Sedimentary Rocks Luanar

SEDIMENTS &
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENT
◼ From
◼ Weathering & Erosion
◼ Precipitation from saturated solution
◼ calcite, quartz
◼ Product of evaporation
◼ halite, gypsum
◼ Unconsolidated- NOT cemented
SEDIMENT
◼ Particle size
◼ Pebbles, cobbles, boulders
◼ Gravel- > 2mm
◼ Sand- 2mm - 0.063mm
◼ Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm
◼ Clay- < 0.004

◼ Deposition Clay-sized particle vs. clay mineral
SEDIMENT
◼ Transportation
◼ Abrasion
◼ Rounding
◼ Sorting
◼ Deposition
◼ Environment of deposition- specific
◼ Preservation
SEDIMENT
◼ Transportation
◼ Abrasion
◼ Rounding
◼ Sorting
◼ Deposition
◼ Environment of deposition- specific
◼ Preservation
SEDIMENT
◼ Lithification
◼ Compaction
◼ Decrease in pore space
◼ for very fine grain size (clay)
◼ Cementation
◼ Clastic texture
◼ Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
◼ Crystallization
◼ Crystalline texture
SEDIMENT
◼ Lithification
◼ Compaction
◼ Cementation
◼ Clastic texture
◼ Crystallization
SEDIMENT
◼ Lithification
◼ Compaction
◼ Cementation
◼ Clastic texture
◼ Crystallization
Products of Weathering
Mineral Residual Products Material in Solution
Quartz quartz grains silica
Feldspar clay minerals silica, K +, Na+, Ca2+
clay minerals, limonite,

Amphibole (hornblende) silica, Mg2+, Ca2+
hematite
Olivine limonite, hematite silica, Mg2+

Relative susceptibility
To weathering
Factors influencing
Weathering Rates
1. Rock structures – chemical/mineral
composition, physical features
2. Topography
3. Climate
4. Vegetation
5. Time
Sediments - unconsolidated
particles created by
1. The weathering of rock

2. The secretions of organisms or
decomposition of organic matter
3. Chemical precipitation
Sedimentary Rock Formation
1. Weathering – breakdown both physically
(clasts) or chemically
2. Erosion – loosening of weathered
products (clasts) and initial transport
3. Transportation – movement of materials
via wind, water, or ice; sorting and
rounding can occur
4. Deposition – material settles out of the
transporting medium
5. Lithification – process of either
cementation or compaction of the
material
W. W. Norton
Sedimentary Rocks
Composed of lithified sediments
- by compaction – weight of overlying
sediment compresses sediment,
important in fine-grained sediments
- by cementation – materials carried in

solution precipitates minerals - iron
oxides, carbonates, silica
Two Classifications
- clastic
-nonclastic
The Classification of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
A very basic classification of

all sedimentary rocks is
based on the type of material
that is deposited and the
modes of deposition.
Classification based on grain size
A simple classification of terrigenous clastic rocks and sediment is based

on the predominant grain size of the material:
Grain Sediment Rock Name Adjectives

Size1 name
(mm)
>2 Gravel Rudite Cobble, pebble, well
sorted, etc.
0.0625-2 Sand Arenite Coarse, medium, well
sorted, etc.
< 0.0625 Mud Mudstone Silt or clay
or
Lutite
1For the purposes of this general classification we will assign the rock or sediment
name shown if more than 50% of the particles are in the range shown. More
detailed classification schemes will limit terms on the basis of different proportions
of sediment within a given grain size.
Classification of Sandstones
Most sandstone classifications are based on the composition of the rock.
Dott’s classificaton scheme is used in most courses at Brock.
It is based on the relative proportions of:
Martrix (fine-grained - <0.03mm - material that is associated with the sand grains).
Quartz
Feldspar
Rock fragments (sand grains that are made up crystals of two or more different minerals).
Sediment texture and mineralogical composition all reflect the maturity
of a sediment.
Most changes are related to transport distance, nature of weathering at
the site of sediment formation and number of passes through the rock
cycle.
i) Textural Maturity
Changes in grain size and shape.
Increasing textural maturity
Increased sorting
Increased rounding
Increased sphericity
What is the relative stability of minerals?
Bowen’s Reaction series shows the sequence in which minerals

crystallize from a cooling magma.
Mineral stability can also be shown using Bowen’s Reaction series:
The earliest minerals to crystallize are the least stable.
Quartz is the most stable of the common mineral; it resists chemcial

weathering and is the most common mineral in most sedimentary rocks.
Potassium feldspar is
also common but
Muscovite is relatively
soft and breaks down
during transport.
The stability of rock

fragments varies with
their mineralogy.
The most “mature” sediment would be made up of 100% quartz
grains.
With increased transport and number of times through the rock cycle
the less stable minerals are lost.
The “average” igneous and metamorphic rocks contain 60% feldspars.
The “average” sandstone contains 12% feldspars.
This reflects the fact that many sandstones are made up of particles
that have been through several passes of the rock cycle.

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SEDIMENTS &

◼ Sand- 2mm - 0.063mm

◼ Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm

◼ Clay- < 0.004

Quartz quartz grains silica

Feldspar clay minerals silica, K +, Na+, Ca2+

clay minerals, limonite,

Olivine limonite, hematite silica, Mg2+

1. The weathering of rock

- by cementation – materials carried in

A very basic classification of

A simple classification of terrigenous clastic rocks and sediment is based

Grain Sediment Rock Name Adjectives

Most sandstone classifications are based on the composition of the rock.

Dott’s classificaton scheme is used in most courses at Brock.

It is based on the relative proportions of:

Changes in grain size and shape.

Increasing textural maturity

Bowen’s Reaction series shows the sequence in which minerals

The earliest minerals to crystallize are the least stable.

Quartz is the most stable of the common mineral; it resists chemcial

The stability of rock

The “average” igneous and metamorphic rocks contain 60% feldspars.

The “average” sandstone contains 12% feldspars.

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