What is Infrastructure? o Ininformation technology and on the Internet, infrastructure is the physical hardware used to interconnect computers and users. Infrastructure includes the transmission media, including telephone lines, cable television lines, satellites antennas, routers, and other devices that control transmission paths. Infrastructure also includes the software used to send, receive, and manage the signals that are transmitted. ST infrastructure =_- = . Se . Information technology infrastructure is the integrated framework upon which digital networks operate. This infrastructure includes data centers,computers, computer networks, Database Management devices, and a regulatory system.INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR COMPONENTS THAT MUST BE COORDINATED TO PROVIDE THE FIRM WITH A COHERENT IT INFRASTRUCTURE.1. COMPUTER HARDWARE PLATFORMS COMPUTER HARDWARE PLATFORMS INCLUDE CLIENT MACHINES AND SERVER MACHINES, AS WELL AS MODERN MAINFRAMES PRODUCED BY IBM. US FIRMS SPENT ABOUT $145 BILLION ON COMPUTER HARDWARE. 2. OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORMS OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORMS INCLUDE PLATFORMS FOR CLIENT COMPUTERS, DOMINATED BY WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS, AND SERVERS, DOMINATED BY THE VARIOUS FORMS OF THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM OR LINUX. OP! ING SYSTEMS ARE SOFTWARE THAT MANAGE THE RESOURCES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE COMPUTER AND ACT AS AN INTERFACE FOR THE USER. 3. ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS INCLUDE SAP, ORACLE, AND PEOPLESOFT, AND MIDDLEWARE SOFTWARE THAT ARE USED TO LINK A FIRM'S EXISTING APPLICATION SYSTEMS.4. DATA MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE DATA MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE IS HANDLED BY DATABASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE AND STORAGE DEVICES INCLUDE TRADITIONAL STORAGE METHODS, SUCH AS DISK ARRAYS AND TAPE LIBRARIES, AND NEWER NETWORK-BASED STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS STORAGE AREA NETWORKS (SANS). SANS CONNECT MULTIPLE STORAGE DEVICES ON DEDICATED HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS. 5. NETWORKING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLATFORMS NETWORKING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLATFORMS INCLUDE WINDOWS SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS, NOVELL, LINUX, AND UNIX. NEARLY ALL LAN AND MANY WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANS) UsE THE TCP/IP STANDARDS FOR NETWORKING.6. INTERNET PLATFORMS INTERNET PLATFORMS OVERLAP WITH, AND MUST RELATE TO, THE FIRM'S GENERAL NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE AND HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PLATFORMS. INTERNET-RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE INCLUDES THE HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND SERVICES TO MAINTAIN CORPORATE WEB SITES, INTRANETS, AND EXTRANETS, INCLUDING WEB HOSTING SERVICES AND WEB SOFTWARE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT TOOLS. 7. CONSULTING AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION SERVICES CONSULTING AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION SERVICES ARE RELIED ON FOR INTEGRATING A FIRM'S LEGACY SYSTEMS WITH NEW ‘TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROVIDING EXPERTISE IN IMPLEMENTING NEW INFRASTRUCTURE ALONG WITH RELEVANT CHANGES IN BUSINESS PROCESSES, TRAINING, AND SOFTWARE e INTEGRATION.MAKING WISE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT IT Infrastructure is a major capital investment for the firm. If too much is spent on infrastructure, it lies idle and constitutes a drag on firm financial performance. If too little is spent, important business services cannot be delivered and firms competitors will outperform in the under investing firm.DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS A DATABASE IS A COLLECTION OF RECORDS. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED AS THE MEANS OF MANAGING ALL THE RECORDS. DATABASE MANAGEMENT IS A SOFTWARE SYSTEM THAT USES A STANDARD METHOD AND RUNNING QUERIES WITH SOME OF THEM DESIGNED FOR THE OVERSIGHT AND PROPER CONTROL OF DATABASES. Types of Database Management Systems: There are four structural types of database management systems: o Hierarchical databases. o Network databases. o Relational databases. o Object-oriented databasesUsiING DATABASES TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE AND DECISION-MAKING Businesses use their databases to: co Keep track of basic transactions © Provide information that will help the company run the business more efficiently o Help managers and employees make better decisions In a large company, special capabilities and tools are required for analyzing vast quantities of data and for accessing data from multiple systems, such as: Data warehouse: a database that stores current and historical data from core operational transactional systems for use in management analysis, but this data cannot be altered.Data mart: A subset of a data warehouse in which a summarized or highly focused portion of the organization's data is placed in a separate database for a specific population of users. Business intelligence (BI) tools: Data analysis tools used for consolidating, analyzing, and accessing vast stores of data to help in decision making, such as software for database query and reporting, tools for multidimensional data analysis (online analytical processing), and data mining. Databases Data Warehouse oLap Mining Querying Reporting Intelligence Keep track of Find patterns transactions ‘and insights Decision to respond to the data and patternsOnline Analytical Processing (OLAP) supports multidimensional data analysis, enabling users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions €-@-§-2-9-5 Clie with ‘Application Database Web browser server server Data mining finds hidden patterns and relationships and infers rules from these to predict future behavior. The types of information obtainable from data mining include Associations Sequences +Classifications *Clustering +Forecasting Predictive analysis uses data mining techniques, historical data, and assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as the probability a customer will respond to an offer or purchase a specific product.TYPES OF NETWORK Common examples of area network types are: © LAN - Local Area Network o WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network o WAN - Wide Area Network o MAN - Metropolitan Area Network © SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network o CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network o PAN - Personal Area Network o DAN - Desk Area NetworkWHAT IS TRANSMISSION MEDIA ? TRANSMISSION MEDIA IS A PATHWAY THAT CARRIES THE INFORMATION FROM SENDER TO RECEIVER. WE USE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES OR WAVES TO TRANSMIT DATA. DATA IS TRANSMITTED NORMALLY THROUGH ELECTRICAL OR ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS. Types of transmission media: Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups. © 1. Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media © 2. Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media Wired Wireless Twisted Pair Radio Frequency Infrared Power Line Narrow Band e@ Coaxial Cable Spread Spectra Optical Fiber MicrowaveWireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media: Unbound transmission media are the ways of transmitting data without using any cables. These media are not bounded by physical geography. This type of transmission is called Wireless communication. Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media: Bound transmission media are the cables that are tangible or have physical existence and are limited by the physical geography. Popular bound transmission media in use are twisted pair cable, co-axial cable and fiber optical cable.WHAT IS INTERNET? © The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.INTERNET BASED COMMUNICATION TOOLS o There are many different kinds of Internet communications tool, such as email, VoIP, forums, online chat and social networking among others. Using the latest tools and methods of communicating over the Internet is essential for bringing your business into the modern age of communication and marketing. connectingPeople | Changing livesWIRELESS REVOLUTION © The revolution is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology. Wireless will change the significance of location. Time-zone and cost now matter more than mere distance. Indeed, in some ways, the mobile telephone dispenses with physical geography even more effectively than does the Internet. To tap into their e-mail, most folk still have to plug in somewhere in the world (although that too will change as new mobile gadgetsThank you very much for being with us & support us....