Brunei

Brunei
Brunei,[b] officially Brunei Darussalam,[c][d] is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern
coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely
surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of
Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided
between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2023, the country had a
population of 455,858,[11] of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the capital and largest city of
Bandar Seri Begawan. Its official language is Malay and Islam is the state religion of the country,
although other religions are nominally tolerated. The government of Brunei is a constitutional
absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, and it implements a fusion of English common law and
jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia.
At the Bruneian Empire's peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1528), the state is claimed
to have had control over the most of Borneo, including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, as well as
the Sulu archipelago and the islands off the northwestern tip of Borneo. There are also claims to its
historical control over Seludong, the site of the modern Philippine capital of Manila, but Southeast
Asian scholars believe the name of the location in question is actually in reference to Mount
Selurong, in Indonesia.[18] The maritime state of Brunei was visited by the surviving crew of the
Magellan Expedition in 1521, and in 1578 it fought against Spain in the Castilian War.
During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. The Sultanate ceded Sarawak
(Kuching) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British
North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned
a British resident as colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, a
new constitution was written in 1959. In 1962, a small armed rebellion against the monarchy which
was indirectly related to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation was ended with British assistance
and led to the ban of the pro-independent Brunei People's Party. The revolt had also influenced the
Sultan's decision not to join the Malaysian Federation while it was being formed. Britain's
protectorate over Brunei would eventually end on 1 January 1984, becoming a fully sovereign state.
Brunei has been led by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967, and the country's unicameral
legislature, the Legislative Council, is simply consultative and are all appointed by the Sultan. The
country's wealth derives from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. Economic growth
during the 1990s and 2000s has transformed Brunei into an industrialised country, with its GDP
increasing 56% between 1999 and 2008. Political stability is maintained by the House of Bolkiah by
providing a welfare state for its citizens, with free or significant subsidies in regards to housing,
healthcare and education. It ranks "very high" on
Brunei Darussalam
the Human Development Index (HDI)—the
Negara Brunei Darussalam (Malay)
second-highest among Southeast Asian states
after Singapore, which it maintains close relations
with including a Currency Interchangeability
Agreement. According to the International
Flag Emblem
Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei is ranked ninth in the
world by gross domestic product per capita at Motto:
‫الدائمون المحسنون بالهدى‬‎
purchasing power parity. Brunei is a member of Ad-dāʾimūna al-muḥsinūna bi-l-hudā
the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, (Sentiasa membuat kebajikan dengan petunjuk
Allah)
the East Asia Summit, the Organisation of Islamic Always in service with God's guidance
Cooperation the Non-Aligned Movement, the
Anthem:
Commonwealth of Nations, and ASEAN. Allah Peliharakan Sultan
‎ ‫ﷲ ڤليهاراکن سلطا‬
‫ن‬
God Bless the Sultan
Etymology
1:05
According to local historiography, Brunei was

founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan
Muhammad Shah, reigning around AD 1400. He
moved from Garang in the Temburong District[19]
to the Brunei River estuary, discovering Brunei.
According to legend, upon landing he exclaimed,
Baru nah (loosely translated as "that's it!" or
"there"), from which the name "Brunei" was
derived.[20] He was the first Muslim ruler of
Brunei.[21] Before the rise of the Bruneian Empire Show globe
Show map of south-east Asia
under the Muslim Bolkiah dynasty, Brunei is Show all
believed to have been under Buddhist rulers.[22] Location of Brunei (green)
in the ASEAN (dark grey) – [Legend]
It was renamed "Barunai" in the 14th century,
Capital Bandar Seri Begawan
possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word "varuṇ" and largest city 4°53.417′N
(वरुण), meaning "seafarers".[23] The word "Borneo" 114°56.533′E (http
s://geohack.toolforg
is of the same origin. In the country's full name, e.org/geohack.php?p
Negara Brunei Darussalam, darussalam (Arabic: ‫دار‬ agename=Brunei&par
ams=4_53.417_N_11
‫ )السالم‬means "abode of peace", while negara 4_56.533_E_type:city
means "country" in Malay. A shortened version of (290,000)_region:BN-
BM)
the Malay official name, "Brunei Darussalam", has
also entered common usage, particularly in Official language Malay[1]
official contexts, and is present in the United
Other languages Brunei Malay · Brunei
Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names and dialects[2][3][4] English · Tutong ·
Kedayan · Belait ·
geographical database,[24] as well as the official Chinese (Hokkien,
ASEAN[25] and Commonwealth[26] listings. Hakka Chinese,
Standard Chinese
and Cantonese) ·
The earliest recorded documentation by the West Murut · Dusun ·
about Brunei is by an Italian known as Ludovico di Brunei Bisaya
Varthema. On his documentation back to 1550; Official scripts Malay alphabet
(Rumi)
Jawi alphabet[5]
We arrived at the island of Bornei
(Brunei or Borneo), which is distant Ethnic groups 73.7% Malays
[6] 9.6% Chinese
(2023)
from the Maluch about two hundred 16.6% others
miles [three hundred kilometres],
Religion (2021)[6] 82.1% Sunni Islam
and we found that it was somewhat (official)
6.7% Christianity
larger than the aforesaid and much 6.3% Buddhism
lower. The people are pagans and are 4.9% other (includes
Indigenous beliefs)
men of goodwill. Their colour is
whiter than that of the other sort ... Demonym(s) Bruneian
in this island justice is well Government Unitary Islamic

absolute monarchy
administered ...[27]
• Sultan and Prime Hassanal Bolkiah

History Minister
• Crown Prince and Al-Muhtadee Billah

Senior Minister
Early history
Legislature none[a]
Areas comprising
Formation
what is now
Brunei
• Sultanate c. 1368
participated in the established
Maritime Jade • British protected 17 September 1888
Road, as state
ascertained by • Independence from 1 January 1984

The tomb of a Bruneian king in
the United
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China archeological
Kingdom
research. The
Area
trading network existed for 3,000 years, between
2000 BC to 1000 AD.[28][29][30][31] The settlement • Total 5,765[10] km2
known as Vijayapura was a vassal-state to the (2,226 sq mi) (164th)
Buddhist Srivijaya empire and was thought to be • Water (%) 8.6

located in Borneo's Northwest which flourished in Population
[32]
the 7th Century. Vijayapura itself upon earlier in
• 2020 estimate 460,345[11] (169th)
its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-
ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, • 2016 census 417,256
Funan Civilization; previously located in what is • Density 72.11/km2

(186.8/sq mi) (134th)
now Cambodia.[33]: 36 This alternative Srivijaya
known as Vijayapura referring to Brunei, was GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza".[34] • Total $33.875 billion[12]

(145th)
One of the earliest Chinese records of an
• Per capita $76,864[12] (9th)
independent kingdom in Borneo is the 977 AD
GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate
letter to the Chinese emperor from the ruler of
Boni, which some scholars believe to refer to • Total $15.783 billion[12]
(122nd)
Borneo.[35] The Bruneians regained their
independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a • Per capita $35,813[12] (23rd)
Javanese-Sumatran war.[36] In 1225, the Chinese HDI (2022) 0.823[13]

very high (55th)
official Zhao Rukuo reported that Boni had 100
warships to protect its trade, and that there was Currency Brunei dollar (BND)
great wealth in the kingdom.[37] Marco Polo Time zone UTC+8 (Brunei
suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or Standard Time)
the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and Drives on left

failed many times in invading "Great Java" which Calling code +673[c]
was the European name for Bruneian controlled
ISO 3166 code BN
Borneo.[38]
Internet TLD .bn[14]
According to Wang Zhenping, in the 1300s, the
a. ^ Also 080 from East Malaysia.
Yuan Dade nanhai zhi or "Yuan dynasty Dade
period southern sea records" reported that Brunei
or administered Sarawak and Sabah as well as the Philippine kingdoms of Butuan, Sulu, Ma-i
(Mindoro), Malilu 麻裏蘆 (Manila), Shahuchong 沙胡重 (Siocon or Zamboanga), Yachen 啞陳 Oton,
and 文杜陵 Wenduling (Mindanao),[39] which would regain their independence at a later date.[40]
In the 14th century, the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365,
mentioned Barune as the constituent state of Hindu Majapahit,[41] which had to make an annual
tribute of 40 katis of camphor. In 1369, Sulu which was also formerly part of Majapahit, had
successfully rebelled and then attacked Boni, and had invaded the Northeast Coast of Borneo[42]
and afterwards had looted the capital of its treasure and gold including sacking two sacred pearls.
A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Boni was left weaker after the
attack.[43] A Chinese report from 1371 described Boni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit.[44]
When the Chinese admiral Zheng He visited the Brunei in the early 15th century, he founded a major
trading port which included Chinese people who were actively trading with China.[45]
During the 15th century, Boni had seceded from Majapahit and then converted to Islam. Thus
transforming into the independent Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei became a Hashemite state when she
allowed the Arab Emir of Mecca, Sharif Ali, to become her third sultan.
As customary for close affiliation and alliances in Southeast Asia, the royal family of Luzon
intermarried with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei.[46] Intermarriage was a common
strategy for Southeast Asian states to extend their influence.[47] However, Islamic Brunei's power
was not uncontested in Borneo since it had a Hindu rival in a state founded by Indians called Kutai
in the south which they overpowered but didn't destroy.
Nevertheless, by the 16th century, Islam was firmly rooted in Brunei, and the country had built one of
its biggest mosques. In 1578, Alonso Beltrán, a Spanish traveller, described it as being five stories
tall and built on the water.[48]
War with Spain and decline
Brunei territorial losses from 1400 to

1890
Brunei briefly rose to prominence in Southeast Asia when the Portuguese occupied Malacca and
thereby forced the wealthy and powerful but displaced Muslim refugees there to relocate to nearby
Sultanates such as Brunei. The Bruneian Sultan then intervened in a territorial conflict between
Hindu Tondo and Muslim Manila in the Philippines by appointing the Bruneian descended Rajah
Ache of Manila as admiral of the Bruneian navy in a rivalry against Tondo and as the enforcer of
Bruneian interests in the Philippines. He subsequently encountered the Magellan expedition[49]
wherein Antonio Pigafetta noted that under orders from his grandfather the Sultan of Brunei, Ache
had previously sacked the Buddhist city of Loue in Southwest Borneo for being faithful to the old
religion and rebelling against the authority of Sultanate.[50] However, European influence gradually
brought an end to Brunei's regional power, as Brunei entered a period of decline compounded by
internal strife over royal succession. In the face of these invasions by European Christian powers,
the Ottoman Caliphate aided the beleaguered Southeast Asian Sultanates by making Aceh a
protectorate and sending expeditions to reinforce, train and equip the local mujahideen.[51] Turks
were routinely migrating to Brunei as evidenced by the complaints of Manila Oidor Melchor Davalos
who in his 1585 report, say that Turks were coming to Sumatra, Borneo and Ternate every year,
including defeated veterans from the Battle of Lepanto.[52]
Spain declared war in 1578, planning to attack and capture Kota Batu, Brunei's capital at the time.
This was based in part on the assistance of two Bruneian noblemen, Pengiran Seri Lela and
Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had travelled to Manila, then the centre of the Spanish colony.
Manila itself was captured from Brunei, Christianised and made a territory of the Viceroyalty of New
Spain which was centered in Mexico City. Pengiran Seri Lela came to offer Brunei as a tributary to
Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal.[53] The Spanish agreed that if
they succeeded in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela would be appointed as the sultan, while
Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara.
Brunei (汶莱國) delegates in Beijing,

China, in 1761. 萬國來朝圖
In March 1578, a fresh Spanish fleet had arrived from Mexico and settled at the Philippines. They
were led by De Sande, acting as Capitán-General. He organized an expedition from Manila for
Brunei, consisting of 400 Spaniards and Mexicans, 1,500 Filipino natives, and 300 Borneans.[54] The
campaign was one of many, which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu.[55][56] The racial
make-up of the Christian side was diverse since it were usually made up of Mestizos, Mulattoes and
Amerindians (Aztecs, Mayans and Incans) who were gathered and sent from Mexico and were led
by Spanish officers who had worked together with native Filipinos in military campaigns across the
Southeast Asia.[57] The Muslim side was also equally racially diverse. In addition to the native Malay
warriors, the Ottomans had repeatedly sent military expeditions to nearby Aceh. The expeditions
were composed mainly of Turks, Egyptians, Swahilis, Somalis, Sindhis, Gujaratis and Malabars.[58]
These expeditionary forces had also spread to other nearby Sultanates such as Brunei and had
taught new fighting tactics and techniques on how to forge cannons.[59]
Eventually, the Spanish captured the capital on 16 April 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and
Pengiran Seri Ratna. The Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were
forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong. In Jerudong, they made plans to chase the conquering
army away from Brunei. Suffering high fatalities due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak,[60][61] the
Spanish decided to abandon Brunei and returned to Manila on 26 June 1578, after 72 days.[62]
Pengiran Seri Lela died in August or September 1578, probably from the same illness suffered by his
Spanish allies. There was suspicion that the legitimist sultan could have been poisoned by the ruling
sultan. Seri Lela's daughter, a Bruneian princess, "Putri", had left with the Spanish, she abandoned
her claim to the crown and then she married a Christian Tagalog, named Agustín de Legazpi de
Tondo.[63] Agustin de Legaspi along with his family and associates were soon implicated in the
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, an attempt by Filipinos to link up with the Brunei Sultanate and
Japanese Shogunate to expel the Spaniards from the Philippines.[64] However, upon the Spanish
suppression of the conspiracy, the Bruneian descended aristocracy of precolonial Manila were
exiled to Guerrero, Mexico which consequently later became a center of the Mexican war of
independence against Spain.[65][66]
The local Brunei accounts[67] of the Castilian War differ greatly from the generally accepted view of
events. What was called the Castilian War was seen as a heroic episode, with the Spaniards being
driven out by Bendahara Sakam, purportedly a brother of the ruling sultan, and a thousand native
warriors. Most historians consider this to be a folk-hero account, which probably developed
decades or centuries after.[68]
Brunei eventually descended into anarchy. The country suffered a civil war from 1660 to 1673.
British intervention
British adventurer James Brooke

negotiating with the Sultan of Brunei,
which led to the signing of the Treaty
of Labuan, 1846
Boundaries of Brunei (green) since

1890
The British have intervened in the affairs of Brunei on several occasions. Britain attacked Brunei in
July 1846 due to internal conflicts over who was the rightful Sultan.[69]
In the 1880s, the decline of the Bruneian Empire continued. The sultan granted land (now Sarawak)
to James Brooke, who had helped him quell a rebellion, and allowed him to establish the Raj of
Sarawak. Over time, Brooke and his nephews (who succeeded him) leased or annexed more land.
Brunei lost much of its territory to him and his dynasty, known as the White Rajahs.
Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin appealed to the British to stop further encroachment by the
Brookes.[70] The "Treaty of Protection" was negotiated by Sir Hugh Low and signed into effect on 17
September 1888. The treaty said that the sultan "could not cede or lease any territory to foreign
powers without British consent"; it provided Britain effective control over Brunei's external affairs,
making it a British protected state (which continued until 1984).[71][72] But, when the Raj of Sarawak
annexed Brunei's Pandaruan District in 1890,[73] the British did not take any action to stop it. They
did not regard either Brunei or the Raj of Sarawak as 'foreign' (per the Treaty of Protection). This final
annexation by Sarawak left Brunei with its current small land mass and separation into two parts.[74]
British residents were introduced in Brunei under the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement in
1906.[75][76] The residents were to advise the sultan on all matters of administration. Over time, the
resident assumed more executive control than the sultan. The residential system ended in 1959.[77]
Discovery of oil
Petroleum was discovered in 1929 after several fruitless attempts.[78] Two men, F. F. Marriot and T.
G. Cochrane, smelled oil near the Seria river in late 1926.[79] They informed a geophysicist, who
conducted a survey there. In 1927, gas seepages were reported in the area. Seria Well Number One
(S-1) was drilled on 12 July 1928. Oil was struck at 297 metres (974 ft) on 5 April 1929. Seria Well
Number 2 was drilled on 19 August 1929, and, as of 2009, continues to produce oil.[80] Oil
production was increased considerably in the 1930s with the development of more oil fields. In
1940, oil production was at more than six million barrels.[80] The British Malayan Petroleum
Company (now Brunei Shell Petroleum Company) was formed on 22 July 1922.[81] The first offshore
well was drilled in 1957.[82] Oil and natural gas have been the basis of Brunei's development and
wealth since the late 20th century.
Japanese occupation
Ahmad Tajuddin, the 27th Sultan of

Brunei, with members of his court in
April 1941, eight months before the
Japanese invaded Brunei
The Japanese invaded Brunei on 16 December 1941, eight days after their attack on Pearl Harbor
and the United States Navy. They landed 10,000 troops of the Kawaguchi Detachment from Cam
Ranh Bay at Kuala Belait. After six days' fighting, they occupied the entire country. The only Allied
troops in the area were the 2nd Battalion of the 15th Punjab Regiment based at Kuching,
Sarawak.[83]
Once the Japanese occupied Brunei, they made an agreement with Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin over
governing the country. Inche Ibrahim (known later as Pehin Datu Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama
Awang Haji Ibrahim), a former Secretary to the British Resident, Ernest Edgar Pengilly, was
appointed chief administrative officer under the Japanese Governor. The Japanese had proposed
that Pengilly retain his position under their administration, but he declined. Both he and other British
nationals still in Brunei were interned by the Japanese at Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak. While the
British officials were under Japanese guard, Ibrahim made a point of personally shaking each one by
the hand and wishing him well.[84][85]
The Sultan retained his throne and was given a pension and honours by the Japanese. During the
later part of the occupation, he resided at Tantuya, Limbang and had little to do with the Japanese.
Most of the Malay government officers were retained by the Japanese. Brunei's administration was
reorganised into five prefectures, which included British North Borneo. The Prefectures included
Baram, Labuan, Lawas, and Limbang. Ibrahim hid numerous significant government documents
from the Japanese during the occupation. Pengiran Yusuf (later YAM Pengiran Setia Negara
Pengiran Haji Mohd Yusuf), along with other Bruneians, was sent to Japan for training. Although in
the area the day of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Yusuf survived.
The British had anticipated a Japanese attack, but lacked the resources to defend the area because
of their engagement in the war in Europe. The troops from the Punjab Regiment filled in the Seria
oilfield oilwells with concrete in September 1941 to deny the Japanese their use. The remaining
equipment and installations were destroyed when the Japanese invaded Malaya. By the end of the
war, 16 wells at Miri and Seria had been restarted, with production reaching about half the pre-war
level. Coal production at Muara was also recommenced, but with little success.
Nagato, Tone, Yamato and Musashi in

Brunei Bay in October 1944
During the occupation, the Japanese had their language taught in schools, and Government officers
were required to learn Japanese. The local currency was replaced by what was to become known as
duit pisang (banana money). From 1943 hyper-inflation destroyed the currency's value and, at the
end of the war, this currency was worthless. Allied attacks on shipping eventually caused trade to
cease. Food and medicine fell into short supply, and the population suffered from famine and
disease.
The airport runway was constructed by the Japanese during the occupation, and in 1943 Japanese
naval units were based in Brunei Bay and Labuan. The naval base was destroyed by Allied bombing,
but the airport runway survived. The facility was developed as a public airport. In 1944 the Allies
began a bombing campaign against the occupying Japanese, which destroyed much of the town
and Kuala Belait, but missed Kampong Ayer.[86]
Major-General Wootten of the

Australian 9th Division with
Lieutenant-General Masao Baba
(signing) of the Japanese 37th
Division at the surrender ceremony at
Labuan on 10 September 1945
On 10 June 1945, the Australian 9th Division landed at Muara under Operation Oboe Six to recapture
Borneo from the Japanese. They were supported by American air and naval units. Brunei town was
bombed extensively and recaptured after three days of heavy fighting. Many buildings were
destroyed, including the Mosque. The Japanese forces in Brunei, Borneo, and Sarawak, under
Lieutenant-General Masao Baba, formally surrendered at Labuan on 10 September 1945. The British
Military Administration took over from the Japanese and remained until July 1946.
Post-World War II
After World War II, a new government was formed in Brunei under the British Military Administration
(BMA). It consisted mainly of Australian officers and servicemen.[87] The administration of Brunei
was passed to the Civil Administration on 6 July 1945. The Brunei State Council was also revived
that year.[88] The BMA was tasked to revive the Bruneian economy, which was extensively damaged
by the Japanese during their occupation. They also had to put out the fires on the wells of Seria,
which had been set by the Japanese prior to their defeat.[88]
Before 1941, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, was responsible for the
duties of British High Commissioner for Brunei, Sarawak, and North Borneo (now Sabah).[89] The
first British High Commissioner for Brunei was the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Ardon Clarke.
The Barisan Pemuda ("Youth Front"; abbreviated as BARIP) was the first political party to be formed
in Brunei, on 12 April 1946. The party intended to "preserve the sovereignty of the Sultan and the
country, and to defend the rights of the Malays".[90] BARIP also contributed to the composition of the
country's national anthem. The party was dissolved in 1948 due to inactivity.
In 1959, a new constitution was written declaring Brunei a self-governing state, while its foreign
affairs, security, and defence remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom.[91] A small rebellion
erupted against the monarchy in 1962, which was suppressed with help of the UK.[92] Known as the
Brunei Revolt, the rebellion contributed to the Sultan's decision to opt out of joining the emerging
state now called Malaysia under the umbrella of North Borneo Federation.[91]
Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984.[91] The official
National Day, which celebrates the country's independence, is held by tradition on 23 February.[93]
Writing of the Constitution
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III
In July 1953, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III formed a seven-member committee named Tujuh
Serangkai, to determine the citizens' views regarding a written constitution for Brunei. In May 1954,
the Sultan, Resident and High Commissioner met to discuss the findings of the committee. They
agreed to authorise the drafting of a constitution. In March 1959, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III led a
delegation to London to discuss the proposed Constitution.[94] The British delegation was led by Sir
Alan Lennox-Boyd, Secretary of State for the Colonies. The British Government later accepted the
draft constitution.
On 29 September 1959, the Constitution Agreement was signed in Brunei Town. The agreement was
signed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sir Robert Scott, the Commissioner-General for
Southeast Asia. It included the following provisions:[75]
The Sultan was made the Supreme Head of State.
Brunei was responsible for its internal administration.
The British Government was responsible for foreign and defence affairs only.
The post of Resident was abolished and replaced by a British High Commissioner.
Five councils were established:[95]
The Executive Council
The Legislative Council of Brunei
The Privy Council
The Council of Succession
The State Religious Council
National development plans
A series of National Development Plans was initiated by the 28th Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali
Saifuddien III.
The first was introduced in 1953.[96] A total sum of B$100 million was approved by the Brunei State
Council for the plan. E.R. Bevington, from the Colonial Office in Fiji, was appointed to implement
it.[97] A US$14 million Gas Plant was built under the plan. In 1954, survey and exploration work were
undertaken by the Brunei Shell Petroleum on both offshore and onshore fields. By 1956, production
reached 114,700 bpd.
British soldiers in the British
protectorate of Brunei on guard in the
Seria oilfield, January 1963
The plan also aided the development of public education. By 1958, expenditure on education
totalled at $4 million.[97] Communications were improved, as new roads were built and
reconstruction at Berakas Airport was completed in 1954.[98]
The second National Development Plan was launched in 1962.[98] A major oil and gas field was
discovered in 1963. Developments in the oil and gas sector have continued, and oil production has
steadily increased since then.[99] The plan also promoted the production of meat and eggs for
consumption by citizens. The fishing industry increased its output by 25% throughout the course of
the plan. The deepwater port at Muara was also constructed during this period. Power requirements
were met, and studies were made to provide electricity to rural areas.[99] Efforts were made to
eradicate malaria, an endemic disease in the region, with the help of the World Health Organization.
Malaria cases were reduced from 300 cases in 1953 to only 66 cases in 1959.[100] The death rate
was reduced from 20 per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 per thousand in 1953.[100] Infectious disease has
been prevented by public sanitation and improvement of drainage, and the provision of piped pure
water to the population.[100]
Independence
On 14 November 1971, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah left for London to discuss matters regarding the
amendments to the 1959 constitution. A new agreement was signed on 23 November 1971 with the
British representative being Anthony Royle.[101]
Under this agreement, the following terms were agreed upon:
Brunei was granted full internal self-government
The UK would still be responsible for external affairs and defence.

Brunei and the UK agreed to share the responsibility for security and defence.
This agreement also caused Gurkha units to be deployed in Brunei, where they remain up to this day.
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (right),

handing his credentials to
ambassador Janin Erih in 2004
On 7 January 1979, another treaty was signed between Brunei and the United Kingdom. It was
signed with Lord Goronwy-Roberts being the representative of the UK. This agreement granted
Brunei to take over international responsibilities as an independent nation. Britain agreed to assist
Brunei in diplomatic matters. In May 1983, it was announced by the UK that the date of
independence of Brunei would be 1 January 1984.[102]
On 31 December 1983, a mass gathering was held on main mosques on all four of the districts of
the country and at midnight, on 1 January 1984, the Proclamation of Independence was read by
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The sultan subsequently assumed the title "His Majesty", rather than the
previous "His Royal Highness".[103] Brunei was admitted to the United Nations on 22 September
1984, becoming the organisation's 159th member.[104]
21st century
In October 2013, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah announced his intention to impose Penal Code from
Sharia on the country's Muslims, which make up roughly two thirds of the country's population.[105]
This would be implemented in three phases, culminating in 2016, and making Brunei the first and
only country in East Asia to introduce Sharia into its penal code, excluding the subnational
Indonesian special territory of Aceh.[106] The move attracted international criticism,[107] the United
Nations expressing "deep concern".[108]
Geography
A topographic and geographic limits map of

Brunei
Brunei is a southeast Asian country consisting of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,765
square kilometres (2,226 sq mi) on the island of Borneo. It has 161 kilometres (100 mi) of coastline
next to the South China Sea, and it shares a 381 km (237 mi) border with Malaysia. It has 500
square kilometres (193 sq mi) of territorial waters, and a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi)
exclusive economic zone.[71]
About 97% of the population lives in the larger western part (Belait, Tutong, and Brunei-Muara), while
only about 10,000 people live in the mountainous eastern part (Temburong District). The total
population of Brunei is approximately 408,000 as of July 2010, of which around 150,000 live in the
capital Bandar Seri Begawan.[109] Other major towns are the port town of Muara, the oil-producing
town of Seria and its neighbouring town, Kuala Belait. In Belait District, the Panaga area is home to
large numbers of Europeans expatriates, due to Royal Dutch Shell and British Army housing, and
several recreational facilities are located there.[110]
Most of Brunei is within the Borneo lowland rain forests ecoregion, which covers most of the island.
Areas of mountain rain forests are located inland.[111]
The climate of Brunei is tropical equatorial that is a tropical rainforest climate[71] more subject to the
Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds and with no or rare cyclones. Brunei is exposed
to the risks stemming from climate change along with other ASEAN member states.[112][113]
Politics and government
Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of

Brunei.
Brunei's political system is governed by the constitution and the national tradition of the Malay
Islamic Monarchy (Melayu Islam Beraja; MIB). The three components of MIB cover Malay culture,
Islamic religion, and the political framework under the monarchy.[114] It has a legal system based on
English common law, although Islamic law (sharia) supersedes this in some cases.[71] Brunei has a
parliament but there are no elections; the last election was held in 1962.[115]
Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, the Sultan, currently Hassanal Bolkiah, is the head of state with full
executive authority. Following the Brunei Revolt of 1962, this authority has included emergency
powers, which are renewed every two years, meaning that Brunei has technically been under martial
law since then.[91] Hassanal Bolkiah also serves as the state's prime minister, finance minister and
defence minister.[116]
Foreign relations
Brunei's Sultan and Foreign Minister

Hassanal Bolkiah meets with U.S.
President Barack Obama, 18
November 2015
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah with

Indonesian President Joko Widodo, 6
October 2017
Until 1979, Brunei's foreign relations were managed by the UK government. After that, they were
handled by the Brunei Diplomatic Service. After independence in 1984, this Service was upgraded to
ministerial level and is now known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[117]
Officially, Brunei's foreign policy is as follows:[118]
Mutual respect of others' territorial sovereignty, integrity and independence;
The maintenance of friendly relations among nations;
Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries; and
The maintenance and the promotion of peace, security and stability in the region.
With its traditional ties with the United Kingdom, Brunei became the 49th member of the
Commonwealth immediately on the day of its independence on 1 January 1984.[119] As one of its
first initiatives toward improved regional relations, Brunei joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984,
becoming the sixth member. To achieve recognition of its sovereignty and independence, it joined
the United Nations as a full member on 21 September of that same year.[120]
As an Islamic country, Brunei became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference
(now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) in January 1984 at the Fourth Islamic Summit held in
Morocco.[121]
After its accession to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) in 1989, Brunei hosted
the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000 and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in
July 2002.[122] Brunei became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1
January 1995,[123] and is a major player in BIMP-EAGA, which was formed during the Inaugural
Ministers' Meeting in Davao, Philippines, on 24 March 1994.[124]
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and Vladimir

Putin during APEC 2000
Brunei shares a close relationship with Singapore and the Philippines. In April 2009, Brunei and the
Philippines signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral
co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and
investments.[125]
Brunei is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed Spratly Islands.[126] The status of
Limbang as part of Sarawak has been disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in
1890.[126] The issue was reportedly settled in 2009, with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in
exchange for Malaysia giving up claims to oil fields in Bruneian waters.[127] The Brunei government
denies this and says that their claim on Limbang was never dropped.[128][129]
Brunei was the chair for ASEAN in 2013.[130] It also hosted the ASEAN summit on that same
year.[131]
Military
Brunei maintains three infantry battalions stationed around the country.[91] The Brunei navy has
several "Ijtihad"-class patrol boats purchased from a German manufacturer. The United Kingdom
also maintains a base in Seria, the centre of the oil industry in Brunei. A Gurkha battalion consisting
of 1,500 personnel is stationed there.[91] United Kingdom military personnel are stationed there
under a defence agreement signed between the two countries.[91]
A Bell 212 operated by the air force crashed in Kuala Belait on 20 July 2012 with the loss of 12 of
the 14 crew on board. The cause of the accident has yet to be ascertained.[132] The crash is the
worst aviation incident in the history of Brunei.
The Army is currently acquiring new equipment,[133] including UAVs and S-70i Black Hawks.[134]
Brunei's Legislative Council proposed an increase of the defence budget for the 2016–17 fiscal year
of about five per cent to 564 million Brunei dollars ($408 million). This amounts to about ten per
cent of the state's total national yearly expenditure and represents around 2.5 per cent of GDP.[135]
Administrative divisions
Brunei is divided into four districts (daerah), namely Brunei-Muara, Belait, Tutong and Temburong.
Brunei-Muara District is the smallest yet the most populous, and home to the country's capital
Bandar Seri Begawan. Belait is the birthplace and centre for the country's oil and gas industry.
Temburong is an exclave and separated from the rest of the country by the Brunei Bay and
Malaysian state of Sarawak. Tutong is home to Tasek Merimbun, the country's largest natural lake.
Each district is divided into several mukims. Altogether there are 39 mukims in Brunei. Each mukim
encompasses several villages (kampung or kampong).
Bandar Seri Begawan and towns in the country (except Muara and Bangar) are administered as
Municipal Board areas (kawasan Lembaga Bandaran). Each municipal area may constitute villages
or mukims, partially or as a whole. Bandar Seri Begawan and a few of the towns also function as
capitals of the districts where they are located.
A district and its constituent mukims and villages are administered by a District Office (Jabatan
Daerah). Meanwhile, municipal areas are governed by Municipal Departments (Jabatan Bandaran).
Both District Offices and Municipal Departments are government departments under the Ministry of
Home Affairs.
Legal system
Brunei has numerous courts in its judicial branch. The highest court, though subject in civil cases to
the appellate jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,[136] is the Supreme Court,
which consists of the Court of Appeal and High Court. Both of these have a chief justice and two
judges.[71]
Women and children
Headscarves called tudong are

compulsory for Brunei's Muslim
schoolgirls
The U.S. Department of State has stated that discrimination against women is a problem in
Brunei.[137] The law prohibits sexual harassment and stipulates that whoever assaults or uses
criminal force, intending thereby to outrage or knowing it is likely to outrage the modesty of a
person, shall be punished with imprisonment for as much as five years and caning. The law
stipulates imprisonment of up to 30 years, and caning with not fewer than 12 strokes for rape. The
law does not criminalise spousal rape; it explicitly states that sexual intercourse by a man with his
wife, as long as she is not under 13 years of age, is not rape. Protections against sexual assault by a
spouse are provided under the amended Islamic Family Law Order 2010 and Married Women Act
Order 2010. The penalty for breaching a protection order is a fine not exceeding BN$2,000 or
imprisonment not exceeding six months. By law, sexual intercourse with a female under 14 years of
age constitutes rape and is punishable by imprisonment for not less than eight years and not more
than 30 years and not less than 12 strokes of the cane. The intent of the law is to protect girls from
exploitation through prostitution and "other immoral purposes", including pornography.[137]
Bruneian citizenship is derived through parents' nationality rather than jus soli. Parents with
stateless status are required to apply for a special pass for a child born in the country. Failure to
register a child may make it difficult to enroll the child in school.
LGBT rights
Male and female homosexuality is illegal in Brunei. Sexual relations between men are punishable by
death or whipping; sex between women is punishable by caning or imprisonment.
In May 2019, the Brunei government extended its existing moratorium on the death penalty to the
Sharia criminal code as well that made homosexual acts punishable with death by stoning.[138]
In 2019, Brunei announced that it would no longer be implementing the second phase of its
controversial sharia penal code. The code, which was first introduced in 2014, included a range of
punishments for crimes such as theft, drug offences, and same-sex relationships, including
amputation and death by stoning.
The decision to halt the implementation of the second phase of the code came after significant
international backlash and pressure from countries and human rights organizations, who criticized
the harsh punishments as inhumane and a violation of human rights.
The government of Brunei stated that the decision was made in order to maintain peace and
stability in the country, and to avoid any negative impact on the economy and reputation of the
country. The Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, also issued a statement saying that the country
would continue to "strengthen and improve" its legal system in line with international norms and
best practices.
It is worth mentioning that the first phase of the sharia penal code, which includes fines and
imprisonment for offenses such as failure to attend Friday prayers and consuming alcohol, remains
in place.
Religious rights
Brunei International Airport Mosque
In The Laws of Brunei, the right of non-Muslims to practice their faith is guaranteed by the 1959
Constitution. However, celebrations and prayers must be confined to places of worship and private
residences.[139] Upon adopting Sharia Penal Code, the Ministry of Religious Affairs banned
Christmas decorations in public places, but did not forbid celebration of Christmas in places of
worship and private premises.[140] On 25 December 2015, 4,000 out of 18,000 estimated local
Catholics attended the mass of Christmas Day and Christmas Eve.[139] In 2015, the then-head of the
Catholic Church in Brunei told The Brunei Times, "To be quite honest there has been no change for
us this year; no new restrictions have been laid down, although we fully respect and adhere to the
existing regulations that our celebrations and worship be [confined] to the compounds of the church
and private residences".[139]
Brunei's revised penal code came into force in phases, commencing on 22 April 2014 with offences
punishable by fines or imprisonment.[141][142] The complete code, due for final implementation later,
stipulated the death penalty for numerous offenses (both violent and non-violent), such as insult or
defamation of Muhammad, insulting any verses of the Quran and Hadith, blasphemy, declaring
oneself a prophet or non-Muslim, robbery, rape, adultery, sodomy, extramarital sexual relations for
Muslims, and murder. Stoning to death was the specified "method of execution for crimes of a
sexual nature". Rupert Colville, spokesperson for the Office of the UN High Commissioner for
Human Rights (OHCHR) declared that, "Application of the death penalty for such a broad range of
offences contravenes international law."[143]
Animal rights
Brunei is the first country in Asia to have banned shark finning nationwide.[144]
Brunei has retained most of its forests, compared to its neighbours that share Borneo island. There
is a public campaign calling to protect pangolins which are considered a threatened treasure in
Brunei.[145]
Economy
BIMP-EAGA meeting in the office of

Brunei Prime Minister on 25 April
2013. From left: Brunei Sultan
Hassanal Bolkiah, Indonesian
President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, Malaysian Representative
and Filipino President Benigno Aquino
III. Brunei is part of the BIMP-EAGA, a
subregional economic co-operation
initiative in Southeast Asia.
Brunei has the second-highest Human Development Index among the Southeast Asian nations, after
Singapore.[146][147] Crude oil and natural gas production account for about 90% of its GDP.[91] About
167,000 barrels (26,600 m3) of oil are produced every day, making Brunei the fourth-largest producer
of oil in Southeast Asia.[91] It also produces approximately 25.3 million cubic metres (890 million
cubic feet) of liquified natural gas per day, making Brunei the ninth-largest gas exporter in the
world.[91] Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of 182, based on its petroleum and
natural gas fields.[148] Brunei was ranked 87th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[149]
Substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production.
Most of these investments are made by the Brunei Investment Agency, an arm of the Ministry of
Finance.[91] The government provides for all medical services,[150] and subsidises rice[151] and
housing.[91]
The national air carrier, Royal Brunei Airlines, is trying to develop Brunei as a hub for international
travel between Europe and Australia/New Zealand. Central to this strategy is the position that the
airline maintains at London Heathrow Airport. It holds a daily slot at the highly capacity-controlled
airport, which it serves from Bandar Seri Begawan via Dubai. The airline also has services to major
Asian destinations including Hong Kong, Bangkok, Singapore and Manila.
Brunei depends heavily on imports such as agricultural products (e.g. rice, food products, livestock,
etc.),[152] vehicles and electrical products from other countries.[153] Brunei imports 60% of its food;
of that amount, around 75% come from other ASEAN countries.[152]
Brunei's leaders are concerned that increasing integration in the world economy will undermine
internal social cohesion and have therefore pursued an isolationist policy. However, it has become a
more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) forum. Brunei's leaders plan to upgrade the labour force, reduce unemployment, which was
at 6.9% in 2014;[154] strengthen the banking and tourism sectors, and, in general, broaden the
economic base.[155] A long-term development plan aims to diversify growth.[156]
The government of Brunei has also promoted food self-sufficiency, especially in rice. Brunei
renamed its Brunei Darussalam Rice 1 as Laila Rice during the launch of the "Padi Planting Towards
Achieving Self-Sufficiency of Rice Production in Brunei Darussalam" ceremony at the Wasan padi
fields in April 2009.[157] In August 2009, the Royal Family reaped the first few Laila padi stalks, after
years of attempts to boost local rice production, a goal first articulated about half a century ago.[158]
In July 2009 Brunei launched its national halal branding scheme, Brunei Halal, with a goal to export
to foreign markets.[159]
In 2020, Brunei's electricity production was largely based on fossil fuels; renewable energy
accounted for less than 1% of produced electricity in the country.[160]
Infrastructure
Royal Brunei Boeing 787 Dreamliner

at London Heathrow Airport.
As of 2019, the country's road network constituted a total length of 3,713.57 kilometres
(2,307.51 mi), out of which 86.8% were paved.[161] The 135-kilometre (84 mi) highway from Muara
Town to Kuala Belait is a dual carriageway.[114]
Brunei is accessible by air, sea, and land transport. Brunei International Airport is the main entry
point to the country. Royal Brunei Airlines[162] is the national carrier. There is another airfield, the
Anduki Airfield, located in Seria. The ferry terminal at Muara services regular connections to Labuan
(Malaysia). Speedboats provide passenger and goods transportation to the Temburong district.[163]
The main highway running across Brunei is the Tutong-Muara Highway. The country's road network
is well developed. Brunei has one main sea port located at Muara.[91]
The airport in Brunei is currently being extensively upgraded.[164] Changi Airport International is the
consultant working on this modernisation, which planned cost is currently $150 million.[165][166] This
project is slated to add 14,000 square metres (150,000 sq ft) of new floorspace and includes a new
terminal and arrival hall.[167] With the completion of this project, the annual passenger capacity of
the airport is expected to double from 1.5 to 3 million.[165]
With one private car for every 2.09 persons, Brunei has one of the highest car ownership rates in the
world. This has been attributed to the absence of a comprehensive transport system, low import
tax, and low unleaded petrol price of B$0.53 per litre.[114]
A new 30-kilometre (19 mi) roadway connecting the Muara and Temburong districts of opened to
traffic on March 17, 2020.[168] Fourteen kilometres (9 mi) of this roadway would be crossing the
Brunei Bay.[169] The bridge cost is $1.6 billion.[170]
Banking
Bank of China received permission to open a branch in Brunei in April 2016. Citibank, which entered
in 1972, closed its operations in Brunei in 2014. HSBC, which had entered in 1947, closed its
operation in Brunei in November 2017.[171] May Bank of Malaysia, RHB Bank of Malaysia, Standard
Chartered Bank of United Kingdom, United Overseas Bank of Singapore and Bank of China are
currently operating in Brunei.
Demographics
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque at

night.
Ethnicities indigenous to Brunei include the Belait, Brunei Bisaya (not to be confused with the
Bisaya/Visaya of the nearby Philippines), indigenous Bruneian Malay, Dusun, Kedayan, Lun Bawang,
Murut and Tutong.
The population of Brunei in 2021 was 445,373,[172][173] of which 76% live in urban areas. The rate of
urbanisation is estimated at 2.13% per year from 2010 to 2015. The average life expectancy is 77.7
years.[174] In 2014, 65.7% of the population were Malay, 10.3% are Chinese, 3.4% are indigenous,
with 20.6% smaller groups making up the rest.[175] There is a relatively large expatriate
community.[176] Most expats come from non-Muslim countries such as Australia, United Kingdom,
South Korea, Japan, The Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and India.
Religion
Religion in Brunei (2021)[6]

Islam 362,035 (82.1%)
Christianity 29,462 (6.7%)
Buddhism 27,745 (6.3%)
Others: indigenous beliefs and
non-religious, Atheist or Agnostic
21,473 (4.9%)
Islam is the official religion of Brunei,[71] specifically that of the Sunni denomination and the Shafi'i
school of Islamic jurisprudence. More than 82% of the population, including the majority of Bruneian
Malays and Kedayans identify as Muslim. Other faiths practised are Christianity (6.7%) Buddhism
(6.3%, mainly by the Chinese).[6] Freethinkers, mostly Chinese, form about 2% of the population.
Although most of them practise some form of religion with elements of Buddhism, Confucianism,
and Taoism, they prefer to present themselves as having practised no religion officially, hence
labelled as atheists in official censuses. Followers of indigenous religions are about 2% of the
population.[177]
Languages
The official language of Brunei is Standard Malay, for which both the Latin alphabet (Rumi) and the
Arabic alphabet (Jawi) are used.[178] Initially, Malay was written in the Jawi script before it switched
to the Latin alphabet around 1941.[179]
The principal spoken language is Melayu Brunei (Brunei Malay). Brunei Malay is rather divergent
from standard Malay and the rest of the Malay dialects, being about 84% cognate with standard
Malay,[180] and is mostly mutually intelligible with it.[181]
English is widely used as a business and official language and it is spoken by a majority of the
population in Brunei. English is used in business as a working language and as the language of
instruction from primary to tertiary education.[182][183][184][185]
Chinese languages are also widely spoken, and the Chinese minority in Brunei speaks a number of
varieties of Chinese.
Arabic is the religious language of Muslims and is taught in schools, particularly religious schools,
and also in institutes of higher learning. As of 2004, there are six Arabic schools and one religious
teachers' college in Brunei. A majority of Brunei's Muslim population has had some form of formal
or informal education in the reading, writing and pronunciation of the Arabic language as part of
their religious education.
Other languages and dialects spoken include Kedayan Malay dialect, Tutong Malay dialect, Murut,
and Dusun.[180]
Culture
Royal Regalia Museum
The culture of Brunei is predominantly Malay (reflecting its ethnicity), with heavy influences from
Islam, but is seen as much more conservative than Indonesia and Malaysia.[186] Influences to
Bruneian culture come from the Malay cultures of the Malay Archipelago. Four periods of cultural
influence have occurred: animist, Hindu, Islamic, and Western. Islam had a very strong influence,
and was adopted as Brunei's ideology and philosophy.[187]
As a Sharia country, the sale and public consumption of alcohol is banned.[188] Non-Muslims are
allowed to bring in a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarkation overseas for their
own private consumption.[114]
Media
Media in Brunei are said to be pro-government; press criticism of the government and monarchy is
rare. The country ranks "Not Free" in media by Freedom House.[189] Nonetheless, the press is not
overtly hostile toward alternative viewpoints and is not restricted to publishing only articles
regarding the government. The government allowed a printing and publishing company, Brunei
Press PLC, to form in 1953. The company continues to print the English daily Borneo Bulletin. This
paper began as a weekly community paper and became a daily in 1990[114] Apart from The Borneo
Bulletin, there is also the Media Permata and Pelita Brunei, the local Malay newspapers which are
circulated daily. The Brunei Times is another English independent newspaper published in Brunei
since 2006.[190]
The Brunei government, through state broadcaster Radio Television Brunei (RTB), owns and
operates three television channels with the introduction of digital TV using DVB-T (RTB Perdana,
RTB Aneka and RTB Sukmaindera) and five radio stations (National FM, Pilihan FM, Nur Islam FM,
Harmony FM and Pelangi FM). A private company has made cable television available (Astro-
Kristal) as well as one private radio station, Kristal FM.[114] It also has an online campus radio
station, UBD FM, that streams from its first university, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.[191]
Sport
The most popular sport in Brunei is association football. The Brunei national football team joined
FIFA in 1969, but has not had much success. Brunei's top football league is the Brunei Super
League, which is managed by the Football Association of Brunei Darussalam (FABD). The nation has
its own martial arts called "Silat Suffian Bela Diri".[192]
Brunei debuted at the Olympics in 1996 and has competed at all subsequent Summer Olympics
except the 2008 edition. The country has competed in badminton, shooting, swimming, and track-
and-field, but has yet to win any medals. The Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council is the
National Olympic Committee for Brunei.
Brunei has had slightly more success at the Asian Games, winning four bronze medals. The first
major international sporting event to be hosted in Brunei was the 1999 Southeast Asian Games.
According to the all-time Southeast Asian Games medal table, Bruneian athletes have won a total of
14 gold, 55 silver and 163 bronze medals at the games.
See also
List of Brunei-related topics

Asia portal
Outline of Brunei
Countries portal
Notes
a. There is a Legislative Council, which has no legislative power.[7] As its role is only consultative
it is not considered to be a legislature.[8][9]
b. /bruːˈnaɪ/ broo-NY, Malay: [brunaɪ]
c. In Malay, the official name of Brunei is Negara Brunei Darussalam, literal meaning "Nation of
Brunei, the Abode of Peace". However, in English, the official name of the country is always
written as Brunei Darussalam.[15][16]
d. Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: ‎‫دارالسالم‬ ‫نݢارا بروني‬, lit. 'State of Brunei, the Abode of
Peace'[17]
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53/http://www.tourismbrunei.com/info/do.html) . tourismbrunei.com
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Britannica
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m/) website (archived 9 May 2007)

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According to local historiography, Brunei was

in this island justice is well Government Unitary Islamic

• Sultan and Prime Hassanal Bolkiah

• Crown Prince and Al-Muhtadee Billah

ascertained by • Independence from 1 January 1984

Buddhist Srivijaya empire and was thought to be • Water (%) 8.6

Funan Civilization; previously located in what is • Density 72.11/km2

known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza".[34] • Total $33.875 billion[12]

Javanese-Sumatran war.[36] In 1225, the Chinese HDI (2022) 0.823[13]

the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and Drives on left

War with Spain and decline

Brunei territorial losses from 1400 to

Brunei (汶莱國) delegates in Beijing,

British adventurer James Brooke

Boundaries of Brunei (green) since

Ahmad Tajuddin, the 27th Sultan of

Nagato, Tone, Yamato and Musashi in

Major-General Wootten of the

Writing of the Constitution

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III

The Sultan was made the Supreme Head of State.

Brunei was responsible for its internal administration.

Five councils were established:[95]

The Executive Council

The Legislative Council of Brunei

The Privy Council

The Council of Succession

The State Religious Council

National development plans

Under this agreement, the following terms were agreed upon:

Brunei was granted full internal self-government

The UK would still be responsible for external affairs and defence.

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (right),

A topographic and geographic limits map of

Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of

Brunei's Sultan and Foreign Minister

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah with

Officially, Brunei's foreign policy is as follows:[118]

Mutual respect of others' territorial sovereignty, integrity and independence;

The maintenance of friendly relations among nations;

Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries; and

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and Vladimir

Women and children

Headscarves called tudong are

Brunei International Airport Mosque

BIMP-EAGA meeting in the office of

Royal Brunei Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque at

Religion in Brunei (2021)[6]

Royal Regalia Museum

List of Brunei-related topics

b. /bruːˈnaɪ/ broo-NY, Malay: [brunaɪ]

2. "Brunei" (https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BN) . Ethnologue. 19 February 1999. Archived

4. "Call to add ethnic languages as optional subject in schools" (https://archive.today/201311192

5. Writing contest promotes usage, history of Jawi script (http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2

6. "Population by Religion, Sex and Census Year" (https://web.archive.org/web/2021040102423

7. "Brunei Darussalam" (https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/lib-docs/HRBodies/UPR/Docu

8. "Brunei: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report" (https://freedomhouse.org/country/brune

11. "Population" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170320011146/http://www.depd.gov.bn/SitePag