MEASUREMENTS.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF QUANTITY SURVEYING.

The quantity surveying profession has largely developed over the last century, but has now
grown to such an extent that it forms the second largest sector or specialism in the membership
of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.

Quantity Surveyors are employed in private practices, public offices and by Contractors, and the
undertake a great diversity of works in the Building Industry.

In more recent times, quantity surveyors are engaged increasingly in the financial management
of contracts and ensure that clients secure value for money and that the completed project
provide substantial added value to the clients property assets.

In addition to being construction cost consultants, Quantity Surveyors are playing an

increasingly important role in project management, value management and facility management.
Furthermore, they are sometimes engaged as lead consultants for large projects, where they are
responsible for the delivery of all professional services from inception to completions.

The earliest quantity surveying firm of which records are available is a Reading firm which was
operating in 1785. There is little doubt that other firms were in existence at this time a number of
Scottish Quantity Surveyors met is 1802 and produced the first method of measurement. Up to
the middle of the nineteenth century it was the practice to measure and value the building works
after it has been completed and Bills of Quantities were not prepared.

The need of Quantity Surveyors became evident as building work increased in volume and
building clients became dissatisfied with the method adopted for settling the cost of the work.

In the seventeenth century the Architect was responsible for the erection of buildings, as well as
their designs, and he employed a number of master craftsmen who performed the work in each
trade. Drawings were very sketchy in nature and much of the work was ordered during the
course of the job. On completion each master craftsman submitted an account for the materials
used and labour employed on the work.

It later became the practice for many of the master craftsmen to engage „surveyors‟ or measurers
to prepare these accounts. One of the major problems was to reconcile the amount of material
listed on invoices with the quantities measured on completion of the works. Some of the
craftsmen‟s surveyors made extravagant claims for waste of materials in executing the works on
the site and the Architect also engaged the surveyors to contest these claims.

General Contractors became established during the period of industrial revolution and they
submitted inclusive estimates covering the works of all trades. Furthermore they engaged
surveyors to prepare Bills of Quantities on which their estimates were based.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 1
As competitive tendering became more common the general contractor began to combine to
appoint a single surveyor to prepare a Bills of Quantities which all the contractors priced. In
addition, the Architect on behalf of the building owner usually appointed a second surveyor, who
collaborated with the surveyor for the contractor in preparing the Bills of Quantities, which was
used for tendering purposes

In later years it became the practice to employ one surveyor only who prepared an accurate Bills
of Quantities and measured any variation that arose during the progress of the project. This was
the origin of the independent and impartial Quantity Surveyors as they operate today.

FUNCTONS OF A QUANTITY SURVEYOR.

1) Preparing approximate estimates of cost in the very early stages of the formulation of a
building project, and giving advice on the alternative materials and components and type
of construction and the financial aspect of contracts, and assisting with feasibility study.
2) Cost planning and value analysis during the design stage of a project to ensure that the
client obtains the best possible value to his/her property asset, preferably having regards
to total cost using life cycle costing techniques, that the cost are distributed in the most
realistic way throughout the various section or elements of the building and that the
tender figure is kept within the client‟s budget.
3) Advising in the most appropriate form building procurement, having regards to the type
of project, quality, speed of construction, apportionment of risk and price certainly.
4) Preparation of Bills of Quantities and other contract documents relating to the project.
5) Examining tenders and priced Bills of Quantities and reporting his/her findings.
6) Negotiating rate with Contractors on negotiated contracts and dealing with cost
reimbursement contracts, design and built management and other forms of contracts.
7) Valuing works in progress and making recommendation as to payments to be made to the
Contractor, including advising on the financial effect of the variation.
8) Preparing the final Account on completion of the works.
9) Advising on the financial and contractual aspect of Contractors claims.
10) Giving Cost advice and information at all stages of the contract and preparing cost
analysis and cost report to the client (Project appraisal).
11) Technical auditing, valuation for fire insurance, giving advice on funding, grants, capital
allowances and taxation, risk analysis and management and other related matters
including health and safety and quality control.

The client‟s Quantity Surveyor performs a variety of functions, the underlying theme of a
Quantity Surveyor‟s work is one of Cost management rather than the preparation of Bills of
Quantities and settlement of Final Account, whether he be engaged in private or in public sector.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 2
FUNCTIONS OF BILLS OF QUANTITY.

Frequently one of the principal activities of the Clients Quantity Surveyor is the preparation of
the Bills of Quantities, although s/he does also perform a number of other functions.
Consideration will now be given to the main purposes of a Bills of Quantities.

1) First and foremost it enables all Contractors tendering for a contract to price on exactly
the same information.
2) It limits the risk element borne by the Contractor to the rates s/he enters in the Bills of
Quantities and thereby results in more realistic and competitive tenders.
3) It prompts the client and the design team to finalize most project particulars before the
Bills of Quantities is prepared, and ideally based on full production drawings and project
specifications
4) After being priced it provides a satisfactory basis for the valuation of variation and
adjustment to the Final Account.
5) Priced Bills of Quantities also provides a useful basis for the valuation of certified stage
payments throughout the contract.
6) It gives an itemized list of the components parts of the building, with a full description
and the quantity of each part, and could form an appropriate checklist for the successful
Contractor in ordering materials and components and assessing his/her requirements of
labour and other resources and in programming the works.
7) After being priced, it provides a good basis for the preparation of cost analysis for use in
the cost planning of future projects.
8) If prepared in annotated (explained) form, it will help in the locational identification of
the works.

It will be apparent (obvious) that with the increasing size and complexity of buildings operations,
it will be impossible for a Contractor to price a medium to large sized project without a Bills of
Quantities.

PROCESSES USED IN QUANTITY SURVEYING WORK.

The traditional method of preparation of Bills of Quantities can conveniently ne broken down
into two main processes.

i. “Taking Off” in which the dimensions are scaled or read from the drawings and
entered in a recognized form of a specially ruled paper called „dimension paper‟.
ii. “Working up” which comprises squaring the dimensions, transferring the
resultant lengths, areas and volumes to the abstract, where they are arranged in a

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 3
 convenient order for billing and reduced to the recognized units of measurement;
and finally ther billing operation, where the various items of work making up the
complete project is listed in full, with the quantities involved in a suitable order
under work section or elemental headings.

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION.

It will probably help the students at this stage to describe briefly the form of contract documents
on a traditional building contract incorporating a Bills of Quantities.
The number and nature of Contract documents will vary with types of contracts.
They will include but not limited to the following:-
 Condition of Contract.
This document sets out the obligation and rights of the parties and the detailed conditions under
which a subsequent contract will operate.

The conditions of contract define the terms, under which the work is to be undertaken, the
relationship between the client, Architect and Contractor, the duties of the Architect and
Contractors and terms of payments.

 Bills of Quantities.
These are normally used in lump sum contracts. Tenderer should send two copies of the Bills of
Quantities, one returned to the Architect or Quantity Surveyor with the tender, the other one for
the Contractor to keep as a copy of his submitted prices.
A priced Bills of Quantities is a required document of contract that has its rate and amount
column filled by a contractor. A Bills of Quantities consists of a schedule of items of work to be
carried out under the contract with quantities entered against each item, prepared in accordance
with the Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works.

 Specifications.
This is document that gives detailed of specific quality of materials of construction elements. It
normally accompanies/ supplied with the Bills of Quantities.

Specifications simply amplify the information given in the contract drawings and Bills of
Quantities. It describes in details the works to be executed under the contract and the nature and
quality of the materials, components and workmanship.

 Drawings.
The contract drawings are not limited to those (if any) sent to the Contractor with the invitation
to tender, but are all those which have been used in the preparation of the Bills of Quantities.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 4
It is important that the contract drawings are precisely defined, as amendments may be made to
them during the period between inviting tenderers and commencing the works on site.

Such amendments may affect the value of the contract and, if they do, should be made subject of
the Architects Instruction.

It is good practice therefore, for the Quantity Surveyor to certify in writing, on each of the
drawings used for taking off of specification purposes, that they were the ones so used.

Drawings depict (portray) the details the details and scope of the works to be executed under the
contract. They must be prepared in sufficient details to enable the Contractor to satisfactorily
price the Bills of Quantities.

 Programme of Works (POW).

This is a document that is prepared in order to provide the project participants a thorough
appreciation of the work involved, to allow the site production team to sort out its main
constituent and decide how, in what order and at what time to do them, and to ensure adequate
coordination of the labour, materials and machineries required.

 Risk Insurance.
This is a contract document which shows that all the personnel and equipment associated with a
construction project have been insured against loss or damage. By insurance, all risks associated
with personnel and equipment in a construction project is transferred to a third party.

STANDARD METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING WORKS.

The Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works (SMM) as issued The Architectural
Association of Kenya forms the basis for measurements of the bulk of building works.

MEASURMENT PROCEDURES.

GENERAL RULES.
Basic Priciples.

The Standard Method of Measurement provides a uniform basis for measuring building works
and embodies the essential of good practice. Bills of Quantities shall fully describe and
accurately represent the quantity and quality of the works to be carried out.
The billed descriptions are to be reasonably comprehensive and sufficient to enable the estimator

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 5
fully to understand what is required and to give a realistic price.
All quantities must be as accurate as the information available permits, as inaccurate Bills causes
major problems.
It is most important that all work whose extent cannot be determined with a reasonable degree of
accuracy should be described as approximate quantities, and items of these kinds should be kept
separate from those which contain accurate quantities. In this way the Contractor is made aware
of the uncertain nature of the quantities entered and that it will be subject to re-measurement on
completion and valuation at billed rates. This can apply to any work where the Architect is
unable to give full details at the time of measurement.

In general rule, it is emphasized that measurements are to relate to work net as fixed in position.
Measurements are to be taken to the nearest 10 mm (5 mm and over shall be regarded as 10 mm
and less than 5 mm shall be disregarded).

Lengths are entered in the dimension columns in metres to two decimals. Where billing in metres
the quantity is billed to the nearest whole unit, but where the unit of billing is tonnes, quantities
shall be billed to two decimal places.

Each work section of a Bill of Quantities shall begin with the description stating the nature and
location of the work.

DIMENSION PAPER.

Dimension paper sheet of split in two identically ruled parts where dimensions as scaled or taken
direct from the drawings are entered. Each part of the dimension paper consists of four columns.

A B C D A B C D

 Column 1 is called the „timesing column‟ in which multiplying figures are entered when
there is more than one of the particular item being measured.

 Column 2 is called „dimension column‟ in which the actual dimensions are scaled or

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 6
 taken direct from the drawings are entered. There may be one, two or three line of
dimensions in an item depending whether it is Linear metre, Square metre of Cubic metre
 Column 3 is called the „squaring column‟ in which the length, area or volume obtained
by multiplying together the figures in column 1 and 2 is recorded, ready to transfer to the
abstract or Bills of Quantities.

 Column 4 is called the „description column‟ in which the written description of each item
is entered. The right hand side of this wider column is frequently used to accommodate
preliminary calculation sometimes termed as “sidecast” and other basic information
needed in building up the dimensions which is referred to as “waste” Locational notes are
more often inserted on the left hand side of the description column inside a bracket.

MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES.

Entering Dimensions.

Spacing of items.
It is essential that ample space is left between all items on the dimension sheet so that it is
possible to follow the dimensions easily and to enable any item, which may have been omitted
when the dimensions were taken off, to be subsequently inserted without cramping the
dimensions unduly. (The cramping of dimensions is a common failing among examination
candidates and does cause loss of marks).

Waste.
The use of the right hand side of the description column for preliminary calculation, buildup of
lengths, explanatory notes and the likes should not be over looked. All steps that have been taken
in arriving at a dimension, no matter how elementary or trivial they may appear, should be
entered in the waste section of the dimension column.
Following this procedure will do much to prevent doubts and misunderstanding concerning
dimensions arising at some future date. It also enables all calculations for dimensions to be
checked.

Order of Dimensions.
A constant order of entering dimension should be maintained throughout, that is (i) Length, (ii)
Width and (iii) Height or Depth.
Example when measuring concrete 3,500 mm long, 2,500 mm wide and 500 mm deep. The
entry in the dimension column should be:-

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 7
 3.50 In-situ conc mix 1:2:4 in isolated pad fdn
2.50 poured on or against earth
0.50 4.38

It will be noted that dimensions are usually recorded in metres to two decimal places with a dot
between the metre and fraction and a line drawn across the dimension column under setoff figure
with a double line below the answer.

Timesing.

If there were twelve such items then this dimension would be multiplied by twelve in the
timesing column as in the following example below.

12 / 3.50 In-situ conc mix 1:2:4 in isolated pad fdn

2.50 poured on or against earth
0.50 52.50

If it was subsequently found that four more foundation bases of the same dimension were to be
provided then a further four could be added in the timesing column by the process known as
“dotting on” as indicated in example below.

12 / 3.50 In-situ conc mix 1:2:4 in isolated pad fdn

. 2.50 poured on or against earth
4 0.50 70.00

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 8
Abbreviations and Symbols.

Many of the words entered in the description columns are abbreviated in order to save space and
time spent in entering the items by highly skilled professional technical staff. Many
abbreviations have become almost standard and are of general application.

A considerable number of abbreviations are obtained by merely shortening the particular words,
such as the use of “conc” in place of concrete and “rad” in place of radius.

Grouping of Dimensions.

Where more than one set of dimensions relate to the same description, the dimensions should be
suitably bracketed so that this shall be made clear. As below example.

Clay pipewk S&S mech joints to BS EN

295-1 Pipes

Nominal size 100 mm dia in trenches

Manholes

18.60 18.60 (1-2)

25.00 25.00 (2-3)

42.60 42.60 (3-4)

36.00 36.00 (4-5)

122.20

Note also the location particulars entered in the description column which readily identify the
location of each length of drain.

Where the same dimension apply to more than one item, the best procedure is to separate each of
the dimensions by an “&” sign and bracket the description. This process is sometimes described
as “anding on”, as illustrated in the example below.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 9
 Excavation

35.00 Trench exc over 300 mm wide and not exceeding 1000

0.75 Mm depth.

0.90 23.63

&

Disposal

Load and cart away excavated materials from site

Deductions.

After measuring an item it is sometimes necessary to deduct for voids or opening in the main
area or volume this is normally performed by following the main item by a deduction item as
shown in the following example.

21.30 Excavation.

20.30 432.39 Topsoil excavation average depth 150 mm and

preserve for re-use.

7.60

4.60 34.96 Ddt ditto

397.43

(Note the underlining of the word Ddt. [Deduct]).

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 10
Measurement of Irregular Figures.

It is sometimes necessary to measure the areas of triangles and circles, the circumference of
circles, and the volumes of cylinder and the likes, and the usual method of entering the
dimensions is illustrated below.

⅟2 / 4.00 Area of triangle with a base of 4 m and a height of 3 m

3.00 6.00 (Area = base x ½ Height).

22/7
/ 2.00 Area of a circle, 2 m radius. (Area =ℼr2)

2.00 12.57

½ /2/22/7/
2.00 6.28 Circumference of a semi-circle, 2 m radius

(Circumference =2ℼr)

22/7/ 0.50 Volume of a cylinder, 1 m diameter

0.50 (Volume = Area of a circle x height of cylinder)

3.00 2.36

Alteration of Dimensions.

It is sometimes necessary to substitute amended dimensions in place of those which have already
been entered on the dimension paper. One is advised never to alter the original figures, because
apart from looking most untidy, it is often extremely difficult to decipher (read) the correct
figure. If it is necessary to amend figures one procedure is to cross out the original figures and
neatly write the new figure above them, but probably a better approach is to NIL the item, unless
there is insufficient space.

Where it is required to omit dimensions which have been previously been recorded the easiest
method is to write the word “NIL” in the squaring column as shown below:-

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 11
 23.50

0.75

0.80

8.20

0.90 NIL

0.85

Figured Dimensions.

When taking off the best procedure is to use figured dimensions on the drawings in preference to
scaling, since the drawings are almost invariably in the form of prints, which are not always true
to scale.

It is sometimes necessary to build up overall dimensions from a series of figured dimensions and
this work must be set down in waste, on the right hand side of the description column.

Numbering and Titles of Dimension Sheets.

Each dimension sheet should be suitably headed with the title and taking off section of the
project at the top of each sheet and with each sheet numbered consecutively at the bottom. Some
prefer to number the columns on each dimension sheet rather than the pages. The practice of
consecutive numbering ensures the early discovery of a missing sheet.

PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR MR. CHARLESWORTH BLACK IN MOMBASA

COUNTY

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 12
Order of taking off.

The order of taking off largely follows the order of construction to simplify the works and to
reduce the risk if items are missed. The measured item will subsequently be sorted into Bill order
which can embrace the work section.

In simple building the order of taking off could take the form of the schedule below:-

Sections of Work.

1) Groundwork and Substructure or foundation work up to and including damp-proof

course.
2) Concrete works.
3) Brickwork including face work/ Block works.
4) Fireplaces, chimneys breasts and stacks (Where appropriate).
5) Floors (Solid and suspended).
6) Roofs (pitched and flat, including covering and rainwater installation).
7) Windows, including adjustments of opening.
8) Doors, including adjustments of opening.
9) Fittings and fixtures.
10) Stairs.
11) Finishes (Floors, walls and Ceilings).
12) External works, including roads, paths, fences and grassed areas.
13) Drainage.
14) Water, heating and waste services.
15) Other services.

Adjustment of Opening and Voids.

When measuring an area of excavation, concrete over site, brickworks and block works, the most
convenient practice is usually to measure the full area in the first instance, and to subsequently
adjust for any void or openings.

The adjustments for the brickworks and finishes to the windows and doors opening are usually
taken at the same time as taking off the windows or doors. This is a more logical and satisfactory
method of measuring, while all the relevance dimensions are to hand, and results in a smaller
overall error occurring if the very worst happens and a window or door is inadvertently omitted
from the dimensions.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 13
Descriptions.

General Requirements.

Considerable care and skill are required to frame adequate, and yet at the same time, concise
(brief) description.In addition to covering all the matters detailed in the Standard Method of
Measurements of Building Works (SMM), the description must include all the information which
the estimator will require to build up a realistic price for the item in question.

Where there is doubt in the mind of the estimator as to the full nature and/or extent of the item
priced, then the description is lacking in some essential features. Descriptions can often be
shortened significantly by references to clauses in the project specification.

Order and Form of Wording.

The first few words of a description should clearly indicate the nature of the item being
described. The description is badly worded if the reader has to wait almost to the end of the
description to determine the subject of the item.

Example:- “DPC, width ≤ 225, hor, single layer of hessian base bit, felt, to BS 743 type A &
bedded in c.m (1:3).

From the onset the nature of the item is under consideration, including the width, range and plane
in which the damp proof course is to be laid, followed by a full description of the material used.

The use of a hyphen between two dimensions in a description, such as 150-300, shall mean a
range of dimensions exceeding the first dimension stated but not exceeding the second
dimension.

Extra Over Items.

When measuring certain types of works that are described as extra over of another item of work
which has been previously measured. The estimator will price the extra or additional cost
involved in the second item as compared to the first. A typical example is the measurement of
rainwater pipe and gutter fittings as extra over cost of the pipe or gutter in which they occur, and
which has been measured over the fitting.

Deemed to be included Items.

“Deemed to be included” is used extensively and indicates that this particular work is covered in
the Billed item without the need for specific mention. It is essential that the estimator is fully
aware of all these items since s/he must include them when building up unit rates.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 14
Example: When excavating drain trenches is deemed to include earthwork support,
consolidation of trench bottoms, trimming excavations, filling with and compaction of general
filling materials and disposal of surplus excavated materials.

Accuracy in Dimensions.

It is essential that all dimensions shall be as accurate as possible since inaccurate dimensions are
worthless. A generally accepted limit of permissible error is around 1 percent (1%) based on full
working drawings. Work in waste calculations should be to the nearest millimeter.

Take Off Lists.

Take off lists provide the Quantity Surveyor with the opportunity to look at a particular category
of work in its entirety (totality) prior to measurement; the components are listed in a logical
sequence, and they provide a checklist as the detailed measurement proceeds.This approach is
particularly useful where work is fragmented, and the preparation of a take-off list reduces the
risk of omission and ensures the entry of measured items in a logical sequence.

Query Sheets.

When taking off in practice the Quantity Surveyor will enter any queries for the Architect on
query sheet, normally divided down the centre to accommodate the queries on the left hand side
of th sheet and the answers on the right hand side.

In the examination the candidate will often have to decide the queries as they arise, when it will
be desirable for him/her to indicate briefly in waste why s/he has adopted a certain course of
action, and where appropriate prepare a query sheet adopting a similar approach to that used in
the office.

A typical query sheet follows with both questions by the Quantity Surveyor and answers by the
Architect below;-

Questions Answers

1) Is the spacing of the cavity wall 1) Yes

Ties to 900 mm horizontally and
450 mm vertically and staggered?

2) What is the construction at the 2) One course of concrete blocks 215 mm wide x
Head of the cavity wall? 140 mm thick.

3) How far are facing bricks to be 3) One course

Taken below finished ground
Level

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 15
 Preambles.

Preambles are clauses usually inserted at the head of each work section bill and principally
contain descriptions of materials and workmanship, as found in specifications, together with any
other relevant information of which the contractor should be aware in pricing.

Prime Cost Items.

The term “prime cost sum” (often abbreviated as P.C Sum) is a sum provided for works or
services to be executed by a nominated Sub-Contractor, or for material or goods to be obtained
from a nominated supplier.

Such sums are exclusive of any profit required by the Main Contractor and provision is made for
its addition following the P.C Sum.

Thus the term includes specialist work carried out by persons other than the Main Contractor and
for materials or components to be supplied to him by person‟s nominated by the Architect.

Example below:-

No. Description Qty Unit Rate Amount

PRIME COST SUM

A. Provide P.C Sum of Kenya Shilling
Three Hundred and Fifty Thousand
(Kshs. 350,000.00) Only for the supply Sum
350,000.00
of 12 No. sanitary fittings from CTM as
per specification
B. Add Profit to the Main Contractor 5%
17,500.00
TOTAL
367,500.00

Provisional Sums.

Where the work cannot be described and given during the measurement stage, shall be given as a
Provisional Sum and identified as for either defined or undefined work.

In defined work items, a description and indication of the amount of work can be given, and the
Contractor will be deemed to have made due allowance in programming, planning and pricing
the preliminaries.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 16
Where these details cannot be supplied, the work is classified as undefined and the Contractor
will be deemed not to have made any allowance in programming, planning and pricing
preliminaries.

No. Descreption Qty Unit Rate Amount

PROVISIONAL SUM
A. Provide the general Provisional Sum of
Kenya Shillings Two Hundred
Thousand (Kshs. 200,000.00) Only to
Sum
cover for the cost of unforeseen works. 200,000.00
This sum to be expended at the discretion
of the Architect.
TOTAL
200,000.00

Composite Items.

Where work which would otherwise be measured separately may be combined with other work
in the course of off-site manufacture, it may be measured as one combined off-site item. The
item description shall identify the resulting composite item and it shall be deemed to include
breaking down for transport and installation and subsequent reassembly.

Plant Item.

The Contractor is given the opportunity in the Preliminary Bill to price the various item of
Mechanical plant that generate cost which are not proportional to the quantities of permanent
work.

Complied by: Qs. Edward Adero Obondy (Q596) [M.A.A.K (Qs), IQSK, ACIarb. Page 17