UNIT-I : INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD-II

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THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN

C H A P T E R

EUROPE The Rise of

Nationalism in
Europe

Study Plan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Maximum Time = 6 Hrs
 Examine the impact of the French Revolution on the European countries in Maximum Questions = 110
the making of the Nation state. List of Topics
 Explore the nature of the diverse social movements of the time. Topic-1:0 French Revolution and Making
of Nationalism in Europe Page No. 1
(1830-1848) Topic-2:0 The Age of Revolutions (1830-
 Examine the ways by which the idea of nationalism emerged and led to the 1848) Page No. 6
Topic-3:0 Nation States—Unification of
formation of nation states. Italy. Germany and Britain  Page No. 8
 Comprehend how the World War I was triggered by the scramble for Topic-4:0 Visualising the Nation: Nation-
colonies in the Balkan states alism and imperialism Page No. 11

TOPIC-1 French Revolution and Making of Nationalism in Europe

Concepts Covered:
 The French Revolution and The Idea of The Nation

The Estates General was renamed as the National

Revision Notes 
Assembly, which was elected by the body of active
Idea of the Nation citizens.
 The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe during  French armies moved into Holland, Belgium,
the nineteenth century. Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s with a promise of
 It marked the downfall of feudalism and the beginning liberating the people from their despotic rulers.
of Renaissance which literally means ‘Rebirth’. Napoleon (1769-1821) [Board, 2019]
 The feeling of nationalism was illustrated by a French  Ruled France from 1799 to 1815.
artist named Frédéric Sorrieu. In 1848, he prepared a  Assumed absolute power in 1799 by becoming the First
series of four prints visualising his dream of a world Consul.
made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’, as he  Introduced the Civil Code in 1804 which also came to
called them. be known as the Napoleonic Code.
 The painting depicted his dream of a world free of  The Code established equality before the law and
the absolutist institutions and the establishment of abolished all privileges based on birth.
democratic and social republics. It also illustrated the  It also abolished the feudal system and freed peasants

Statue of Liberty holding a torch of Enlightenment and from serfdom.

 Transport and communication system were approved.
the Charter of the Rights of Man.
 Taxation and censorship were imposed and military
 The concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and
services were made mandatory.
nationalism dominated the social and political scene of
Europe in the 19th century. Rise of Conservatism and Revolutionaries
 The middle class believed in freedom and equality
French Revolution: Beginning and Salient Features
of all individuals before the law. Liberalism was used
[Board, 2017] to end aristocracy and clerical privileges. After the
 Till 1789 France was under absolute monarchy. defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, the European
 However, the French Revolution in 1789 was an government adopted the idea of Conservatism.
influential event that marked the age of revolutions  Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed
in Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was the importance of tradition, established institutions
the formation of a constitutional monarchy, thereby, and customs, and preferred gradual development to
a remarkable reduction in the royal and feudal quick change.
privileges.  After 1815, several liberals began working in secret
 It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of societies all over Europe to propagate their views and
national identity and national pride, which can aptly train revolutionaries. Revolutionaries were seen as a
be called as Nationalism. threat to the restored monarchies, and hence, were
 The revolution transferred the sovereignty from the repressed.
monarch to the people.  Giuseppe Mazzini, a famous Italian revolutionary
 The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen was born in 1805 in Genoa. He was the part of a
(the citizen) were adopted. secret society called Carbonari and founded two
 2
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
The emphasis on vernacular language and the These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan
In 1789, the members of this class were united by a
collection of local folklore was not just to recover problem unfolded. Each power – Russia, Germany,
common way of life that cut across regional divisions. A
an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the
working class population and a middle class (which was
modern nationalist message to large audiences hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its composed of industrialists, businessmen and
who were mostly illiterate. own control over the area. professionals) made the new social groups.

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt The French Revolution and What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
In 1830s, food shortages and The Age of the Idea of the Nation Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-
widespread unemployment brought the Revolutions:1830-1848 century: Europe was closely allied to the ideology
population of Paris out on the roads.
of liberalism. Napoleonic Code reverted to the
Nationalism and earlier system of limited suffrage.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals Imperialism
The 1848 revolution was led by the educated
middle class along with the poor, unemployed A New Conservatism after 1815
starving peasants and workers in many In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein
European countries for fulfilling their demands was formed; at the initiative of Prussia
and was joined by most of the German
of constitutionalism with national unification.
states. One of the major issues taken up
was freedom of the press.
Germany – Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?
The nation-building process in Germany had
demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The Making
of Germany The Revolutionaries
Prussian measures and practices often became a model and Italy Secret societies were set up in Germany, France,
for the rest of Germany. Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini relentlessly
opposed the monarchy.
Italy Unified
During the middle of the nineteenth century, Visualising the Nation
Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one,
Sardinia- Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely The Rise of
The female form that was chosen to personify the
house. - The process of unification of Italy was the alism in Eur
tion nation sought to give the abstract idea of the
work of three main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count op
nation a concrete form. In Germany ‘Germania’
e

Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II. Na was chosen as an allegory and in Italy allegory of
‘Christened Marianne’ was chosen.
The Strange Case of Britain
The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British
Trace the Mind Map
Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. The




First Level Second Level Third Level

Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted
in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom, of Great Britain.
Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 3
underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles, KEY FACTS
and Young Europe in Berne.
The French Revolution was primarily caused due to the
 In 1831, Mazzini was sent into exile for attempting financial crisis and it began with the Storming of the Bastille,
a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed in the 14th July 1789.
unification of the small kingdoms and principalities In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island
in Italy. These societies were joined by like-minded of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he remained
young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German until he died on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51.
states.
KEY TERMS KEY DATES
Nationalism: An ideology which emphasises faithfulness, 1789: French Revolution.
devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds
1797: N apoleon invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars began.
that such obligations out-weigh other individual or group
interests. 1799 to 1815: Napoleon ruled France.
Feudalism: A social system existing in medieval Europe in 1804: Napoleonic Code was introduced, that did away with
which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them all the privileges based on birth. It upheld equality
protection and land in return. before the law.
Renaissance: The revival of European art and literature June 22, 1805: Mazzini was born in Genoa.
under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th 1814-15: Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
centuries.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: These words are regarded 1815: Napoleon defeated by the European powers.
as the most famous slogan of the French Revolution. Men 1821: Greek struggle for independence began.
and women are born and remain free and equal in rights. 1831: Mazzini sent into exile for attempting a revolution in
Social distinctions may be founded only upon the common Liguria.
good.
Absolute Monarchy: A monarchy in which the monarch
holds the supreme or absolute powers. A monarchy that is COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution. Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and
Constitutional Monarchy: It is a system of government
the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to
in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally
organized government. French Revolution and Making of Nationalism in Europe.
La patrie: It is a French word used for fatherland. Points Related to the Goals:
Le citoyen: It is the French word used for the citizens. 1. The emergence of modern Indian nationalism was
Napoleonic Code: The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by influenced by similar ideals, especially during the struggle
Napoleon, is known as the Napoleonic Code. This Code against British colonial rule.
did away with all the privileges based on birth, established
equality before the law and secured the right to property. 2. Indian nationalist leaders like Gandhi and Nehru
Liberalism: It is a political and moral philosophy which is mobilised masses and articulated the vision of a free and
based on liberty, equality before the law and consent of the united India, drawing inspiration from global movements
governed. for independence and democracy.
Conservatism: It is a political and social philosophy promoting 3. India’s struggle for independence culminated in the
traditional social institutions in the context of culture and partition of British India and the subsequent formation of
civilisation.
Giuseppe Mazzini: A famous Italian revolutionary who was the modern Indian nation in 1947.
born in 1805 in Genoa. He was part of a secret society called 4. The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, reflects the
Carbonari and founded two underground societies called principles of democracy, secularism, and social justice,
Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. laying the groundwork for the nation’s governance.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
1. Examine the significance of the Statue of Liberty in Frédéric Sorrieu’s paintings, ‘The Dream of Worldwide
Democratic and Social Republics’. [Delhi, Term 1, 2020]

TOPPER ANSWER, 2020

 4 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

2. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? Ans. Napoleonic Code exported to the regions under the
3. What do you understand by the term ‘Nation- French control and effected several aspects of the
state’? A [OEB] French society:
Ans. Nation-state was one where the citizens strived (i) Simplified administrative divisions.
to develop a common identity based on shared (ii) Abolished feudal system.
language, traditions and customs. (iii) Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
4. What is meant by the term ‘Absolutism’? U [OEB] (iv) In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
Ans. Absolutism is the political doctrine and practice (v) Transport and communication system improved.
of unlimited centralized authority and absolute (vi) Any other relevant point.
sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or
(Any three points to be explained with examples.)
dictator.
R [Marking Scheme, 2019] (1×3=3)
5. What is the Utopian Vision ?
The Napoleonic Code was exported to the regions
Short Answer Type Questions  (3 marks each) under the French control :
1. Examine any three effects of Print culture on the (i) In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and
French Revolution. U [Outside Delhi, Set – I, 2023] Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divi-
Ans. The impact of the print culture on the French sions, abolished the feudal system and freed peas-
Revolution are: ants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(i) Print created the possibility of the wide circulation of (ii) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
ideas. Those people who disagreed with established
Transport and communication systems were
authorities could now print and circulate their ideas.
improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new
Through the printed message, they could persuade
people to think differently. businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
(ii) Print led to the faster mobilisation of the masses (iii) Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods,
towards the political ideas of freedom, liberty, justice in particular, began to realise that uniform laws,
and other ideals for which French revolutionaries standardised weights and measures, and a common
were fighting. national currency would facilitate the movement
(iii) Print also helped in highlighting the draconian and exchange of goods and capital from one region
decisions of the established political institutions like to another. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] (1×3=3)
monarchs and people belonging to higher estates. 3. Describe the ideology of liberalism during early
This led to the awakening of the people, and they 19th century. A [SQP 2018-19]
became a part of the revolution. 4. List some of the achievements of the Napoleon
[Marking Scheme, OD, 2023] Bonaparte?
2. Explain the measures and practices introduced Ans. The achievements of Napoleon are enumerated as
by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of follows:
collective identity amongst the French people.
(i) Napoleon introduced substantial reforms in the
A [SQP, 2020-21]
conquered territories.
[Board Term-II, Delhi Set I, 2017]
(ii) He was deemed to have decimated democracy
Ans. The French revolutionaries introduced various in France. Nevertheless, he incorporated many
measures and practices that created a sense of revolutionary principles in the administrative
collective identity amongst the French people—
domain. He did this to make the administrative
(i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le
system more effective and rational.
citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a (iii) The Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleon
constitution. Code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, set-
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to up equality before the law and reserved the rights to
replace the former Royal Standard. property.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active (iv) In Dutch Republic, in Italy, Switzerland and Germany,
citizens and renamed the National Assembly. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abol-
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and ished the feudal system, emancipated peasants from
martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the bondage and serfdom, removed restrictions on guild
nation. and relaxed manorial dues.
(v) A centralised administrative system was put in place
and it formulated uniform laws for all the citizens (1 × 3 = 3)
within its territory. Long Answer Type Questions  (5 marks each)
(vi) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished 1. How would you evaluate Napoleon as an
and a uniform system of weights and measures was
adopted. administrator who created a more rational and
(vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, efficient system? Elucidate with suitable examples.
as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the U [SQP, 2023-24]
common language of the nation. (Any three)(1× 3=3) Ans. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the
3. How had Napoleonic Code exported to the other Napoleonic Code, secured the right to property,
regions under French control ? Explain with established equality before the law, and removed all
examples. A [Delhi Set - 1, 2, 3, 2019] privileges based on birth.
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 5
(i) The Napoleonic Code was followed by the regions 4. Who hosted ‘Vienna Congress’ in 1815? Analyse the
under the French control. main changes brought by the ‘Vienna Treaty.’
(ii) New businessmen, artisans, peasants, and workers A [Delhi Term-II Set-1, 2, 3, 2017]
enjoyed a new-found freedom.
(iii) In territories under French control such as Italy, Ans. Congress of Vienna was hosted by the Austrian
Germany, Switzerland, and Dutch Republic, peasants Chancellor Duke Metternich in 1815.
were freed from manorial dues, peasants were The following changes were made:
freed from serfdom, feudal system was abolished, (i) The Bourbon Dynasty, which had been deposed
administrative divisions were simplified. during the French Revolution, was restored to power
(iv) Guild restrictions were removed in towns. and France lost the territories it had annexed.
(v) There were improvements in communication and
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of
transport systems.
(vi) To facilitate the movement and exchange of goods France to prevent the French expansion in future.
and capital from one region to another, small scale Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which
producers of goods and businessmen began to included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa
realise that common national currency, standardised was added to Piedmont in the south.
measures and weights, and uniform laws were of
great help. [Marking Scheme, SQP, 2023-24] (iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its
2. How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth western frontiers, while Austria was given control of
century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? northern Italy.
Explain. [Delhi/OD Set-1, 2, 3, 2020]
Ans. The ideology of liberalism allied with nationalism in (iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been
the following ways: set up by Napoleon was left untouched. (1+4=5)
(i) Liberalism stood for freedom for individual and [Marking Scheme, 2017]
equality of all before law.
5. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but
(ii) It emphasised on the concept of government by
consent. in the administrative field, he had incorporated
(iii) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical revolutionary principles in order to make the whole
privileges. system more rational and efficient.” Analyse the
(iv) It believed in a constitution and representative statement with arguments.
government through Parliament.
(v) The coming of the railways further linked harnessing A [OD Term-II Set-1, 2, 3, 2016]
economic interests to national unification as it helped 6. How would you evaluate Napoleon as an
stimulate mobility. (1×5=5)
3. “The first clear expression of nationalism came administrator who created a more rational and
with the French Revolution in 1789.” Explain the efficient system? Elucidate with suitable examples.
meaning of nationalism and throw light on the [SQP 2023-24]
statement. A [OD Term-II Set-1, 2, 3, 2017]
Ans. The Civil Code of 1804 - usually known as the
Ans. Nationalism is a feeling of people within a state
Napoleonic Code, secured the right to property,
territory, which makes them develop a sense of
collective identity and share history or descent. This established equality before the law, and removed all
feeling works as a binding force among people. privileges based on birth.
Before 1789, France was under absolute monarchy. (i) The Napoleonic Code was followed by the regions
With French Revolution, Monarchy was thrown under the French control. • New businessmen,
out and a sovereign body of French citizens was
artisans, peasants, and workers enjoyed a new-
established.
This revolution made France the nation-state and found freedom.
made many political and constitutional changes like : (ii) In territories under French control such as Italy,
(i) A new French flag was adopted to replace former Germany, Switzerland, and Dutch Republic, peas-
Royal Standard. ants were freed from manorial dues, peasants were
(ii) The Estates General renamed as General Assembly,
became an elected body. freed from serfdom, feudal system was abolished,
(iii) Centralised administration and uniform civil laws administrative divisions were simplified.
were made for citizens. (iii) Guild restrictions were removed in towns.
(iv) Uniform weighing and measurement system was (iv) There were improvements in communication and
adopted.
transport systems.
(v) French became the national language of France.
All these changes give a clear expression of (v) To facilitate the movement and exchange of goods
collectivism and gave people true power to shape and capital from one region to another, small-scale
the destiny of France. Thus, France became a nation- producers of goods and businessmen began to
state and world got a clear expression of nationalism
realise that common national currency, standardised
through the French Revolution. (1×5=5)
[Marking Scheme, 2017] measures and weights, and uniform laws were of
great help. [Marking Scheme SQP 2023 – 24]
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
 6 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

TOPIC-2 The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848)

Concepts Covered:
 The upheavals that took place in France  Romantic imagination and national feeling.

Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German

Revision Notes National Assembly.
National Feeling zzThe issue of extending political rights to women
zzLiberalism and Nationalism became associated with became a controversial one.
the revolution in many regions of Europe such as zzConservative forces were able to suppress liberal

the Italian and German states, the provinces of the movements in 1848, but could not restore the old order.
Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. zzAfter 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its

zzThe first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. association with democracy and revolution.
The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power KEY TERMS
during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now The Greek War of Independence: It was a successful war
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. waged by the Greeks to win independence for Greece from
zzThe Greek War of Independence was another event which the Ottoman Empire.
mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite Romanticism: A cultural movement that rejected science
in Europe. [Board, 2020] and reason and introduced heart and emotions. The
zzCulture played an important role in creating the idea concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared
of the nation. Art, poetry, stories and music helped collective heritage and a common cultural past for arousing
nationalism.
express and shape nationalist feelings.
zzRomanticism was a cultural movement which sought to
develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.
KEY DATES
zzLanguage too played an important role in developing
1830: The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830;
nationalist sentiments. Period of Economic Crisis in Europe.
zzRussian language was imposed everywhere.
1832: Greece gained independence.
zzThe 1830s saw a rise in prices, bad harvest and
1834: Zollverein or the Customs Union was formed in Prussia
poverty in Europe. Besides the poor, to abolish tariff barriers.
Scan this
unemployed and starving peasants 1848: Revolutions in Europe; Artisans, industrial workers and
and even educated middle classes peasants revolt against economic hard-ships; middle
revolted. classes demanded constitutions and representative
zzIn 1848, a large number of political
governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles,
Revolution of
associations came together in 1830 and 1848 Czechs, etc., demanded nation-states.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) Ans. Friedrich Wilhelm IV was the King of Prussia
from 1840-1861. He opposed the elected assembly
1. ‘Language too played an important role in
of German and supported the monarchs. Even
developing nationalist sentiments’. Explain.
though he was a true conservative, he adopted less
E [OEB]
strict policies and also promised people to form the
Ans. Language played an important role in developing constitution in future.
nationalist sentiments in Poland. After Russian 3. What did Friedrich Wilhelm do when he was offered
occupation, the Polish language was forced out the crown ? A
of schools and the Russian language was made 4. When did the first upheaval in France take place?
compulsory everywhere. Many members of the A
clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of 5. What do you know about the Greek War of
national resistance. Polish came to be seen as a symbol Independence? [OEB]
of the struggle against the Russian dominance. Ans. The Greek War of Independence was a successful
2. What do you know about Friedrich Wilhelm IV? war waged by the Greeks to win independence for
[OEB] Greece from the Ottoman Empire.
Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each)
1. Describe the role of Romanticism in developing nationalist feelings among Europeans during nineteenth
century. R [Delhi/OD, 2019]
OR
Define the term ‘Romanticism’. How did it facilitate the promotion of nationalist sentiment? [Term-II, 2016]
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 7

Topper Answer, 2019

2. Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed of feudal dues and obligations.
in Europe during the 1830s. (v) Due to increased population, the demand for food
A [OD Set-1, 2019] increased. It led to the rise in food prices. This led to
OR an increase in the prices and there was widespread
Describe any three economic hardship faced by pauperism in the entire country. (Any three)
Europe in 1830s. A [OD Term-II Set-1, 2, 3, 2017] NOTE: As the question is based on ‘hardship in Europe’,
OR the students may be given marks on any of the aspect
“The decade of 1830 had brought great economic describing hardship of 1830s or 1930s.
hardship in Europe.” Support the statement with [Marking Scheme, 2019] (1×3=3)
arguments. A [Term-II OD, Set-1, 2, 3, 2016] 3. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen
Ans. The decade of 1830 had brought great economic the wider nationalist sentiment growing in Europe?
hardship or crisis in Europe due to the following Explain. U
reasons: [Term-II, Foreign Set-1, 2, 3, 2015]
(i) There was an enormous increase in population all
over Europe. Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)
(ii) There were more job seekers than the employment 1. Why was the period of 1848 considered as phase of
opportunities. Migration of rural people to the cities the revolution of the Liberals in Europe? Explain.
further made the situation worse. A [SQP, 2020-21]
(iii) Small scale producers in towns were sometimes OR
faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap Do you agree that the period of 1848 was considered
machine-made goods from England. as a phase of the Revolution of the Liberals in
(iv) In the regions of Europe where the aristocracy still Europe? Elucidate with suitable examples.
enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden [APQ, 2023-24]
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
 8 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

Ans. The period of 1848 was considered as phase of the minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and
revolution of the Liberals in Europe because of the the German states.
following reasons : (v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations
(i) Events of February 1848 in France had brought about to be the natural units of mankind. So, Italy could
the abdication of the monarch and a republic based not continue to be a patchwork of small states and
on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified
(ii) Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian republic within a wider alliance of nations.
Empire – men and women of the liberal middle (vi) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian
classes combined their demands for constitutionalism liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set
with national unification. up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
(iii) They took advantage of the growing popular unrest (vii) Mazzini‘s relentless opposition to monarchy and
to push their demands for the creation of a nation- his vision of democratic republics frightened the
state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most
freedom of the press and freedom of association. dangerous enemy of our social order’.
(iv) In the German regions, a large number of political (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5
associations whose members were middle-class [Marking Scheme, 2016]
professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans 4. “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic
came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter
vote for an all-German National Assembly.
of the nineteenth century in Europe.” Analyse the
(v) The middle classes who resisted the demands of statement with examples.
workers and artisans and consequently lost their
support. In the end, troops were called in and the [Term-II, Foreign Set-Set-1, 2, 3, 2016]
assembly was forced to disband. OR
(vi) The issue of extending political rights to women was “The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of
a controversial one within the liberal movement, in nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth
which large numbers of women had participated century became a narrow creed with limited ends.“
actively over the years. Examine the statement.
(vii) Women had formed their own political associations, [Term-II, Foreign Set-1, 2, 3, 2015]
founded newspapers and taken part in political Ans. Sentiment of Nationalism in the first half of the 19th
meetings and demonstration. century:
(Any five points to be explained) (1×5=5) (i) Towards the last quarter of the 19th century,
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2020] nationalism could not retain its idealistic liberal-
2. How did Greece war of independence democratic sentiments of the first half of the century
mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated but became a narrow belief with inadequate ends.
elite across Europe? Explain. (ii) Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant,
[Delhi/OD, 2020] which led to war.
3. What happened during the year following 1815 (iii) Major European powers manipulated the nationalist
when the fear of repression drove many liberal- aspirations to further their own imperialist aims.
nationalists underground? Explain. (iv) Source of nationalist tension in Europe was the area
R [Term-II, 2016] called Balkans.
Ans. (i) Secret societies sprang up in many European (v) Idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together
states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made
(ii) To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment this region very explosive.
to oppose monarchical forms that had been (vi) One by one, European nationalities broke away from
established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight its control and declared independence.
for liberty and freedom. (vii) The Balkan people based their claims for
(iii) Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation independence or political rights on nationality to
of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle prove that they were once independent but were
for freedom. One such individual was the Italian subjugated by a foreign power.
revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. (viii) Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity
(iv) He subsequently founded two more underground and independence. Hence, the Balkan area became
societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, an area of intense conflict. (Any five)
Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like- [Marking Scheme, 2015] (1×5=5)

TOPIC-3 Nation States – Unification of Italy, Germany and Britain

Concepts Covered:
 The making of Germany and Italy,  The strange case of Britain.

achieving political domination over Europe. The unifi-

Revision Notes cation of Italy and Germany came about through this
 After 1848, nationalist sentiments were often mobi- process.
lised by conservatives for promoting state power and
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 9
Unification of Germany (1866-1871) British imposed control over Ireland as well. Ireland
zzIn 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the was deeply divided into two groups, Catholics and
different regions of the German confederation into a
nation-state under an elected parliament. Protestants. The English favoured the Protestants and
zzIn Prussia, nation-building acts were repressed by the helped them establish their dominance over a largely
combined forces of the monarchy and the military Catholic Ireland.
and were supported by the large landowners called
zzIn 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the
Junkers.
zzPrussia took over the leadership of the movement. United Kingdom after a failed Irish revolt. The symbols
zzOtto von Bismarck, Chief Minister of Prussia, was the of new Britain were the English language, the British
architect in the process of nation-building.
flag [Union Jack] and the British national anthem (God
zzPrussia emerged victorious after fighting three wars
over seven years against the combined forces of Austria, Save Our Nobel King).
Denmark and France and the process of unification of KEY TERMS
Germany was completed.
Nation-state: A state that establishes itself as a separate
zzOn 18th January, 1871, the new German Empire headed political and geographical entity and functions as a complete
by the German Emperor Kaiser William I was declared in and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in
the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. 19th century Europe as a result of the development of
zzThe unification of Germany established Prussian nationalism.
dominance in Europe. Prussia: A former kingdom in north-central Europe including
zzThe new German Empire focused on modernising the present-day northern Germany and northern Poland.
currency, banking, legal and judicial systems. Otto von Bismarck: He was the architect of a Prussian
Unification of Italy [SQP 2020-21] consolidation that was also a form of German unification.
zzItaly was divided into seven states. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfuly
pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in
zzOnly Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian
preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades.
princely house.
Emperor Kaiser William I: He was King of Prussia from 2
zz North Italy was under Austrian Habsburgs.
January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871
zzThe central part was under the Pope.
until his death in 1888.
zzThe southern regions were under the Bourbon Kings
Victor Emmanuel II: He was King of Sardinia from 1849 until
of Spain. 17 March, 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy
zzDuring the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a coherent and became the first king of an independent, united Italy
programme for uniting the Italian Republic and formed since the 6th century.
a secret society called Young Italy. The Union Jack: It is the de facto national flag of the United
zzThe failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and Kingdom.
1848 prompted King Victor Emmanuel II from Sardinia-
Piedmont to unify the Italian states. KEY DATES
zzChief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, Count Cavour, led
1707: The Act of Union was passed.
the movement for the unification of Italy.
1801: Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United
zzIn the year 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont with an alliance Kingdom after a failed Irish revolt.
with France defeated the Austrian forces. 1848: Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different
zzIn 1860, Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into regions of the German confederation into Nation-
southern Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, state.
and drove out the Spanish rulers. 1855: The Kingdom of Sardinia participated from the sides
zzIn 1861, Victor Emmanuel was declared as the king of of British and French in the Crimean War.
united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy. 1858: Cavour formed an alliance with France.
 Britain has a different history of how it consolidated as 1859-1870: Unification of Italy.
a nation-state without uprisings and revolutions. 1859: Sardinia-Piedmont formed an alliance with France
 The British Isles was inhabited by ethnic English, and defeated the Austrian forces. Large number of
Welsh, Scot or Irish. The English nation grew more in people under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi
power and wealth, and it began to exert influence over joined the movement.
the other nations of the islands. 1860: Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into South Italy
and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and drove out the
 The concept of nation states, with England as the centre,
Spanish rulers.
came in 1688 after the Parliament snatched power
1861: Victor Emmanuel II was declared as the King of United
from the monarchy. In 1707, the Act of Union between
Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.
England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the
1866-1871: Unification of Germany.
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
1871: The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the
 To ensure the growth of British identity, Scotland’s
German Emperor.
cultural and political institutions were suppressed. The
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
10 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)
1. The Bourbon Kings of Spain ruled which part of 1. Highlight the various measures and practices that
Italy? R [OEB] French revolutionaries introduced to create a sense
Ans. The Bourbon kings established a kingdom that of collective identity amongst the French people.
included southern mainland Italy and the island of [2022-2023]
Sicily. Ans. (i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le
2. What is Sardinia-Piedmoint? R citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a
3. What was the importance of the Act of Union 1707? united community enjoying equal rights under a
U [OEB] constitution.
Ans. The Act of Union was signed between England and (ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to
Scotland in 1707. This resulted in the formation of replace the former royal standard.
the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in (iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active
effect, that England was able to impose its influence citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth (iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and
dominated by its English members. martyrs commemorated
4. Who were known as ‘Junkers’? R (v) A centralised administrative system was put in place
5. When did the unification of Germany take place? and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within
R [OEB] its territory.
Ans. The unification took place on January 18, 1871. (vi) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished
Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each) and a uniform system of weights and measures was
1. “Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of adopted.
political fragmentation”. Explain. (vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French,
[SQP 2020-21] as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the
Ans. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states. common language of the nation.(Any five) (1×5=5)
(ii) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely 2. “In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was
house. not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.”
(iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel II was Validate the statement with relevant arguments.
proclaimed King of United Italy. U [SQP, 2016]
(iv) Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a Ans. In Britain, the formation of the nation–state was not
programme for a unitary Italian Republic. the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was
(v) The unification of Italy was a result of many wars, the result of a long-drawn-out process.
through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by (i) The primary identities of the people who inhabited
Chief Minister Cavour. the British Isles were ethnic ones–such as English,
(vi) Garibaldi joined the fray. Welsh, Scot or Irish. There was no British nation
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2020] 3 prior to the 18th century.
2. Describe any three conditions that led to the (ii) All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and
formation of the British nation state. political traditions.
R [Term-II, Foreign Set-1, 2, 3, 2017] (iii) Because of steady growth of the English nation in
3. Briefly describe the process of German unification. case of wealth, importance and power, it was able
A [Term-II, 2015] to extend its influence over the other nations of the
Ans. (i) In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the islands.
hearts of the middle-class Germans. (iv) The Act of Union 1707 between England and Scotland
(ii) During the Vienna Congress in 1815, Germany was resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom
identified as a loose confederation of 39 states. of Great Britain’. It meant that England was able to
(iii) They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the impose its influence on Scotland.
numerous German states.
(v) The English Parliament, which had seized power
(iv) Prussia soon became the leader of German unification
from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted
movement.
conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-
(v) Chief Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, was
the architect of the process with the support of the state with England at its centre, came to be forged.
Prussian army and bureaucracy. (vi) The growth of the British identity meant that
(vi) The unification process was completed after Prussia Scotland‘s distinctive culture and political institutions
won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over a were systematically suppressed.
time period of seven years. (vii) The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak
(vii) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was their Gaelic language or wear their national dress,
proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their
at Versailles. (Any three) 1×3=3 homeland. (Any five) (1×5=5)
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 11
3. Describe the process of unification of Italy. (vi) In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of
A [Term II, 2015] united Italy. (Any five) 1×5=5
[Marking Scheme, 2015]
Ans. Unification of Italy:
4. Highlight the role of Otto Von Bismarck in making
(i) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was
of Germany.
divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-
Ans. (i) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement
Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
for national unification.
(ii) The unification process was led by three
(ii) Its chief minister, Ottovon Bismarck, was the
revolutionaries—Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo
architect of this process carried out with the help of
de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. During 1830, the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had formed a
(iii) Three wars over seven years – with Austria,
secret society ‘Young Italy’ to achieve his goal.
Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory
(iii) After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor and completed the process of unification.
Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian states through (iv) In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was
wars. proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at
(iv) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Versailles.
Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating (v) On January 1871, an assembly comprising the
the Austrian forces in 1859. princes of the German states, representatives of the
(v) Under the leadership of Garibaldi, armed volunteers army, important Prussian ministers including the
marched into South Italy in 1860 and the Kingdom chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the
of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim
support of the local peasants in order to drive out the the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I
Spanish rulers. of Prussia. (1×5=5)

TOPIC-4 Visualising The Nation: Nationalism and Imperialism

Concepts Covered:
 Personification of nation into female

advantage of nationalism in Europe to materialise their

Revision Notes aims for Imperialism. [SQP, 2020-21], [Board, 2018]
Visualising the Nation: zzThe European powers sighted the much-disturbed
zzNation was personified in the female form by the Balkan region to fulfil their imperialist goals. The
artists of the 19th century. Balkan region consisted of the following countries
zzFemale allegories such as that of liberty, justice and
of our times – Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
republic were invented.
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia,
zzIn Germany, Germania became the allegory of the
nation. Serbia and Montenegro.
zzIn France, the idea of a people’s nation was Christened zzThis rivalry for colonies resulted in a series of war,
Marianne. She was characterised by the ideas of Liberty resulting in the outbreak of the First World War.
and Republic. zzThere emerged an upsurge in the nationalist
zzMarianne’s fasces or a bundle of rods with an axe in movements against imperial domination globally,
the middle was used to symbolise strength in unity. inspired by the struggle for independent nation-states
The red Phrygian cap signified freedom of a slave.
and collective national unity.
It was also known as the Liberty Cap. French people
wore these caps a few days before the storming of the zzThese movements against imperilaism led to the
Bastille. development of unique forms of nationalism in
zzThese symbols were usually popular images from colonies.
everyday life that uneducated masses could easily zzThe European idea of nation-states became widely
identify with. accepted, but with its own adaptation and evolution
zzDuring revolutions, artists represented a nation as within different regions and cultures.
a person. This personification gave life to an abstract
concept like a nation. KEY TERMS
Nationalism and Imperialism: Female allegories: They were invented by artists in the
zzThrough the 18th and the mid 19th century, Europe was nineteenth century to represent the nation.
marked by a lot of chaos and turmoil. After 1871, there Allegory: It is a poem, story, play, etc. in which characters
was a significant change in the concept of nationalism and events represent qualities or ideas relating to morals,
in Europe. religion or politics. There is hidden meaning implied to be
zz Nationalist groups in Europe had become increasingly
interpreted by the readers.
incompatible with each other and were constantly in Imperialism: The policy of extending a country’s power
conflict. The major European powers, namely Russia, and influence through colonisation, use of military force or
Germany, England and Austro-Hungary began taking other means.
12 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

KEY PERSONALITIES COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Marianne and Germania: Marianne and Germania Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and
were the female allegories of France and German nations the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to
respectively. These were an allegory of nation in the same Visualising The Nation: Nationalism and Imperialism.
way as Bharat Mata, a female figure is imagined in India. Points Related to the Goals:
The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of 1. Nationalism in Europe intertwined with imperialism,
Liberty and the Republic—the red cap, the tricolour and the leading to catastrophic events like the disaster of 1914.
cockade. The Statues of Marianne were made and erected at
2. Anti-imperial movements globally emerged as nationalist
public places and a picture of Marianne printed on postage
struggles for independence, shaping diverse forms of
stamps. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because
nationalism.
that tree stands for heroism. She holds a sword in her hand.
3. Nationalist symbols, such as those representing the British
KEY FACT Empire, reflected imperial pride and dominance.
Marianne is displayed in many places in France and holds a 4. Nations came to be viewed as large-scale solidarities
place of honour in town halls and law courts. based on collective identities.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) Ans. The nature of nationalism in the last quarter of the
nineteenth century was as mentioned below :
1. What comprised on the Balkan region ? R
(i) It no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic
Concept Applied Nationalism & Imperialism sentiment of the first-half of the century but became
Ans. The Balkans are usually characterised as comprising a narrow creed with limited ends.
of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, (ii) During this period nationalist groups became
Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready
Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia. to go to war.
2. What led to the collapse of Europe in 1914? (iii) The major European powers manipulated the
3. How did nationalism and imperialism lead to nationalist aspirations of the subject people in
conflict in Europe? E [OEB] Europe to further their own imperialist aims.
Ans. Nationalism and imperialism encouraged each (1 × 3 = 3)
European nation to pursue its own interests and
compete for power. Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)
4. Why were anti-imperialist movements’ national- 1. Highlight the reasons for the growth of nationalist
ists? E [OEB] tensions in the Balkan region before the First World
Ans. The anti-imperialist movements that developed War. U [SQP, 2020-21]
everywhere were nationalist in the sense that they Ans. Reasons for the growth of nationalist tension in
all struggled to form independent nation-states and Balkan region:
were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, (i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and
forged in confrontation with imperialism. ethnic variations comprising of modern day
5. Why did the anti-imperialist movements emerge in Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia,
several parts of the world? U [OEB] Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Ans. The anti-imperialist movements emerged in order to Montenegro. The inhabitants were called Slavs.
oppose colonisation. (ii) The spread of romantic nationalism led to its
Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each) disintegration.
1. How had the female figures become an allegory of (iii) Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their
the nation during the nineteenth century in Europe? identity.
Analyse. U [Term-II, 2016] (iv) Balkan region became a region of intense conflict
Ans. The female figures became an allegory of the nation: over expansion of territory.
Artists found a way out to represent a country in (v) At the same time, the great European Powers –
the form of a person. Then nations were portrayed Russia, Germany, England and Austria-Hungary
as female figures. The female figure was chosen to were keen on taking the control of the Balkan region,
personify the nation but it did not stand for any since it was important from trade point of view.
particular woman in real life. It gave an abstract (vi) This led to a series of wars in the region and
idea of the nation, a concrete form. Thus, the female finally became the cause of the First World
figure became an allegory of the nation. War. [Any five points] 1×5=5
During the French Revolution, artists used the formal [Marking Scheme SQP, 2020]
allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and 2. How did the Balkan region become a source of
the Republic. (To be assessed as a whole) 3 nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?
2. Name the female allegory who represents France. [Delhi/OD, 2018]
Describe her main characteristics. A OR
3. Describe the nature of nationalism in the last Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in
quarter of the nineteenth century. E [OEB] Balkans after 1871 in Europe.
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 13

Topper Answer, 2020

3. Evaluate the reasons for the First World War. [OEB] Empires, pursued their own nationalist goals, which
Ans. The following are the main reasons for the outbreak led to tensions.
4. European nations had been involved in a arms
of the First World War:
race in the years leading up to the war. This not
1. The First World War was the result of decades of only increased tensions but also created feeling of
tensions and rivalries among European powers for preparedness for war.
dominance in trade, colonies, and military strength. 5. Europe was divided into two main military alliances:
2. Major powers, including Russia, Germany, England, the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Austro-Hungary, were determined to extend Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain).
control over the Balkan region. This rivalry ultimately These alliances meant a conflict involving one
resulted in various conflicts in the Balkans, culminating member of an alliance could immediately escalate
in the outbreak of the First World War. European into a much larger war.
powers were also engaged in intense competition for 6. The immediate cause for the First World War was
colonial territories in Africa and Asia. the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian
3. Different ethnicities within multi-ethnic empires, throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a Serbian
such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman nationalist in Sarajevo in June 1914.
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
14 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

5. Study the following picture and answer:
Objective Type Questions
[A] Multiple Choice Questions
1. There are two statements given below, marked as
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements
and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Napoleon’s French army brought
democracy and accountability in governance across
Europe by 1804.
Reason (R): Napoleon simplified administrative
divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. [CFPQ]
(A) A is true but R is false.
(B) A is false but R is true.
(C) Both A and R are true and R explains A. Who is represented as a postman in the given
(D) Both A and R true but does not explain A. image? [OEB]
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (A) Giuseppe Mazzini (B) Otto von Bismarck
2. Observe the image below: (C) Napoleon Bonaparte (D) Giuseppe Garibaldi
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: When Napoleon lost the battle of
Leipzig in 1813, he dropped out the letters from
his bag that had the names of the territories he lost
written on them.
6. Column A Column B
(i) Meaning of ‘liber’ (a) The fatherland
(ii) Meaning of ‘elle’ (b) The citizen
(iii) Meaning of ‘le (c) Free
citoyen’
(iv) Meaning of (d) The measure of
Which of the following is FALSE based on the above ‘la patrie’ cloth
map? [CFPQ]
(A) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a)
(A) Industrialisation first started in England.
(B) Nations from eastern Europe were industrialised (B) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
by the late 19th century. (C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(b)
(C) All European nations reaped the benefits of (D) (i)-(a), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c) [OEB]
industrialisation at the same time. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(D) Most factories were set up in western Europe Explanation:
during the initial phase of industrialisation.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. (i) In Roman, Liber means free.
3. “When France sneezes,” Metternich once remarked, (ii) Elle was used to measure cloth.
“the rest of Europe catches cold.” (iii) In French, citizens who lived inside city walls
What did Duke Metternich mean by this known as ‘le citoyen’.
statement? [SQP 2020-21] (iv) In French, ‘la patrie’ means ‘the fatherland’.
(A) France’s Bourbon dynasty was the most
influential line of kings in Europe. 7. Column A Column B
(B) French trade guilds wielded enormous powers
over European trade. (i) Napoleon (a) Frankfurt
(C) France had begun annexing neighbouring Bonaparte Parliament
nations after 1815. (ii) Duke Metternich (b) Civil Code
(D) France’s nationalist movement inspired other
nations. (iii) Louis XVI (c) Congress of
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Vienna
4. Who among the following formed the secret society (iv) Carl Welcker (d) French Revolution
called `Young Italy’? [OEB]
(A) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a)
(A) Otto Von Bismarck
(B) Giuseppe Mazzini (B) (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c)
(C) Johann Gottfried Herder (C) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d)
(D) Duke Metternich (D) (i)-(a), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c) [OEB]
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 15
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Ans. Option (A) is correct
Explanation: Explanation: The purpose of replacing the former
(i) Napoleon Bonaparte introduced Civil Code of royal standard with the new French flag, the
1804, also known as Napoleonic Code. tricolour, during the French Revolution in 1789,
(ii) The Congress was hosted by the Austrian was to evoke loyalty toward the nation instead
Chancellor Duke Metternich. of a king. This change symbolised the shift from
(iii) The last monarch of France was Louis XVI. monarchy to nationalism and represented the ideals
(iv) The liberal politician Carl Welcker was an elected of liberty, equality, and fraternity espoused by the
member of the Frankfurt Parliament. revolutionaries.
8. Which type of governments was mainly driven in 13. Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as
Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815? an independent nation?
[Delhi, Set I, 2021] (A) Treaty of Sevres
(A) Conservative (B) Liberal (B) Treaty of Versailles
(C) Federal (D) Feudal (C) Treaty of Lausanne
9. Which one of the following group of countries (D) Treaty of Constantinople [SQP, 2020-21]
collectively defeated Napoleon in 1815? Ans. Option (D) is correct.
[Delhi, Set I, 2021] Explanation: The borders of the Ottoman Empire
(A) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria were reinstated which confirmed the terms of the
(B) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Australia Constantinople Arrangement and marked the end
(C) Britain, Russia, Netherlands and Germany of the Greek War of Independence creating modern
(D) Britain, Luxembourg, Germany and Italy Greece as an independent state.
Ans. Option (A) is correct 14. Which of the following countries is considered as
Explanation: In 1815, representatives of the European the ‘Cradle of civilisation’? [OEB]
powers, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria had (A) England (B) Greece
collectively defeated Napoleon; they met at Vienna (C) France (D) Russia
to draw up a settlement for Europe.
15. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
10. In which one of the following countries did the first
liberalist-nationalist upheaval take place in July [OEB]
1830? [Delhi, Set I, 2021] (i) Treaty of Constantinople
(A) France (B) Germany (ii) First upheaval took place in France
(C) England (D) Italy (iii) Lord Byron died
Ans. Option (A) is correct (iv) Greek struggle for independence begins
Explanation: The first upheaval took place in France Option:
in July 1830. (A) (i) - (ii) - (iii) - (iv) (B) (ii) - (iv) - (i) - (iii)
11. How did Napoleon bring revolutionary changes in
(C) (iv) - (iii) - (ii) - (i) (D) (iii) - (iv) - (ii) - (i)
the field of administration? [OEB]
(A) Abolished all privileges based on birth Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(B) Secured the right to property for all French Explanation:
revolutionaries (i) Greek Struggle for independence begins in 1821.
(C) Increased the age of people who could be (ii) Lord Byron died in 1824.
absorbed into serfdom (iii) First upheaval took place in France in July 1830.
(D) Made all men and women with property equal
(iv) Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
in the eyes of the law
Ans. Option (A) is correct 16. Why was a customs union or Zollverein formed by
Explanation: Napoleon simplified administrative Prussia and most of the German states in 1834?
divisions, he abolished feudal system, and freed [OEB]
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns (A) To abolish state-imposed restrictions on the
too, guild systems were removed. Transport and movement of goods and capital
communication systems were improved. Peasants,
artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the (B) To encourage the state-wise system of weights
newfound freedom. and measures
12. What was the purpose of replacing the former royal (C) To import more goods from the landlocked
standard with a new French flag, the tricolour, Balkans
during the French Revolution in 1789? [OEB] (D) To boost trade with England and France
(A) To evoke loyalty toward the nation instead of a Ans. Option (A) is correct
king
Explanation: The formation of the Zollverein was to
(B) To show other countries that the French flag was
superior to theirs bring to the end the restrictions on the movement of
(C) To support the businessmen who had created the goods and capital among the different German
the flag to lead the revolution states.
(D) To provoke the people to wage a war against 17. Which of the following option best signifies this
Holland and Switzerland in 1790 caricature? [OEB]
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
16 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

20. Who among the following was the architect of the

unification of Germany?
(A) Otto Von Bismarck (B) William I
(C) Frederick III (D) William II
[Term I, 2021]
21. Who among the following was proclaimed King of
united Italy in 1861?
(A) Charles I (B) Victor Emmanuel II
(C) Giuseppe Garibaldi (D) Nero [Term I, 2021]
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed
as king of united Italy in 1861. The failure of
revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848
(A) Otto von Bismarck in the German Reichstag prompted the King Emanuel II from Sardinia-
(Parliament) Piedmont to unify the Italian States in 1861.
(B) Victor Emmanuel II in the Italian Parliament 22. Identify the characteristics of Cavour among the
(C) Kaiser William II in the Prussian Parliament following and choose the correct option:
(D) Napoleon Bonaparte in the French Parliament (i) He was an Italian statesman
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (ii) He spoke French much better than Italian
Explanation: In the given image, Bismarck is having (iii) He was a tactful diplomat
hunter in his hand which shows how his subordinates (iv) He belonged to a Royal family
were afraid of Bismarck when he became autocratic (A) Only 1 and 2 are correct
during assemblies. (B) Only 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(C) Only 2, 3 and 4 are correct
18. Column A Column B (D) Only 1, 2 and 4 are correct [Term I, 2021]
(i) Giuseppe Mazzini (a) Unification of Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Germany Explanation: Cavour was the Chief Minister of
Sardinia-Piedmont. He was an Italian statesman but
(ii) Otto von Bis- (b) Unification of Italy
he did not belong to a Royal family. He was born in
Marck
Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family which
(iii) Napoleon (c) Battle of Waterloo had acquired estates during the French occupation.
Bonaparte 23. Which one of the following Italian states was ruled
by an Italian princely house?
(iv) Cavour (d) Young Italy
(A) Papal State (B) Lombardy
[OEB] (C) Venetia (D) Sardinia-Piedmont
(A) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a) [Term I, 2021]
(B) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 24. Choose the correctly matched pair from the
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(b) following :
(D) (i)-(a), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c) (a) Otto Von Bismarck Germany
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: (b) Napoleon Spain
(i) Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called (c) Giuseppe Garibaldi France
Young Italy. (d) Bourbon Kings Italy
(ii) Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the [Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
process of Germany’s Unification.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(iii) The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon
Bonaparte’s rule as the Emperor of France. 25. Study the picture and answer the question that
follows:
(iv) Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to
unify the Italy.
19. Who among the following had sought to put
together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian
Republic during 1830s?
(A) Victor Emmanuel I
(B) Victor Emmanuel II
(C) Giuseppe Mazzini
(D) Count Cavour [Term I, 2021]
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini
had sought to put together a coherent programme
for the unitary Italian Republic. He also formed a
secret society called young Italy in Marseilles and
young Europe in Berne.
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 17
Which of the following aspect best signifies this
image of Germania”?
(A) Heroism and Justice
(B) Folk and Cultural Tradition
(C) Austerity and Asceticism
(D) Revenge and Vengeance [SQP, 2020-21]
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: In the given image, Germania wears a
crown of Oak leaves and in German oak stands for
heroism.
26. Which of the following revolutions is called as the
first expression of ‘Nationalism’ ?
(A) French Revolution
(A) Different kinds of people who are found in
(B) Russian Revolution Britain
(C) Glorious Revolution (B) Sea routes from only Britain to different parts of
(D) The Revolution of the liberals the world
(C) Celebrating the British rule over different parts
[Delhi Set I-2020] of the world
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (D) People of different countries moving to Britain
Explanation: Till 1789, France was a territorial state to lead a better life [APQ 2021-22]
under the rule of an absolute monarch. Through the
French Revolution, the idea of nationalism motivated [B] Assertion & Reason
people to take ownership of the country.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement
27. Which among the following best signifies the of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
idea of liberal nationalism of nineteenth century Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Europe? (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
(A) Emphasis on social justice explanation of A.
(B) State planned socio-economic system (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
(C) Freedom for individual and equality before law explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) Supremacy of State oriented nationalism.
(D) A is false and R is true.
[OD Set I, 2020] 1. Assertion (A): A large part of the Balkans was under
Ans. Option (C) is correct. the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Explanation: Liberalism stands for equality and Reason (R): The spread of the ideas of Romantic
freedom that protects individual’s democratic right. Nationalism in the Balkans together with the
28. Read the facts regarding the Revolution of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this
Liberals in Europe during 1848 and choose the region very explosive. [OEB]
correct option: 2. Assertion (A): The French Revolution was an
influential event that marked the age of revolutions
(i) Abdication of the monarch
in Europe.
(ii) Universal male suffrage had been proclaimed Reason (R): The French Revolution transferred the
(iii) Political Rights to women were given sovereignty from the people to the monarch. [OEB]
(iv) Freedom of the press had been asked for 3. Assertion (A): Mazzini’s relentless opposition to
(A) Only (i) and (ii) are correct. monarchy and his vision of democratic republics
(B) Only (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct. frightened the conservatives.
(C) Only (i) and 4 are correct. Reason (R): Metternich described Mazzini as ‘the
most dangerous enemy of social order’.
(D) Only (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct. [Set 1, 2021]
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Ans. Option (D) is correct. 4. Assertion (A): The French Revolution helped to state
Explanation: In revolution of the liberals in Europe the idea of nationalism as it encouraged the idea
during 1848, political rights were not granted to that people owned the country, and they were an
women. The issue of extending political rights important part of the state.
to women was a controversial within the liberal Reason (R): From the very beginning, the French
revolution in which large number of women had revolutionaries introduced various measures and
practices that could create a sense of collective
participated actively and they were denied suffrage
identity among the French people. [OEB]
rights during the election of the Assembly.
5. Assertion: Napoleon was in the support of the
29. Observe the map which was used during the 19th establishment of a democratic government.
century to display the power of Britain. Which of Reason: The end of the rule of the Napoleon led to
the following is the map MOST LIKELY about? the rise in the conservatism regimes in the Europe.
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
18 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

Remember... Russian language was imposed everywhere. The use

of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle
Such type of questions will help you to analyse the form against Russian dominance.
of governments that existed in France and the other 10. Assertion (A): Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt
European nations. against contractors in 1845.
1. You should remember that the French Revolution led
Reason (R): Contractors had drastically reduced
to the rise of the idea of democratic and republican
government in the French society. their payments. [Delhi, Set-1, 2021]
2. Analyse the fact that the governments established Ans. Option (A) is correct
after the French Revolution was weak and inefficient Explanation: In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a
which led to the rise of the status of the Napoleon in revolt against contractors who supplied them raw
the France. material and gave them orders for finished textiles
3. Remember that Napoleon believed in the idea of the but they had drastically reduced their payments. On
monarchical government and did not support the 4th June large crowd of weavers marched in Paris
idea of the democratic government. However, he up to the Mansion of their contractors demanding
had a reformative mind and was able to carry out higher wages.
several reforms for the betterment of the society. 11. Assertion (A): Romantic artists and poets criticized
4. However, the rise of power of the Napoleon made
the glorification of reason and science.
the other nations worried and they planned to
defeat him with combined force. After the defeat Reason (R): Romanticism was a cultural movement
of the Napolean, the Congress of Vienna made the that sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
provisions of establishing the conservatism regime sentiment in Europe. [OEB]
in the French society and Europe as a whole. Ans. Option (B) is correct
It is important to read all the different phases of the Explanation: Romanticism focused on emotions,
French Revolution in detail for the better understanding intuition and mystical feelings. They helped create a
of the events that took place during that time. sense of collective heritage and cultural past as part
of nation building through use of folk songs, dances
Ans. Option (D) is correct. and music.
Explanation: The Congress of Vienna gave 12. Assertion (A): Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian
mandate for the establishment of the Conservative General, politician and nationalist who played a
governments in Europe. large role in the history of Italy.
6. Assertion (A): Serfdom and bonded labour were Reason (R): He was the architect in the process of
abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in nation-building in Germany. [OEB]
Russia. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Reason (R): Monarchs were beginning to realise Explanation: Bismarck was the architect in the
that the cycles of revolution and repression could process of nation - building.
only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal- 13. Assertion (A): Italy and Switzerland were divided
nationalist revolutionaries. [OEB] into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers
Ans. Option (A) is correct. had their autonomous territories.
Explanation: The monarchs in the European states Reason (R): They were closely bound to each other
understood that they had to give concessions to the in spite of their autonomous rule. [OEB]
certain groups of the society to save their political Ans. Option (C) is correct.
power. Explanation: Italy and Switzerland were under
7. Assertion (A): The Scottish Highlands suffered autocratic monarchies within the territories of which
terrible repression whenever they attempted to lived diverse peoples, sharing a collective identity or
assert their independence. a common culture, spoke different languages and
Reason (R): Catholic revolts against British belonged to different ethnic groups.
dominance were suppressed. [OEB] 14. Assertion (A): The Scottish Highlanders were
Ans. Option (B) is correct. forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear
Explanation: Scotland suffered because of the long- their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly
drawn-out process and Ireland got support from the driven out of their homeland.
English to suppress the Catholic revolts. Reason (R): The English helped the Protestants of
8. Assertion (A): Greece is often known as the Cradle of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely
Western Civilization. Catholic country. [OEB]
Reason (R): Many of the ideas that flourished in the Ans. Option (B) is correct.
western world were “born” in ancient Greece. Explanation: Irishmen suffered in the hands of
[OEB] English men as it was a country deeply divided
9. Assertion (A): After Russian occupation in Poland, between the Catholics and Protestants. It was largely
the Russian language was imposed on its people. a Catholic country but the Protestants got support
Reason (R): The use of Polish soon came up as a from the English to suppress the Catholic revolts.
symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. 15. Assertion (A): The nation building process in
[Delhi, Term 1, 2021] Germany had demonstrated the dominance of the
Ans. Option (A) is correct Prussian state power.
Explanation: Russian occupation in Poland, the Reason (R): The new state placed a strong emphasis
Polish language was forced out of schools and the on modernising the currency, banking, legal and
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 19
judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures 1. Which of the following statement correctly
and practices often became a model for the rest of describes about European conservative ideology?
Germany. [OEB] (A) Preservation of beliefs introduced by Napoleon.
16. Assertion (A): On 18 May, 1848, 831 elected repre- (B) Preservation of two sects of Christianity.
sentatives revolted in the Frankfurt Parliament. (C) Preservation of socialist ideology in economic
Reason (R): The Parliament was dominated by the sphere.
middle classes who resisted the demands of workers (D) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and
and lost their support. [OEB] society
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: On 18 May, 1848, 831 elected represent- Explanation: Conservatism stands for the people
atives marched in a festive procession to take their who don’t like changes.
places in the Frankfurt Parliament. While the opposi- 2. Identify the purpose to convene the Congress of
tion of the aristocracy and military became stronger, Vienna in 1815 from the following options.
the social basis of Parliament eroded. (A) To declare competition of German unification.
(B) To restore conservative regime in Europe.
17. Assertion (A): Nationalism aligned with imperialism
(C) To declare war against France.
led Europe to disaster in 1914.
(D) To start the process of Italian Unification.
Reason (R): Many countries in the world which had
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
been colonized by the European powers in the 19th
Explanation: In 1815, the European powers
century began to oppose imperial domination.
collectively defeated Napoleon to draw up a
[OEB] settlement for Europe.
18. Assertion (A): The female form that was chosen to 3. What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of
personify the nation did not stand for any particular Vienna? Select the appropriate option.
woman in life. (A) To re-establish peace and stability in Europe.
Reason (R): The female figure became an allegory of (B) To establish socialism in Europe.
the nation. [OEB] (C) To introduce democracy in France.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (D) To set up a new Parliament in Austria.
Explanation: The female form that was chosen to Ans. Option (A) is correct.
personify the nation did not stand for any particular Explanation: The main intention was to restore the
woman in life. But it sought to give the abstract idea monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.
of the nation in a concrete form. 4. How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in
Europe? Select the appropriate option.
[C] Case Based MCQs (A) With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty
(B) Austria was not given the control of Northern
Attempt any four sub-parts from each question. Each
Italy
question carries 1 mark.
(C) Laying out a balance of power between all the
I. Read the extract given below and answer any 5 out of great powers in Europe
6 questions: U [SQP, 2033-24]
(D) By giving power to the German confederation
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European Ans. Option (C) is correct.
governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Explanation: A modern army, an efficient
Conservatives believed that established traditional
bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition
institutions of state and society – like the monarchy,
of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the
the Church, social hierarchies, property and the
family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, autocratic monarchies of Europe.
however, did not propose a return to the society of 5. What was marked as the final defeat of Napoleon in
pre- revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from 1815?
the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernization (A) Battle of Waterloo (B) Battle of Borodino
could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the (C) Battle of Trafalgar (D) Battle of Austerlitz
monarchy. It could make state’s power more effective Ans. Option (A) is correct.
and stronger. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, Explanation: The Battle of Waterloo marked the final
a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and defeat of Napoleon. On June 22, 1815, four days
serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies after losing the conflict, Napoleon was abdicated as
of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European emperor of France for the second and last time and
powers who had collectively defeated Napoleon, was later exiled to St. Helena.
met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. 6. Where was the Treaty of Vienna signed?
The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor
(A) Poland (B) Vienna
Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty
of Vienna of 1815 with the objective of undoing most (C) Moscow (D) Waterloo
of the changes that had come about in Europe during Ans. Option (B) is correct.
the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which II. Read the extract given below and answer any 5 out of
had been deposed during the French Revolution, was 6 questions: E [OEB]
restored to power, and France lost the territories it One such individual was the Italian revolutionary,
had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were Giuseppe Mazzini. Born in Genoa in 1805, he became
set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As
expansion in future. a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for
20 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he

found two more underground societies, first, Young called them. The first print (Fig. 1) of the series, shows
Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, the peoples of Europe and America – men and women
whose members were like-minded young men from of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train,
Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they
believed that God had intended nations to be the pass by it. As you would recall, artists of the time of the
natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure
to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. – here you can recognise the torch of Enlightenment
It had to be forged into a single unified republic she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights
within a wider alliance of nations. This unification of Man in the other. On the earth in the foreground of
alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of
his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, absolutist institutions. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the
France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations,
opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic identified through their flags and national costume.
republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty,
described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our are the United States and Switzerland, which by this
social order’. time were already nation-states. France, identifiable
1. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the
(A) French artist statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany,
(B) Italian revolutionary bearing the black, red and gold flag. Interestingly, at
(C) British artist the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German
(D) German preacher peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the flag
Ans. Option (B) is correct. they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to
unify the numerous German-speaking principalities
Explanation: Giuseppe Mazzini was a Italian
into a nation-state under a democratic constitution.
revolutionary born in Genoa in 1805. He became a a
Following the German peoples are the peoples of
member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy,
2. Giuseppe Mazzini was a well known _______. Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. From
(A) Berne (B) Paris the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze
(C) Genoa (D) Liguria upon the scene. They have been used by the artist to
Ans. Option (C) is correct. symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini was sent into exile in 1831 for
attempting a revolution in __________.
(A) Genoa (B) Liguria
(C) Poland (D) Marseill
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: The Italian revolutionary, Giuseppe
Mazzini a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in
1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
4. Who described Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous
enemy of our social order’?
(A) Bismarck (B) Cavour
(C) Metternich (D) Garibald
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
5. Which of the following societies was found in
Berne? Answer the questions based on the above Paragraph:
(A) Young Europe (B) Young Germany 1. What is the central theme of Frédéric Sorrieu’s
(C) Young Italy (D) Young Britain series of prints?
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (A) Celebrating the French Revolution
Explanation: Giuseppe Mazzini subsequently found (B) Vision for a world of independent European and
two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in American nations
Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne. (C) Promoting religious unity under divine guidance
6. How was Mazzini involved in the unification of (D) Mocking the concept of national identity
Italy? Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(A) He became member of various secret societies Explanation: The central theme of the series of print
such as young Italy. is Vision for a world of independent European
(B) He attempted a revolution in Liguria. and American nations. It shows Sorrieu’s dream
(C) He managed to excite the people for a united of “democratic and social Republics” with distinct
liberal republic and gave them an aim. nations marching hand-in-hand. Flag bearers and
(D) All of the Above. national costumes further signify his focus on
Ans. Option (D) is correct. independent nations.
III.Read the extract given below and answer any 5 out of 2. What does the statue of Liberty hold in its hands, as
6 questions: depicted by Sorrieu in the picture?
In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a (A) A sword and a shield
series of four prints visualising his dream of a world (B) A pen and paper
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 21
(C) A torch and the Charter of the Rights of Man and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also
(D) An olive branch and a globe saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part
Ans. Option (C) is correct. of this struggle for freedom. One such individual
3. Which nation, at the time of the print’s creation, was was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
not yet a unified nation-state but is shown carrying He subsequently founded two more underground
its flag? societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then,
Young Europe in Berne, whose members were
(A) France (B) United States
likeminded young men from Poland, France, Italy
(C) Germany (D) England and the German states. Mazzini believed that God had
Ans. Option (C) is correct. intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
Explanation: While several nation-states like the US So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small
and France are present, Germany is shown with its states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single
flag symbolizing the aspiration for unification, which unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This
hadn’t happened yet. unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
4. Which figure in the print represent the divine Following his model, secret societies were set up in
approval of the unified world vision? Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini‘s
(A) The peoples of Europe and America relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of
(B) The symbols of absolutist institutions democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous
(C) Christ, saints, and angels
enemy of our social order’. [OEB]
(D) The statue of Liberty
1. Why secret societies came up in Europe?
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Ans. The secret societies came up in Europe for the purpose
Explanation: Christ, saints, and angels. Sorrieu of training the revolutionaries and for spreading
portrays religious figures looking down upon the ideas of freedom, liberty and nationalism and
the scene, symbolising fraternity among nations, providing a collective leadership for the freedom
implying their divine blessing movement.
2. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
[D] Case Based Subjective Questions Ans. Giuseppe Mazzini was one of the most famous
I. Read the given extract and answer the following Italian revolutionary who played a significant role in
questions: [OEB] the nationalist and unification movement in Italy.
Secret societies sprang up in many European states 3. Name the two organisations found by Giuseppe
to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be Mazzini?
revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to Ans. The two organisations found by Mazzini were:
oppose monarchical forms that had been established A. Young Italy in Marseilles
after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty B. Young Europe in Berne

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-1)

VSATQs (i) All privileges based on birth were removed.
2. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a (ii) He established equality before law.
series of four prints, visualising his dream of a world
(iii) Right to property was given.
made up of ‘democratic and social republics’, as he
called them. (iv) He simplified administrative divisions.
5. Utopian vision is a vision of a society that is so ideal (v) Feudal system was abolished and peasants were
that it is unlikely to actually exist.
freed from serfdom and manorial dues.
SATQs (vi) Guild restrictions were removed.
3. (i) Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for (vii) Transport and communication systems were
freedom for the individual and equality to all before improved. (Any five) (1× 5 = 5)
law for the new middle classes. [Marking Scheme, 2016]
(ii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government
by consent.
(iii) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical
Commonly Made Error
privileges. 1×3=3 The students forget to mention the real meaning
[Marking Scheme, 2018] of the Napoleonic Code. They should give brief
description about it.
LATQs
4. ”Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, Answering Tip
but in administrative field, he had incorporated
The students should give proper description
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole
about the reforms introduced by Napoleon.
system more rational and efficient.”
22 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-2)

VSATQs (Any three) (1 × 3 = 3)
3. Friedrich Wilhelm rejected the crown offered by the
National Assembly and joined other monarchs to
LATQs
oppose the elected assembly. 2. (i) Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire
4. 1830. since the 15th century.
(ii) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe
SATQs let to struggle for independence among the Greeks
3. Economic nationalism strengthened the wider from Ottoman Empire.
nationalist sentiment. Economically, liberalism stood
for : (iii) Greece got support from Greeks living in exile and
(i) Freedom of markets. West-Europeans who had sympathies for ancient
(ii) End of state -imposed restrictions on the movement Greek culture.
of goods and capital. (iv) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of
(iii) A customs union or zollverein was formed by Prussia European civilization and mobilized public opinion
in 1834, which was joined by many German states. to support its fight against Muslim empire.
(iv) This union reduced the number of currencies from
over thirty to two and abolished tariff barriers. (v) Organised funds and went to fight the Greek war.
(v) A network of railways led to great mobility and gave (vi) The treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized
an impetus to national unity. Greece as an independent nation.

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-3)

VSATQs SATQs
2. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy 2. Three conditions that led to the emergence of the
British nation state are:
was divided into seven states of which only one
(i) The emergence of the new middle classes.
Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian Princely
(ii) The ideology of liberalism.
house. 1
(iii) The ideas of conservatism that rose after the signing
4. The large landowners from Prussia were known as of the Treaty of Vienna.
Junkers. 1 1 × 3 = 3 [Marking Scheme, 2017]

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-4)

VSATQS (i) Those of liberty and republic.
2. Nationalism aligned with imperialism, led Europe to (ii) These were the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade.
disaster in 1914. (iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares
to remind the public of the national symbol of unity
SATQS
2. Marianne was the female allegory who represented and to persuade them to identify with it.
France. (iv) Her images were marked on coins and stamps of
Her characteristics were drawn from: 1850. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3

SOLUTIONS FOR COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

MCQs hierarchies, Property and the family – should be
preserved.
4. Option (B) is correct.
14. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Giuseppe formed this society to
Explanation: As Greece was the land of educated
transform Italy into a united republican state.
elites who spread their culture throughout Europe.
8. Option (A) is correct 20. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Following the defeat of Napoleon Explanation: In the 1860s, Otto Von Bismarck
in 1815, European governments were driven by a engineered a series of wars that unified the German
spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that states, significantly and deliberately excluding
established, traditional institutions of State and Austria, into powerful German Empire under
Society — like the Monarchy, the Church, Social Prussian leadership.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 23
23. Option (D) is correct. 15. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: During the middle of the nineteenth Explanation: The Prussian state played a significant
century, Italy was divided into seven states of which role in the unification process of the Germany and
only one Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian helped in its transformation into a strong state.
princely house. 2. Option (B) is correct.
5. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: By the last quarter of the nineteenth
century, nationalism no longer retained its idealistic
A&R liberal democratic sentiments of the first half of the
2. Option (C) is correct. century but became a narrow crew with limited ends.
Explanation: The French Revolution led to the Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to
transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body disaster in 1914.
of French citizens. 17. Option (D) is correct.
4. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: Germania became the allegory of the
8. Option (A) is correct. German nation.

REFLECTION
1. Were you able to think about the advent of the idea of nationalism in Europe?
2. Were you able to recall the contribution of the common man in the emergence of nation state and
nationalism?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI CONCEPTS
PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION
INTEGRATED
Chapter Covered Chapter 1: Nationalism in Europe
Name of the Book India and the Contemporary World - 2, Class 10, NCERT
Subject and Artificial AI Tools: Problem scoping Decision tree, Inkle writer or
Intelligence Dungeon, Google lens integrated with Nationalism in
Integrated Europe
Learning To understand the role of middle class in the making of
Objectives Nationalism in Europe in the Post Napoleonic period
Time Required 2-3 periods of 40 minutes each
Classroom Flexible
Arrangement
Material Required Pen, Paper, Black/Green Board, chalk, Map of Europe,
Smart board, Internet, Laptops
Pre – Preparation • 
Teacher to discuss and explain about What do the
Activities students understand about nation- state?
• 
What is nationalism?
• 
Students will observe a Map of mid eighteenth century
Europe
Previous Knowledge  he factors that led to French revolution, Rise of Napoleon
T
and the impact of his reforms on Europe
Introduction Questions for Discussion: Problem scoping by 4W
• Who are the middle class people? Canvas
• How did the middle class emerge in the late eighteenth
century?
• Do you think they were happy with the ways the
aristocrats in Europe lived? If not, why?
• What were the changes the middle class wanted to
bring?
• Why do you think the middle class always want a
change in the society?
• How do they bring changes?
24 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

• Were there any changes in the European society during

the reign of Napoleon?
• Did the situation change after Napoleon’s defeat?
• Why people revolt? In what ways?
Methodology Children are divided into groups of 5 Problem scoping
• They would be asked to discuss in the group the idea by 4W Canvas
of Liberalism and how was it developing the feeling of
nationalism in the minds of the Middle class Europeans.
• They will make mind maps /system mapping using
LOOPY/ Problem scoping by using 4w Canvas to build
up the idea of Liberalism in the context of social, political
and economic factors Loopy
http://ncase.me/loopy/
• They will now be asked to discuss in groups and each
group will develop a story based on the Treaty of Vienna
(1815) after the defeat of Napoleon. They can use Inkle
writer to develop their stories.
www.inklewriter.com

https://play.aidungeon.io/
• The students discuss about the rise of the revolutionaries
and their operations in the post Napoleonic period. They
can discuss about their modus operandi (insurrection Decision tree
and/ or education to the people) by using the Decision
tree.
• The Students can also use the Google Lens to study
about the pictures of caricatures and paintings as a Google Lens
source of history
• The students relate the maps of 19th century map of
Europe with the recent one with the help of Google Google map
Map
Learning Outcomes Students will be able to
• Explain the rise of middle class in the second half of 18th
century.
• Explain the demands of the middle class.
• Analyse the idea of Liberal Nationalism in the context of
social, political and economical issues.
• Explain the topics with the help of 4W Canvas and
Loopy
• Analyse the reasons for the rise of revolutionaries after
the Treaty of Vienna.
• Develop stories and write report with the help of
Inklewriter or Dungeon
• Explain the work of secret revolutionaries under the
leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini against the conservative
order
• Explain the operations of the revolutionaries with the
help of Decision Tree
• Explain the topics with the help of caricatures and
paintings with the help of Google Lens
• Relate the mid Nineteenth century map of Europe and
the recent map with the help of Google Map
Follow up Activities Students will listen to each other and learn from their peers Inkle writer
during the presentation
They will write a report on the Problems arising after the
reinstatement of Conservative Order of 1815 and the rise of
Nationalism in Europe during that period with Inklewriter
www.inklewriter.com
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 25

Reflections • They will research about the political condition of Google Map
India from late Eighteenth Century till mid Nineteenth
Century.
• Discuss on the feeling of nationalism among the Indians
and its backdrop.
• Research on rise of Revolutionaries and their operations
in India.
• 4. Relate the empires and regions of Europe in the mid
Nineteenth Century with the present countries with the
help of Google Map

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