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Kinetic Theory

Grade - 11 Board - CBSE

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30 views

Kinetic Theory

Grade - 11 Board - CBSE

Uploaded by

arm50879
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KINETIC THEORY

GRADE 12
What is the Kinetic Theory of Gas?
• The kinetic theory of gases explains the behaviour of molecules,
which should further explain the behaviour of an ideal gas. The Ideal
Gas equation consists of the pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature
(T) of gases at low temperatures and the equation is: PV = nRT
• Where n = number of moles in the gas R = gas constant having value
8.314JK−1mol−1
• Now, any gas following this equation is termed an ideal gas.
Molecular nature of matter
• We know that molecules which are made up of one or more atoms constitute matter.
• In solids these atoms and molecules are rigidly fixed and space between then is very
less of the order of few angstroms and hence they can not move.
• In liquids the atoms are not as rigidly fixed as in solids, and can move around. This
enables a liquid to flow.
• In gases atoms are free to travel without colliding for large distances such that if gases
were not enclosed in an enclosure they would disappear. The average distance a
molecule can travel without colliding is called the mean free path. The mean free path,
in gases, is of the order of thousands of angstroms.
• In solids and liquids, the closeness makes the inter-atomic force important. The force
has a long range attraction and a short range repulsion. The atoms attract when they
are at a few angstroms but repel when they come closer.
• In gases, inter-atomic force can be neglected.
Ideal Gas
• An ideal gas or a perfect gas is that
gas which strictly obeys gas laws
such as Boyle’s law, Charle’s law,
Gay Lussac’s law etc.
• An ideal gas has following
characteristics:
(i) Molecule of an ideal gas is a point
mass with no geometrical dimensions.
(ii) There is no force of attraction or
repulsion amongst the molecules of the
gas.
• Avogadro’s hypothesis states that the number of molecules per unit
volume is the same for all gases at a fixed temperature and pressure.
• The number in 22.4 litres of any gas is 6.02 × 1023. This is known as
Avogadro number and is denoted by NA
• The mass of 22.4 litres of any gas is equal to its molecular weight in
grams at S.T.P (standard temperature 273 K and pressure 1 atm). This
amount of substance is called a mole.
• Real gases can be defined as non-ideal gases whose molecules occupy a given amount of space and have the
ability to interact with each other.
• It is important to understand that almost all gases can behave as real gases when they are placed in appropriate
conditions. For example, under standard conditions of temperature and pressure (usually abbreviated as STP), the
behaviour of air can be estimated with the help of the ideal gas law.
• This is because air behaves like an ideal gas under standard conditions for temperature and pressure. However,
when the pressure applied to the air is increased to a very high magnitude, the same air starts to exhibit notable
deviations from the ideal gas law and begins to exhibit the behaviour similar to that of a real gas.
• Furthermore, any increase in the absolute temperature of the gas can also have a similar effect. This is because an
increase in the absolute temperature of the gas results in an increase in the average kinetic energy of the molecules
of the gas. This, in turn, results in an increase in the number of interactions between the molecules of the gas.
Therefore, an increase in the absolute temperature of the air can also trigger notable deviations from ideal
behaviour and make it a real gas.
• Thus, almost all gas can behave like ideal gases as well as real gases. When the conditions are relatively ambient,
most gases are known to exhibit almost ideal behaviour.
• However, under relatively extreme conditions in which either the temperature of the gas is raised to a very high
value, the pressure on the gas is raised to a very high value, or both the temperature and the pressure associated
with the gas is raised to extremely high values, most gases will deviate from ideal behaviour and become real
gases.
• Boyle’s Law - According to this law, the
volume (V) of a fixed mass of a gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure (P)
of the gas, provided temperature of the gas
is kept constant.

• Charle’s Law - According to this law, the


volume (V) of a given mass of a gas is
directly proportional to the temperature of
the gas, provided pressure of the gas
remains constant.
• Gay Lussac’s Law (or Pressure Law) -
According to this law, the pressure P of a given
mass of a gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature T, provided the volume V
of the gas remains constant.

• Dalton’s law of partial pressures - This is a


gas law which states that the total pressure
exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures exerted by each
individual gas in the mixture. For example, the
total pressure exerted by a mixture of two gases
A and B is equal to the sum of the individual
partial pressures exerted by gas A and gas B.
What are the Assumptions of the Kinetic
Theory of Gases?
• All gas molecules constantly move in random directions.
• The size of molecules is very less than the separation between the molecules
• The molecules of the sample do not exert any force on the walls of the container during the
collision when the gas sample is contained.
• It has a very small time interval of collision between two molecules and between a
molecule and the wall.
• Collisions between molecules and walls and even between molecules are elastic in nature.
• Newton’s laws of motion can be seen in all the molecules in a certain gas sample.
• With due course of time, a gas sample comes to a steady state. The molecule’s distribution
and the density of molecules do not depend on the position, distance and time.
• The temperature of a body is the measure of the average kinetic energy of a body.
• We should note that the temperature of a body always depends upon its average kinetic energy
and since the average kinetic energy can have a minimum possible value of zero, therefore an
object cannot be cooled below a certain minimum value, this value is known as absolute zero.
• In a gas, the particles are always in a state of random motion. All the particles move at
different speeds, constantly colliding and changing their speed and direction.
• As the particles collide and change velocity, it is not practical to measure each velocity, and as
there are particles moving in one direction equal to the particles moving in the opposite
direction, they cancel out and the average velocity will be equal to zero. Hence there is an
alternate way to determine their average velocity.

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