meanwhile, liberation from the last colonizers, the Japanese, only occurred in 1946. Foreign culture,
beliefs, language, and religion have made a huge dent on our own by setting a foundation to the contemporary
Filipino identity and culture. To date, colonial mentality remains an issue. Given the wide discrepancy between the
liberation period and today’s time, would it be safe to say that Filipinos have truly developed an identity of their
own? Or are we still living in the shadow of our colonial friends?
In this chapter, you will learn that an individual’s race, ethnicity and physical characteristics are not only factors that make
a person’s national identity. Values and traits are also important indicators that set apart one nationality from other,. these
values and traits may not always be a positive thing, but being able to identify one’s self apart from other nationalities and
point out weaknesses and mistakes, paired with unity and commitment, make a progress a possibility. Through common
goals, principles and values of its people, a nation empowers itself.

 Who is a Filipino?

Filipinos are often referenced to globally renowned personalities like Manny Pacquiao, Lea Salonga and Michael
Cinco who have made Filipinos recognized around the world through their expertise. However, being a Filipino is
far more than just being related to these notable figures. Independence Day and Buwan ng Wika celebrations prompt
us to go back to our roots and reflect on the question: Who is a FILIPINO?

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Technically, according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipino Citizens are …. those whose fathers or mothers
are citizens of the Philippines, those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, and those who are naturalized in accordance with law.” However,
citizenship is not the only marker of being a Filipino, culture and history have greatly influenced the manner
Filipinos learn, live, and behave to date. People who were born and grew up in the same culture develop and share
common personality traits and values have been passed on that the Filipinos of today still embody.

 Filipino Values and Traits

The Philippines is a lush island paradise famous for its grandiose mountain views, pristine beaches, and rich and
diverse culture changing from province to province. While the Philippines may be well known for its awe-inspiring
beauty, perhaps the Filipinos’ unique traits, reputable values and laudable talents make the country a place to be.
Tourists who have visited the Philippines can never forget big and bright smiles that greeted them, the colorful and
loud jeepneys, the common Filipino phrases such as “ Mabuhay!” and “ Salamat!” and habits such as saying “po”
and “opo” to the elders, leaving shoes or slippers at the front door before entering a house and the importunate
asking of “ Kumain ka na ba?” meaning “ Have you eaten yet?”. Indeed, it is a marvel to experience these unique
traits of the Filipinos firsthand. Few of these traits are as follows.

 The Filipino Hospitality

A Filipino trait that is known everywhere is the Filipino’s brand of hospitality. Filipinos brand of hospitality.
Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists as if they are their own brothers and sisters; they always make their
guests feel at home, offering them something to eat, or even a place to stay. They will bring out their best sets of
planets and chinaware for their honored guests and would even go as far as spending a lot of money and going into
debt just so they can satisfy them. In most local shops, Filipino salespersons will greet their customers with warm
welcome and say thank you when they leave even without buying anything. Filipino also anticipate giving tours to
friends who will visit their hometown and treating them to the best restaurants and delicacies for free. During
festivals of fiestas, Filipinos serve heaps of festive food and invite the whole barangay over. They are also fond of
giving pasalubong or tokens from their travels and pabaon or farewell gifts to their visitors.

 Respect for Elders

Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying “Mano po!” and constantly using “po” and “opo” in
conversations. Forgetting to address older people properly will regard them as rude and impolite. There is also a
wide array of references to elder people such as ate for older sister; kuya for older brother; Tito and Tita for uncle
and aunt respectively; Lolo and Lola for grandfather and grandmother; and Manong and Aling for older people
outside the family.

 Close Family Ties

Filipino maintain a close family ties (tight relationship) with their families regardless if the children are old enough
and already have families of their own. They are also fond of family reunions during birthdays, holidays or fiestas
year-round. Some Filipino families even opt to live in a big house where everyone can stay together. Nursing homes
area almost always not an option for family members and choose to take care of their elders themselves.

 Cheerful Personality

Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. They smile when they are happy, or sometimes even when they
are sad or angry. Smiling has been a coping strategy for many Filipinos especially during trying times and
calamities. For instance, Filipinos smile and wave at the camera while being interviewed even after a fire or flooding
incident. They always try to maintain a positive outlook in life which makes them resilient and able to manage
almost everything with a simple smile.

 Self-Sacrifice

The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the Filipino hospitality. Filipinos go out of
their way to extend help to their friends, families and loved ones. They wish comfort and better lives for their loved
ones and would even go to the extent of working abroad hundred of miles away to earn more money and save up for
them. Overseas Filipino Workers sacrifice a lot; that is why they are regarded as the modern day Filipino heroes.
There are also times when the eldest among the children of the family would give up school to work and provide for
the rest of the family and educate his or her siblings.

 Bayanihan

Bayanihan is the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. It is also about giving without expecting
something in return. Filipinos are always ready to share and help their friends and loved ones who are in need. It
may not always be in monetary form, but the time and effort they give also count as a form of help for them. This

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trait is particularly manifested in how Filipinos rally themselves to send aid to those who are severely affected by
natural calamities.

 “Bahala Na” Attitude

Bahala na is the Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matala”, meaning no worries. The phrase is said tp
have originated from “Bathala na” where bathala means God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God’s
hands. It can also be viewed as something similar to the cheerful and positive attitude of Filipinos and allowing
situations take care of themselves instead of worrying about them.

 Colonial Mentality

Colonial Mentality is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign products more
than their own. This does not only concerns goods, but also the desire to look more foreign than local and keep up
with foreign beauty trends. It is attributed to the centuries of colonization Filipinos had experienced under the
Spanish, American and Japanese rule.

 “Mañana” Habit

This is the Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer Filipno phrase called “Mamaya na”
meaning dawdling things, which could have been done at an earlier time. It is a poor habit of laziness that results in
heavier workloads.

 “Ningas Kugon”

“Ningas is a Filipino term for flame and “Kugon” is a Filipino term for Cogon grass that easily burns out after it is
put into flames. Ningas Kugon refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after
experiencing difficulty, just like how fast the fire of a Cogon grass burns out moments after being ignited. Laziness
is a common problem among Filipinos that is why Filipinos are regarded as Juan Tamad or Lazy Juan.

 Pride

Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if they are more precious than keeping a good relationship with family and
loved ones. When two parties are not in good terms, they find it so hard to apologize and wait until the other party
asks for an apology first.

 Crab Mentality

This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling happy for that
person. Just like crabs in a container, they pull each other down and ruin each others reputation rather than bringing
them up, resulting to no progress . Filipinos should change this troublesome attitude and focus more on their own
inadequacies to improve one’s self.

 Filipino Time

Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or parties especially if they are meeting
someone close to them. They tend to not observe punctuality altogether. The 7:00 pm call time becomes adjusted to
7:30 pm and almost everyone arrives at the same time because everyone is using Filipino time.

 Filipino Markers

What then are the hallmarks of our being a Filipino? What makes us truly relish in our being a Filipno? The
following are constant reminders of our nationality.

 A. Proverbs or Salawikain

Filipino proverbs just like any other proverbs, are sayings that convey lessons and reflections on Filipino practices,
beliefs and traditions. Damiana Eugenio regarded as the Mother of Philippine Folklore, classified proverbs into six
categories.

a. Proverbs expressing a general attitude toward life and the laws that govern life;
b. Ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices;
c. Proverbs expressing a system of values;
d. Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature;
e. Humorous proverbs; and
f. Miscellaneous proverbs.

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An example of a Filipino proverbs is the saying “ Kung my tiyaga, may nilaga”, which means that hard work will be
rewarded if one is persistent.

 B. Superstitions

Filipinos also subscribe to their own set of superstitions passed down from generation to generation. Some of these
may be influenced by beliefs from other cultures, but Filipinos have retold these superstitions according to their own
experiences and they sometime end up even more interesting. According to a Filipino superstition, a woman singing
while cooking will end up a spinster so parents remind their daughters to avoid singing while preparing their meals.
Filipinos also avoid taking picture in threes as the one in the center is said to die. According to another superstition.

 C. Myths and Legends

Due the Philippine’s rich culture and history, numerous myths and legends have sprung about things that are beyond
one’s imagination. These stories, are aimed to explain the origin of things, at the same time, teach a valuable lesson.
Some of these stories stemmed in pre- Christianity period, but have evolved to the stories we know today.
A famous Filipino legend is about the origin of the pineapple fruit. It is about a story of a young and lazy girl named
Pina who always asked where her mother kept the things she needed without looking for them first. When Pina’s
mother got tired of being asked where she hid her things, her mother wished that eyes be planted on Pina’s face so
she would start using them. To her mother’s surprise the next morning, Pina was gone and a fruit sprung in the yard,
Implanted with “eyes” all around its body which was later called “ Pinya”, the Filipino term of pineapple.

 D. Heroes and Icons

Heroes serves as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism as they have sacrificed their lives for the sake of
'their country’s freedom and progress. Every year, we lend a whole day to celebrate our heroes, usually the last
Monday of August, to remember their greatness, bravery, and resilience that has led to the freedom we know today.
Famous Filipino Icons such as Laea Salonga, Manny Pacquiao and our very own national hero, Jose Rizal, also
serve as an important Filipino markers as they have made the Filipino name more pronounced worldwide through
their own expertise.

 How to be a Good Filipino

Now you know that your traits and values are important indicators of being a Filipino. The prob;em now is how to
truly become one and how you can be useful to the development and progress of our society. The following are few
ways on how to be a good Filipino:

 Be an Active Filipino Citizen

A good Filipino Citizen is aware of the current events and participates in government programs that aim for the
country’s progression and development. By simply exercising your right to vote, you also become an active citizen.
When it comes to voting, the rich and the poor have equal voting rights---every Filipino citizen of legal age have a
chance in choosing the right leaders for the Philippines who are genuine in helping and acting for the Filipino
people.

 Study the Philippine History

The road a Philippine History is long and bloody, and by learning and fully understanding the events of the
Philippine history, you will learn so much as to to why it is important for you to love your country with your life,
extend help to your fellow Filipinos in need, and recognize abuse of political power.

 Support Local Products

When you buy local products, you do not support only local manufacturers and businessmen, but you also help
strengthen the local economy. How is this so? There will be more demand of local products, thus local businessmen
will be in need for more employees, which will open new job opportunities. The business owners will also invest
within the country and are less likely to leave. Supporting our local products also displays our creativity,
innovativeness, and resourcefulness.

 Speak the Filipino Language

The history of Filipino language was as long and hard as the Philippine history. Jose Rizal highlighted the
importance of speaking a national language as a way of displaying the love for one’s country. Speaking Filipino also
serves as a unique identifier of being a Filipino. It has been a decade-long debate whether to use Filipino as the
instructional language in school and to translate textbooks into Filipino, however, this is not strictly imposed.

 Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent

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This period in the history of the Philippines has seen how the Internet has spawned tons of possibilities for people,
both good and bad. For instance, it is easier for Filipinos working abroad to communicate with their loved ones left
in the Philippines through the internet. Despite this, internet has also made the spread of fake news very common.
Likewise the internet has also made us engage in intense arguments with people across the globe about our political
positions, for example. It is a part of being a social media, before actually believing in it and spreading it like
wildfire. It is also the responsibility of every Filipino to recognize disagreement in political views, be tolerant, and
argue intelligently without having to resort into name-calling people.

Note: ***See attached sheets (PPT)***

Lesson 5. Who Am I in the Cyberworld? (Digital Self)

These days, more people are becoming active in using the internet for research, pleasure, business, communication
and other purposes. Indeed, the internet is of great help for everyone. On the other hand, people assume different
identities while in the cyberspace. People act differently when they are online and offline. We have our real identity
and online identity.

The number of people who are becoming more active online continous to increase worldwide. More than half of
the population worldwide now uses the internet. It has only been 25 years since Tim Bernes-Lee made the World
Wide Web available to the public, but in that time, the Internet has already become an integral part of everyday life
for the most of the world’s population. The Philippines is among one of the countries with the most active Internet
users.

 Almost two-thirds of the world’s population now has a mobile phone.

 More than half of the world’s web traffic now comes from mobile phones.
 More than half of all mobile connections around the word are now broadband.
 More than one in five of the world’s population shopped online in the past 30 days

Media users in the Philippines grew by 12 million or 25% while the number of mobile social users increased by 13
million or 32%. those growth figures are still higher compared to the previous year. More than half the world now
uses a smart phone.

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 Selective Self-Presentation and Impression Management

According to Goffman (1959) and Leary (1995), self-presentation is the “process of controlling how one is
perceived by other people” and is the key to relationship inception and development. To construct positive images,
individuals selectively provide information about them and carefully cater this information in response to others
feedback.

Anything posted online should be considered “public” no matter what our “privacy” settings are. Let us say, a
student wrote online about how much he hated another student in school, and started bullying him online. Does it
matter if the student said, “Well, this is my personal account”? Even if the student wrote it in a “private” account, it
can become public with a quick screen capture and shared with the world. Personal identity is the interpersonal level
of self which differentiates the individuals as unique from others, while social identity is the level of self whereby
the individual is identified by his/her group membership.

Belk (2013) explained that sharing ourselves is no longer new and has been practiced as soon as human beings were
formed. Digital devices help us share information broadly, more than ever before. For those who are avid users of
Facebook, it is possible that their social media friends are more updated about their daily activities, connections and
thoughts than their immediate families. Diaries that were one private or shared only with close friends are now
posted as blogs which can be viewed by anyone. Sometimes people become unaware of the extent of information
they share online. They forget to delineate what can be shared online and what should not. Furthermore, it provides
a more complete narration of self and gives people an idealized view of how they would like to be remembered by
others. Many teenagers, as well as some adults, share even more intimate details with their partners like their
passwords. This could be an ultimate act of intimacy and trust or the ultimate expression of paranoia and distrust
with the partner.

People would like to remain updated and keep on sharing themselves online because it adds a sense of confidence at
their end especially if others like and share their posts. One of the reasons for so much sharing and self-disclosure
online is the so-called “disinhibition effect” and invisibility, the lack of face to face gaze meeting, together with
feelings of anonymity gives people the freedom for self-disclosure but can also “flame” others and may cause
conflict sometimes. The resulting disinhibition causes people to believe that they are able to express their true self
better online than they ever could in face to face contexts. However, it does not mean that there is a fixed “true self”.
the self is still a work in progress and we keep on improving and developing ourselves every single day. Seemingly
self-revelation can be therapeutic to others especially if it goes together with self-reflection. Some people share the
good things they experience, others also shared the bad, embarrassing and sinful things they experience. We also
react and comment on negative experiences of others. Sometimes we empathize with people. We also argue with
others online. Relationships may be made stronger or broken through posts online. Blogs and social media are
primary digital fora on which such confession occur, but they can also be found in photo and video sharing sites.
Why others confess to unseen and anonymous others online? Foucault’s (1978) view, confessing our secret, truths
feels freeing, even as it binds us in guilt-motivated self-governance born of a long history of Christian and pre-
Christian philosophers. According to Foucault, confession, along with contemplation, self-examination, learning,
reading and writing self-critical letters to friends, are a apart of the technologies of the self, through which we seek
to purge and cleanse ourselves.

Consequently, we should have a filtering system to whatever information we share online, as well as to what
information we believe in, which are being shared or posted by others online. We should look at online information
carefully whether they are valid and true before believing and promoting them. In the same way. We should also
think well before we post or share anything online in order to prevent conflict, arguments and cyberbullying, and to
preserve our relationships with others.

 Gender and Sexuality Online

According to Marwick (2013), while the terms sex, gender and sexuality are often thought of as synonymous, they
are actually quite distinct. The difference between the common understanding of these terms and how researchers
think about them yield key insights about the social functioning of gender. Sex is the biological state that
corresponds to what we might call a “ man” or a “woman”.this might seem to be simple distinction but the biology
of sex is actually very complicated. While sex is often explained as biological, fixed and immutable, it is actually
socially constructed. Gender, then is the social understanding of how sex should be experienced and how sex
manifests in behavior, personality, preferences and capabilities. A person with male sex organ is expected to
embody a masculine gender. While sex and gender are presumed to be biologically connected, we can understand
gender as a socioculturally specific set of norms that are mapped onto a category of sex. Gender is historical, it
produced by media and popular culture. Gender is taught by families, schools, peer groups and nation states. It is
reinforced through songs, sayings, admonition, slang, language, fashion and discourse and it is deeply
ingrained.Gender is a system of classification that values make-gendered things more than female related things.
This system plays out on the bodies of men and women, and in constructing hierarchies of everything from colors to
academic departments to electronic gadgets and websites. Given this inequality, the universalized male body and
experience is often constructed as average or normal, while female-gendered experiences are conceptualized as
variations from the norm. Sexuality is an individual expression and understanding of desire. While like gender, this
is often viewed binary (homosexual or heterosexual), in reality, sexuality is often experienced as fluid.

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 Performing Gender Online

Theorist Judith Butler (1990) conceptualized gender as a performance. She explained that popular understanding of
gender and sexuality came to be through discourse and social processes. She argued that gender was performative, in
that it is produced through millions of individual actions, rather than something that comes naturally to men and
women. Performances that adhere to normative understanding of gender and sexuality are allowed, while those that
do not are admonished (example, A boy throwing like a girl). in the 1990s many internet scholars drew from Butler
and other queer theorists to understand online identity. Internet users are free to actively choose which gender or
sexuality they are going to portray with the possibility of creating alternative identities (Wynn and Katz 1997). The
ability of users to self-consciously adapt and play with different gender identities would reveal the choices involved
in the production of gender, breaking down binaries and encouraging fluidity in sexuality and gender expression.

Recently, social media has been celebrated for facilitating greater cultural participation and creativity. Social media
sites like Twitter and YouTube using raw materials, ranging be have led to the emergence of a free culture where
individuals are empowered to engaged in cultural production using raw materials, ranging from homemade videos to
mainstream television characters to create new culture, memes, and humor. At its best, this culture of memes, mash
ups and creative political activism allows for civic engagement and fun creative acts. Equality in use of internet
does not indicate equality of participation. While both men and women use Wikipedia, 87% of Wikipedia
contributors were identified males. Male students are more likely to create, edit and distribute digital video over
YouTube or Facebook han female students. However while the number of male and female bloggers, is roughly
equivalent, they tend to blog about different things. Overwhelmingly, certain types of blogs are written and read by
women (e.g. Fashion, food, parenting), while others (e.g. Technology, spots,politics) are written and run by men.
Although the technologies are the same, the norms and mores of the people using them differ.

 Setting Boundaries to your Online Self: Smart Sharing

The following guidelines will help you share information online in a smart way that will protect yourself and not
harm others. Before posting or sharing, consider the following:

1. Is this post/story necessary?

2. Is there a real benefit to this post? Is it funny, warm-heated, teachable - or am just making online without
purpose?
3. Have we (as family or parent/child) resolved this issue? An issue that is still being worked out at home, or one
that is either vulnerable or highly emotional should not be made public.
4. Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the boundaries of our family values?
5. Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years? or is this post better suited for sharing with a small group of family
members? Or maybe not at all.

Rules to Follow

Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical use of the internet according to new
(2014):

 Stick to safer sites

 Guard your password
 Limit what you share
 Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even if you try to delete it
 Do not be mean or embarrass other people online
 Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online
 Be choosy about your online friends
 Be patient

Understanding the Self (Module GE 101) lnea 2020 | 16