Management Information System

- Networks and Data

Communication Networks:
A telecommunications network is a collection of terminals, links and nodes which connect to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals. Each terminal in the network must have a unique address so messages or connections can be routed to the correct recipients. The links connect the nodes together and are themselves built upon an underlying transmission network which physically pushes the message across the link. Examples of Telecommunications Networks are the telephonic network, the internet etc.

Components of Communication Networks:

All telecommunication networks are made up of four basic components that are present in each network environment regardless of its type or use. These basic components include:

Terminals

Telecommunications Processors

Telecommunication channels

Telecommunications Control Software

Network Structure:
Every telecommunications network conceptually consists of three parts, or planes, as the following:

The control plane

carries control information.

The data plane

carries the network's user traffic.

The management plane

carries the operations and administration traffic required for network management.

The TCP/IP Data Network:

TCP/IP are the fundamental protocols that provide the control and routing of messages across the data network. There are many different network structures that TCP/IP can be used across to efficiently route messages, for example:

Wide area networks (WANs) Metropolitan area networks (MANs) Local area networks (LANs)

The Structure of TCP:

Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area.
LAN is used in schools, colleges or computer laboratory.

Metropolitan Area Network

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.
usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

WIDE AREA NETWORK

Wide Area Network

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunication network that covers a broad area.
Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations.

Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.

It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email

Application in E-Business Enterprises

E-Business
The transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies

E-commerce

It refers to buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

E-Communication An electronic communication network (ECN) is a financial term for a type of computer systen that facilitates trading of financial products outside of stock exchanges

E-Collaboration It is defined as an activity performed by means of/supported by electronic tools or infrastructure aimed at reaching a goal /meta-goal and possibly involving human interactions

Extranet
An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside, for specific business or educational purposes. In a B2B context, an extranet can be viewed as an extension of an organization's intranet that is extended to users outside the organization, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers, in isolation from all other Internet users. In contrast, (B2C) models involve known servers of one or more companies, communicating with previously unknown consumer users. An extranet is similar to a DMZ in that it provides access to needed services for channel partners, without granting access to an organization's entire network.

Uses of Extranet
Companies use extranet for selling and purchasing of their products and services online They can share large amount of data for collaborating by using the electronic means such as electronic data exchange.

For sharing immediate catalogs for the products with the wholesalers and other individuals involved in trading.
Online training programs are one of the important tasks that companies get done with the help of extranet. Extranet acts as the typically technology to be used in providing the access to the concerned stakeholders

BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security.

They can communicate with other devices up to ranges of ten meters.

BLUETOOH CONT
APPLICATIONS
The Bluetooth technology connects all your office peripherals wirelessly. In meetings and conferences you can transfer selected documents instantly with selected participants, and exchange electronic business cards automatically, without any wired connections

LIMITATIONS

Data Transfer Rate Range Compatibility Battery Use

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a mechanism that allows electronic devices to exchange data wirelessly over a computer network. A device enabled with Wi-Fi, can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. An access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 ft) indoors and a greater range outdoors.

Applications of Wi Fi
Applications
Internet access: A Wi-Fi-

Limitations
WiFi networks have limited range. A typical WiFi home router might have a range of 45m (150ft) indoors and 90m (300ft) outdoors. Ranges may also vary.

enabled device can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet.

Direct computer-tocomputer communications Wi-Fi allows cheaper deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.

Wimax
WiMax is a telecommunication technology that enables a user to access the network without wires. WiMax provides both the point to point and multi point communication. WiMax far surpasses the 30-metre (100-foot) wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi local area network (LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km (30 miles).

Applications
WiMax due to its bandwidth and seamless roaming has captured the attention of the vendors to use it as a replacement technology for major mobile technologies like GSM and CDMA. Moreover it can be used to extend the capacity and coverage of the existing network.

What is Database?
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
It is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects.

ACID properties of Database

ACID stands for ATOMICITY CONSISTENCY ISOLATION DURABLITY

 ATOMICITY

Modification on the data in the database either fail or succeed. The beginning of such a modification starts with a transaction and ends when a transaction finishes either by a commit or a rollback. CONSISTENCY Only valid data valid according to integrity constraints may be committed.

 ISOLATION One transaction does not interfere with another. The 'executor' of a transaction has the feeling that he has the entire database for himself.

DURABILITY A committed transaction will not be lost.

Uses of Database
Make products and services tailored to customer preferences Develop individualized, targeted marketing programs Conduct one-on-one dialogs with each customer Providing knowledgeable customer service Enlisting loyal customers in referral programs Classify customers by interests and profitability so as to give special attention to those most likely to build the bottom line Devise effective marketing programs to new prospects

Data warehousing & Data mining:

Data Warehousing
1. 2. 3. 4. Data warehousing is defined as a process of centralized data management and retrieval. Characteristics :Subject-oriented Non-volatile Integrated Time-variant

Top-down & Bottom-up data warehouses

Data Warehousing & MIS

Data Consistency Centralized Data Data can easily be accessed and analyzed without time consuming manipulation and processing. Trends can be analyzed and predicted with the availability of historical data and the data warehouse assures that everyone is using the same data at the same level of extraction.

Data Mining
Data Mining is the process of collecting and sorting through massive amounts of data in order to find useful bits of information that can be used by a business. DM Techniques are also used in the preprocessing of the data in order to create a more fluent, efficient system. These processes are called data cleaning, data integration, data transformations.

Data Mining & MIS

Profitable to the company. Saves time & money. Provides better customer service. Expansion of the business. Improving sales effectiveness. Reduction in costs. Examples:-Blockbuster Entertainment , WalMart, National Basketball Association (NBA)

DATA MART

DATA MART
A DATA MART is a database or a group of databases, intended to assist managers make strategic decisions regarding their business. Contains summarized or highly focused portion of data for a specified function or group of users. Aimed at specific business objectives.

Types:
1. 2. Dependent Independent

Benefits Of Data Mart

It costs less. Supports individual knowledge worker communities

Less likely to lead to interdepartmental conflicts

A department can customize its own data mart according to its own requirement

There is more options when selecting a suitable software for data mart as well as for data analytical.

Applications and Data Mart

OLAP and Multidimensional Data Analysis

On-line analytical processing and multidimensional data analysis allow the analysis of large volumes of data from many perspectives. For example, sales by item by department by store by region, in order to find patterns in the data. Such patterns are difficult to find with normal database methods.

Management Opportunities
Business firms have exceptional opportunities to exploit modern relational database technologies to improve decision making, and to increase the efficiency of their business processes.

Management Challenges
Organizational obstacles to a database environment
Need for cooperation in developing corporate-wide data administration .

Cost/benefit considerations
Bringing about significant change in the database environment of a firm can be very expensive and time consuming.

Key Organizational Elements in the Database Environment

The critical elements for creating a database environment are:
Data administration Data-planning and modeling methodology Database technology and management Users