RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

An AUTONOMOUS Institution
Affiliated to Anna University, Thandalam
CHENNAI – 602 105

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

YEAR: I
SEMESTER: I
LAB CODE: EE23131
LAB NAME: PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LAB

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 1

 SYLLABUS REVISION

2019 Regulations – EE19141- PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

2023 Regulations -EE23131- PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

(Based on the theoretical content revised ,the lab specific experiments are excluded from
R-2019)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 2

 INDEX

TOPIC Pg.No.
Sl.No.

4
1 SAFETY MEASURES

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT 5

2

6
3 INSTITUTE VISION AND MISSION

PEO’S, PO’S AND PSO’S 7

4

COURSE OUTCOMES AND COURSE OBJECTIVES AND THEIR 9

5
MAPPING WITH POS, PEOS AND PSOS AND JUSTIFICATION
12
6 SYLLABUS

15
7 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

16
8 EXPERIMENTS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 3

 RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
THANDALAM, CHENNAI – 602 105.
ACCREDITED BY NBA & NAAC & ISO 9001: 2008 CERTIFIED

INSTITUTE VISION AND MISSION

VISION
• To be an institution of excellence in Engineering, Technology and Management education &
Research.

• To provide competent and ethical professional with a concern for society.

MISSION
• To impart quality technical education imbibed with proficiency and human values.

• To provide right ambience and opportunities for the students to develop into creative,
talented and globally competent professionals.

• To promote research and development in Technology and Management for the benefit of the
society.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

VISION
• To be an international centre in education, research and the application of knowledge, to
benefit the society globally in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

MISSION

• To impart high quality technical education and develop Electrical and Electronics Engineers
with a sound theoretical combined with practical skills in all the areas concerning the
discipline.

• To inculcate innovative research capabilities and exemplary professional conduct to lead and
to use technology for the progress of our country.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 4

 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
The department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering was established in the year 1999-2000.
Presently, the department offers B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering with an intake of
120 students and M.E. Embedded systems Technologies with an intake of 18 students. The
department has also been recognized as a collaborative research Centre by Anna University,
Chennai, leading to Ph.D. degree. Several research scholars have obtained Ph.D. degree through
this research Centre. There are three Centers of Excellence, viz., Renewable Energy Systems,
Embedded System Technologies and Electric vehicles in EEE department. The department has
full-fledged faculty members who are dedicated and well experienced in various fields of
specializations and all the laboratories of the department are fully equipped with latest systems,
apparatus and software tools. A large number of research papers have been published by the
faculty members in reputed journals in the area of Power Systems, Power Electronics, Control
Systems and Renewable Energy Systems. The department has been reaccredited by the National
Board of Accreditation, New Delhi (NBA). The mission of the department is to produce highly
competent Electrical and Electronics Engineers with a sound knowledge in all the areas
concerning the discipline.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 5

 SYLLABUS
Subject Subject Name ( Lab oriented Theory Courses) Categor L T P C
Code y
EE PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING + ES 2 0 2 3
23131 LAB
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING + Lab
Introduction: Fundamental linear passive and active elements to their functional current-voltage
relation, voltage source and current sources, ideal and practical sources, Kirchhoff-s laws and
applications to network solutions using mesh and nodal analysis, Concept of work, power,
energy, and conversion of energy.

Basic network: Current-voltage relations of the electric network by mathematical equations to

analyze the network (Thevenin’s theorem, Norton's Theorem, Maximum Power Transfer
theorem) Simplifications of networks using series-parallel, Star/Delta transformation.
Superposition theorem.

Concept of AC: AC waveform definitions, form factor, peak factor, phasor representation in
polar and rectangular form, concept of impedance, admittance, complex power, power factor,
single phase and three phase concept.

Electrostatics and Electro-Mechanics: Electrostatic field, electric field strength, concept of

permittivity in dielectrics, energy stored in capacitors, charging and discharging of capacitors.
ElectroMagnetism, magnetic field and Faraday's law. Magnetic materials and B-H curve. Self
and mutual inductance, Ampere's law, Study of R-L, R-C, RLC series circuit, R-L-C parallel
circuit. Electromechanical energy conversion.

Measurements and Sensors: Measuring devices/sensors and transducers (Piezoelectric and

thermo-couple) related to electrical signals, Elementary methods for the measurement of
electrical quantities in DC and AC systems (Current & Single-phase power). Concept of
indicating and integrating instruments.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 6

Practical considerations: Electrical Wiring types and accessories, Illumination system, Basic
layout of the distribution system, Types of earthing, Safety devices & systems. Battery principles
and types.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 7

EE23131 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING + Lab
(continued)
Laboratory
1. Familiarization of electrical circuits: sources, measuring devices and transducers
2. Determination of resistance temperature coefficient
3. Verification of Network Theorem (Superposition, Thevenin, Norton, Maximum Power
4. Transfer theorem)
5. Simulation of R-L-C series circuits for XL>XC , XL< XC
6. Simulation of Time response of RC circuit
7. Demonstration of measurement of electrical quantities in DC and AC systems.

Text Books:
1. Electric Machinery,(Sixth Edition) A.E. Fitzgerald, Kingsely Jr Charles, D. Umans Stephen,
Tata McGraw Hill.
2. A Textbook of Electrical Technology,(vol. I),B. L. Theraja, Chand and Company Ltd., New
Delhi.
3. Basic Electrical Engineering, V. K. Mehta, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Theory and problems of Basic Electrical Engineering, (SecondEdition), J. Nagrath and
Kothari, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

Reference Books:
1. Basic of Electrical Engineering, T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford University Press.
T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Basic of Electrical Engineering, Oxford University Press,
2011.
2. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, (Fourth Edition), Cambridge University
Press.
3. Engineering Circuit Analysis, William H. Hayt & Jack E. Kemmerly, McGraw-Hill Book
Company Inc.
4. Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Smarjith Ghosh, Prentice Hall
(India) Pvt. Ltd.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 8

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Familiarization of electrical circuits: sources, measuring devices and transducers

2. Determination of resistance temperature coefficient

3. Verification of Network Theorem (Superposition, Thevenin, Norton, Maximum Power

4. Transfer theorem)

5. Simulation of R-L-C series circuits for XL>XC , XL< XC

6. Simulation of Time response of RC circuit

7. Demonstration of measurement of electrical quantities in DC and AC systems.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 9

 B.Tech. COMPUTER SCIENCE AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
A graduate of the Computer Science and Business Systems program will demonstrate:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

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 PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (PSOs)

A graduate of the Computer Science and Business Systems program will demonstrate:
1. The students graduating will have sound knowledge in Computer Science with equal
appreciation of humanities, management sciences and human values.

2. The students will explore emerging topics such as Analytics, Machine Learning, Cloud
Computing, and Internet of Things and apply the knowledge to design and develop
solutions to societal needs.

3. The students will be industry ready with required business skills in service orientation.

CO,PO and PSO

COs/POs&PSOs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO 1 3 3 3 3 - - - - 3 - - 1 - 3 -
CO 2 3 3 3 2 3 - - - 2 - - 1 - 3 -
CO 3 3 3 3 3 - - - - 3 - - 1 - 3 -
CO 4 3 3 3 3 - - - - 3 - - 1 - 3 -
CO 5 3 3 3 2 3 - - - 3 - - 1 - 3 -
Average 3 3 3 2.6 1.2 - - - 2.8 - - 1 - 3 -

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 MAPPING AND JUSTIFICATION
To Introduce electric circuits and provide knowledge on the analysis of
circuits using network theorems.
CO1
PO1 Apply the knowledge

PO2 Identify, formulate

PO3 Design and development

PO4 Research based knowledge

PO5 NA

PO6 NA

PO7 NA

PO8 NA

PO9 Team work

PO10 NA
PO11 NA

PO12 life-long learning

CO2 To impart knowledge on series and parallel RC, RL and RLC circuits.
PO1 Apply the knowledge

PO2 Identify, formulate

PO3 Design and development

PO4 Research based knowledge

PO5 MATLAB tools –simulink ,model and response output

PO6 NA

PO7 NA

PO8 NA

PO9 Team work

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PO10 NA
PO11 NA

PO12 life-long learning

To Provide knowledge on the principles of electrostatics and

CO3 electromechanical energy conversion devices.
PO1 Apply the knowledge

PO2 Identify, formulate

PO3 Design and development

PO4 Research based knowledge

PO5 NA

PO6 NA

PO7 NA

PO8 NA

PO9 Team work

PO10 NA
PO11 NA
PO12 life-long learning

To learn the electrical measurement concepts and different types of wiring

CO4 system.
PO1 Apply the knowledge

PO2 Identify, formulate

PO3 Design and development

PO4 Research based knowledge

PO5 NA

PO6 NA

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PO7 NA

PO8 NA

PO9 Team work

PO10 NA
PO11 NA
PO12 life-long learning

To provide exposure on analysis of the electrical circuits and transducers

CO5 through experimentation.
PO1 Apply the knowledge

PO2 Identify, formulate

PO3 Design and development

PO4 Research based knowledge

PO5 NA

PO6 NA

PO7 NA

PO8 NA

PO9 Team work

PO10 NA
PO11 NA
PO12 life-long learning

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 14

 RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY

SAFETY MEASURES

1. Always enter Electrical Engineering Laboratories with prescribed uniform only.

2. Get the circuit verified and take the required apparatus from the stores by filling the
prescribed form.
3. Close the supply switch, only after the connections are checked by the faculty members.
4. Handle all equipment with care.
5. Fire extinguishers are installed in each floor and refilled periodically by the company
personnel. The usage of fire extinguisher is demonstrated to all the members.
6. Health centre is operated in all working days to provide medical service whenever
needed.
7. First aid boxes are kept in all the laboratories for the safety purpose during emergency
need.

8. Ensure that the meters of correct rating are connecting in the circuit.

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BREADBOARD SCHEMATIC AND RESISTOR COLOUR
CODING

Fig. 1- Breadboard schematic shows how the breadboard pins are connected
internally

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CONDUCTION AND OBSERVATION

Start the experiment in the presence of an Instructor/Staff- in-charge and do the same by
following the precautions and procedure.

Check the meter direction. If any changes are there then SWITCH OFF and rectify as per the
directions of the Staff-in-charge / Instructor and if staff permits you then proceed your
experiment.

Note all the required readings in the respective tabular columns.

CALCULATION

1. Calculate the required quantities by suitable formulae and tabulate them with UNITS.
2. Draw the required graphs and write the result.
3. Get the signature in the observation workbook from Staff-in-charge within three day.

RECORD

4. Enter the experiment details in the record note book which you have done in the observation
workbook.
5. Complete the record and submit the same in the next laboratory class.

NOTE:

1. Moving coil meters should be used for DC measurements.

2. Moving iron meters should be used for AC measurements.

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 CYCLE I

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 DEMONSTRATION OF MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL
QUANTITIES IN DC SYSTEM
EXP. NO: ______
DATE : _________

AIM:
To verify the Ohm’s law theoretically and practically of the given network.

STATEMENT:

The Ohm’s law states that “The steady current flowing through the circuit is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the circuit and inversely proportional to the
resistance of the circuit provided the temperature remains constant.”
V α I, V = IR , I = V/R

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) Volts DC 1
2. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-30) Volts MC 1
4. Resistor 470 Ohms - 1
840 Tie
5. Bread Board Solderless 1
Points
Single As per
6. Connecting wires -
Strand requirement

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the RPS and increase the applied voltage in steps and note
down the current flowing through the resistor and voltage across the resistor.
3. The same procedure is repeated for different values of applied voltage.
4. The observed readings are tabulated.
5. Compare the practical value of current and the theoretical value.
6. Switch off the power supply and remove the connections.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Voltage Practical Theoretical

Resistance R
S. No V Current Current
(Ω) (volts) I (mA) I = V/R (mA)
1
10V

2 470 Ω 15V

3 20V

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

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 Observation(5)
Attendance (5)
RESULT:

Viva-Voce (5)
Thus the Ohm’s law for the given circuit is verified TOTAL(15)
practically and theoretically.

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 VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS-
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
EXP. NO: ______
DATE : ______

AIM:
To verify the Superposition theorem theoretically and practically for a given circuit.

STATEMENT:
The theorem states “In a linear, lumped, bilateral circuit having more than one source,
the load current supplied by all the sources acting together is same as the sum of load currents
when the sources are acting individually considering one at a time”. While considering one
source individually, the other voltage sources are short circuited and current sources are open
circuited.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC dual Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2. Breadboard 840 Tie Points Solderless 1
3. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4. Resistor 330 Ω, 560 Ω - 1, 2

PROCEDURE:
A) Determination of IL’ by removing V2
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (iii).
2. Remove V2 by short circuiting the terminal.
3. Apply voltage V1 by using RPS and note down the current IL’.
B) Determination of IL’’ by removing V1
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (iv).
2. Remove V1 by short circuiting the terminal.
3. Apply voltage V2 by using RPS and note down the current IL’’.

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C) Determination of IL when both V1 and V2 are active
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (ii).
2. Apply the voltage V1, V2 and note down the current IL

FORMULA USED:
IL=IL’+IL’’
IL’- current through Ammeter by removing V2
IL’’- current through Ammeter by removing V1

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Original circuit

Determination of IL when both V1 and V2active

Circuit (ii)
Determination of IL’ by removing V2

Circuit (iii)
Determination of IL’’ by removing V1

Circuit (iv)

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TABULATION:

Practical Values Theoretical Values

IL IL IL = IL’ +
V1 V2 IL’’ IL = IL’ + IL’’ IL’’
Sl. No (original) IL’ (original) IL’ IL’’
(V) (V) (mA) (mA)
(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)
(mA) (mA)

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. What are linear system?
Ans:

Q2. Whether superposition theorem are applicable for both AC and DC circuits? If so, under
what conditions?
Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)
ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT:
Thus the Superposition theorem is verified theoretically and practically for the given
circuit.

VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS-

THEVENIN’S THEOREM
EXPT. NO: ______
DATE : ______

AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit and draw the thevenin equivalent
circuit.

STATEMENT:

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 Thevenin’s theorem states that “Any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source VTh in series with a single resistance
RTh”.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2. Breadboard 840 Tie points Solderless 1
3. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4. Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
220 Ω, 330Ω, 1
5. Resistors - 1 each
KΩ
6. Multimeter - Digital 1

PROCEDURE:
To find IL directly-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit (A).
2. The voltage Vs is set using RPS and the value of IL is noted.
To find Vth-
1. Make the circuit (Figure ii) in bread board
2. Gradually increase the RPS voltage in steps till the rated value and note down the

Thevinin’s voltage Vth.

To find Rth- 1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (iii).

2. Calculate the equivalent resistance using multimeter.
To find IL-
1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (iii).
1) Note down the value of IL for the same value of supply voltage.

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ORIGINAL CIRCUIT:

VERIFICATION OF THEOREM:
Practical circuit:

Circuit (i)

To find Vth:

Circuit (ii)

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To find Rth:

Circuit (iii)
Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit:

Circuit (iv)

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 TABULATION:
Practical Values Theoretical Values
IL IL
Vs Rth IL IL
Sl. No (original) Vth (original) Vth Rth
(V) (Ω) (thevinin) (mA) (thevinin)
(mA) (V) (V) (Ω)
(mA) (mA)

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Thevenin’s Equivalent voltage.
Ans:

Q2. State the limitations of Thevenin’s Theorem.

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT
Thus, Thevenin’s theorem is theoretically and practically verified.

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 VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS-
NORTON’S THEOREM
EXPT. NO:______
DATE :______
AIM:
To verify the Norton’s theorem theoritically and practically for the given circuit.
STATEMENT:
Norton’s theorem states “Any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single current source Isc in parallel with a single resistance
Rth”.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2. Breadboard 840 Tie points Solderless 1
3. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4. Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
220 Ω, 330Ω, 1
5. Resistors - 1 each
KΩ
6. Multimeter - Digital 1

PROCEDURE:
To find IL directly
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The source voltage Vs is set using RPS and the value of IL is noted.
To find IN
1. Connections are given as per the circuit (i)
2. The Load current IL is noted for various values of supply voltage and tabulated.
To find RN
1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (ii)

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 2. The Open circuit voltage (VOC) is noted for various values of the supply voltage and
tabulated.
To find IL
1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (iii)
2. The short circuit current (ISC) is noted for various values of the supply voltage
and tabulated.
3. Norton’s resistance is practically calculated by using the Open circuit voltage and
Short circuit current.

ORIGINAL CIRCUIT:

VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM:

Practical circuit_for finding IL directly

Circuit (i)

To find IN

Circuit (ii)

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To find RN

Circuit (iii)

Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

Circuit (iv)

TABULATION:
Practical Values Theoretical Values
IL IL
Vs Rth IL IL
Sl. No (original) Isc (original) Isc Rth
(V) (Ω) (norton) (mA) (norton)
(mA) (A) (A) (Ω)
(mA) (mA)

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THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. What is Norton’s current?
Ans:

Q2. How to draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit?

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT
Thus, Norton theorem is theoretically and practically verified.

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 VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS- MAXIMUM
POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
EXPT. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To verify Maximum power transfer theorem theoretically and practically for a given
circuit.
STATEMENT:
This theorem states “Power transferred from source to load will be maximum, when
load resistance is equal to circuit resistance looking back from its load end (Thevinin’s
resistance)”.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2 Bread board 840 Tie Points Solderless 1
3 Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
220 Ω, 330 Ω, 1 each
5. Resistors -
560 Ω
6. Potentiometer 2 KΩ Variable 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Find the Maximum power transferred using theoretical calculation (find Vth and Rth).
2. Complete the theoretical part of the tabular column.
3. Complete the circuit connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
4. Now by varying the potentiometer (load resistance) to the theoretical value of Rth as
obtained above, find the value of voltage and current.
5. The product of the voltage and current gives the power.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:
Practical values Theoretical values
Load
resistance Voltage Current Power Maximum
VTH RTH
(volts) (mA) (watts) Power

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. What are the applications of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem?
Ans:

Q2. State the limitations of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT
Thus the Maximum Power transfer theorem is verified theoretically and practically for
the given circuit.

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 STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER- LVDT
AIM:
To study the measurement of displacement using LVDT.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1. LVDT Kit (0- - 1
20)mm
2. Digital Multimeter - - 1
3. Set of patching wires - - As required

THEORY:
The differential transformer is a passive inductive transformer also known as Linear
Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT). It is a transducer for converting positional
information into an electrical signal. LVDT has soft core which slides within the hollow
transformer and hence affects the magnetic coupling between the primary and two secondaries.
When the primary coil is energized by an external ac source, voltages are induced in the
two secondary coils. The two secondary coils are connected in series opposing, so the two
voltages are opposite in polarity. Hence the net output of transducer is the difference between
these voltages, which is zero when the core is at the center or null position.
When the core is moved from the null position, the induced voltage in the opposite coil
decreases. This produces a differential voltage output that varies linearly with changes in the
core position.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Power ON the LVDT TUTOR.
2. Adjust the screw gauge of the TEST BENCH to set at 10mm which corresponds to
NULL position of LVDT. The Display should read 0 volt.
3. Adjust the screw gauge to 12 mm and record the corresponding display value. This
setting corresponds to +2mm of LVDT core movement.
4. Repeat step 3 in steps of 2 mm till the screw gauge reading of 20mm.
5. Repeat step 2 and adjust the screw gauge to 8 mm and record the corresponding display
value. This setting corresponds to -2 mm of LVDT core movement.
6. Repeat step 5 in steps of 2 mm till the screw gauge shows 0 mm.
7. Record the readings and plot the graph with LVDT core movement in X axis and
Absolute display value on Y axis.

TABULATION:
Sl.No Screw Gauge LVDT Reading Display Reading
Reading (mm) (mm) (volts)
1 10 0
2 12 -2
3 14 -4
4 16 -6

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5 18 -8
6 20 -10
7 10 0
8 8 2
9 6 4
10 4 6
11 2 8
12 0 10

MODEL GRAPH:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is LVDT and name which type of the transducer LVDT ?

2. Write the working principle of LVDT

3. List down the merits of LVDT.

4. What are the applications of LVDT?

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 5. Name the material used in the core of LVDT.

6. List the demerits of LVDT.

7. Why an accelerometer is used?

8. Why LVDT is called linear and differential?

9. List some of the transducers.

10. What is the frequency range of ac source connected to the primary winding?

RESULT:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

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EXP NO.: DATE:
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT: USING RTD SENSOR
AIM:
To study the characteristics of RTD (Resistance Temperature detectors) Sensor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of the Apparatus Quantity
1. Temperature measurement trainer kit 1
2. Multimeter 1
3. RT Sensor 1
4. Water Bath 1
5. Thermometer 1

THEORY:
Construction:‘
RTD Elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass
core. He element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a sheathed probe for
protection. The RTD element is typically made out of pure platinum, nickel or copper.
Working:
RTD operates on the principle of changes in electrical resistances of pure metals and are
characterized by a linear positive change in resistance with temperature.

Figure 1: RTD Construction

Advantages:
The advantages include their accuracy, precision, long-term stability, and good hysteresis
characteristics.
Even beyond these, there are advantages of thin film RTDs over wire wound, including
smaller dimensions, better response times, vibration resistance, and relative inexpensiveness.

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New advancements has even made thin film technology just as accurate as wire wound at higher
temperatures ranges.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the RTD Sensor to the RTD interface T1 and T2.
2. Switch SW3 should be in resistance mode (top side).
3. Connect the multimeter in the resistance mode to T11 and T12.
4. Fill the water bath with 1 litre distilled water.
5. Insert RTD sensor and the thermometer into the water bath.
6. Switch On the water bath(heater).
7. For increase in temperature note down the increase in resistance value and thermometer
reading.
8. Tabulate the readings
9. Switch OFF the water bath.
TABULATION:
S.NO Thermometer Temperature Resistance (Ω)
(˚C)
1. 38 113
2. 40 120
3. 47 126
4. 52 131
5. 60 135
6. 65 136
7. 75 136
8. 82 136
9. 85 136
10. 90 136

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.

2.

3.

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of RTD Sensor was studied.

Max. Marks
Marks Obtained
OBSERVATION/ 5
RECORD
VIVA 10
ATTENDANCE 5
TOTAL MARKS 20

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EXP NO. DATE:
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT: USING THERMISTOR SENSOR
AIM:
To study the characteristics of ThermistorSensor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of the Apparatus Quantity
1. Temperature measurement trainer kit 1
2. Multimeter 1
3. Thermistor Sensor 1
4. Water Bath 1
5. Thermometer 1

THEORY:
Construction:‘
Thermistors are composed of sintered mixture of metallic oxides such a manganese,
nickel, cobalt copper, iron and uranium. Thermistors are semi-conductor type resistance
thermometers.The device consists of bulk semionductor device that acts as a resistor with high
and negative temperature coefficient. Due to high sensitivity ( sometimes as high as 6% per
degre Celsius) , it is used in precision temperature measurement,temperature control and
temperature compensation.
Working:

Where, RT is the resistance at temperature T (K) R0 isthe resistance at temperature

T0 (K) T0 is the reference temperature, normally 25oC β is a constant, its value is decided by the
characteristics of the material, the nominal value is taken as 4000. It is always required that the
β should be higher. If the value of β is high, then the resistor – temperature relationship will be
very good. Then the sensitivity of the thermistor also increases. That means for the same raise of
temperature, we can get the higher variations in the resistance.
This is very good property to make any instrument with greater sensitivity.
From the expression we can obtain the resistance temperature co-efficient. This is nothing but
the expression for sensitivity
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 .
Application:
1. Control and Detection of temperature
2. Temperature compensation circuits.
3. Surge and overcurrent protection.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the thermistor Sensor to the thermistor interface T5 and T6.
2. Switch SW4 should be in resistance mode (top side).
3. Connect the multimeter in the resistance mode to T13 and T14.
4. Fill the water bath with 1 litre distilled water.
5. Insert thermistor sensor and the thermometer into the water bath.
6. Switch On the water bath(heater).
7. For increase in temperature note down the increase in resistance value and thermometer
reading.
8. Tabulate the readings
9. Switch OFF the water bath.

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TABULATION:
S.NO Thermometer Temperature Resistance (kΩ)
(˚C)
1. 38 2.01
2. 40 1.65
3. 45 1.151
4. 47 0.946
5. 50 0.862
6. 53 0.700
7. 56 0.543
8. 60 0.457
9. 65 0.408
10. 70 0.396
11. 80 0.390
12. 90 0.385
13. 95 0.382
14. 98 0.372
15. 100 0.366

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define thermistor?

2. What is negative temperature coefficient?

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 OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of Thermistor Sensor was studied.

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 SIMULATION OF TIME RESPONSE OF RC CIRCUIT

EXPT. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To realize the series RC circuit using MATLAB

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

• MATLAB PACKAGE

BLOCKS NEEDED:

Sl. No. SIMULINK BLOCKS FUNCTION QTNY

1 Single -Phase Source Provides the three phase AC supply 1
2 Series RLC branch Acts as the load 3
3 Current Measurement Measures the current through the load 3
4 Scope Enables to view the three phase output 4
waveform
5 Mux Combines multiple signals to view on 1
the display/scope
6 Powergui Enables the whole operation in Matlab 1

PROCEDURE:
• Open the MATLAB in your computer and click on “New Model” found at the top left
of the window.This is called Model file.
• Now open the library browser and drag the components required from it and place it in
Model file.
• Connect the components and use powergui, click on the “Run” green color icon found
on the middle of the top traybox to simulate the program and obtain the graph.

RC SERIES CIRCUIT:

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 Matlab Circuit
Output waveform
R=100 Ohms
C=1uF
Time constant, t=RC
Select frequency, f=1/4t=2.5e3 Hz

SERIES RC CIRUIT TRANSIENT RESPONSE

SERIES RC CIRUIT TRANSIENT RESPONSE

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 OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT: Thus the realization of series RC circuit was performed & waveforms were analyzed
using MATLAB.

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 Simulation of R-L-C series circuits for XL>XC , XL< XC
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To determine the resonant frequency and bandwidth of series resonant circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 Function Generator (0-3) MHz Digital 1
2 Decade Resistance Box 1K Ω - 1
3 Decade Inductance Box - 1
4 Decade Capacitance Box 1 µF - 1
5 Ammeter (0-10) mA AC 1
6 Voltmeter (0-10) V AC 1
Single As per
7 Connecting wires -
Strand requirement

THEORY:
An ac circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and the resulting current
are in phase. In an RLC circuits at resonance, Z = R & XL = Xc where XL is inductive reactance
and Xc is capacitive reactance.
The frequency at which the voltage in RLC circuit is maximum is known as resonant
frequency (fo). At fo IC and IL are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set input voltage, Vi (5 or 10 v) using signal generator and vary the frequency from (0-
1)MHz in regular steps.
3. Note down the corresponding output voltage and current.
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4. Plot the graph: I ,Vc & VL Vs frequencies.

TO MEASURE THE RESONANCE FREQUENCY:

1. Plot the graph: Current Vs Frequencies

2. Draw a vertical line, from the maximum current reading to the X-axis. That is the resonant
frequency f0.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Series RLC circuit):

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION: Vin = 5V

S.No Frequency ( Current I (mA) S.No Frequency ( Hz) Current I (mA)

Hz)
1 11

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 2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
7 fr = 1 /(2 Π√LC) Hertz =
where,
8 fr = Resonant frequency
9 L = Inductance
C = Capacitance
10

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Parallel RLC circuit):

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

S.No Frequency ( Voltage (V) S.No Frequency ( Hz) Voltage (V)

Hz)

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 1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
7 fr = 1 /(2 Π√LC) Hertz =
where,
8 fr = Resonant frequency
9 L = Inductance
C = Capacitance
10

FOR SERIES RESONANCE:

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / EEE23131 / 57
FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Bandwidth.
Ans:

Q2. Write the expression for effective impedance for series and parallel circuits.
Ans:

Q3. What is the value of power factor at resonance for both the series and parallel circuits?
Ans:

Q4. What is the parameter that is magnified in a series and parallel circuit?
Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT :
Thus the resonance curve for series resonance and parallel resonance is plotted and the
resonant frequency is calculated theoretically and practically.

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VIVA QUESTIONS and ANSWERS
Why Transformer Rated In kVA, Not in KW?
When manufacturers design a transformer, they have no idea which kind of load will be
connected to the transformer. The load may be resistive (R), inductive (L), capacitive (C) or
mixed load (R, L, and C). Its mean, there would be different power factor (p.f) at the
secondary (load) side. The output of real power may vary depending on the power factor.
Thus the manufacturer denotes it as “this transformer can provide x number of amperes at y
amount of voltage”. This way, they go for VA as in (voltage x Amperes) instead of W in case
of rating of a Transformer.
What is an Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer in which no losses occur at all. In
other words, the transformer Input power is equal to the output power of the
transformer i.e. they have 100% efficiency. It is just a theoretical transformer because
there must be some losses in a real transformer.
Transformer input Power = Transformer Output Power.
PIN = POUT.
What are transformer losses & their types?
A real transformer has the following losses;
Copper Losses (Winding Resistance)
The losses occur due to the current flow through the windings that causes resistive
heating of the conductors.
Core or Iron Losses
There are two types of core or iron losses

Hysteresis Losses
These losses occur due to the magnetic field reversal. The magnetization &
demagnetization of the core consumes some energy, also known as hysteresis loss.
Eddy Current Losses
The losses due to the current generated inside the core. The eddy current causes the
resistive heating of the core.
Various other losses include:
Stray losses (leakage Flux)

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 Dielectric Loss
Other Losses
Magnetostriction Losses
Mechanical losses
What is transformer efficiency & all-day efficiency? What is the condition for
maximum efficiency?
Transformer Efficiency:
The efficiency of the transformer is given by the output power divided by the input
power. Some of the input power is wasted in internal losses of the transformer.
Efficiency, η = Output Power / Input Power
All Day Efficiency:
The ratio of energy delivered in Kilo Watt-Hour (kWh) to the energy input in kWh of
the transformer for 24 hours is called all-day efficiency.
ηall_day = Output in kWh / Input in kWh
Condition for Maximum Efficiency:
The copper loss must be equal to the iron loss; which is the combination of hysteresis
loss & eddy current loss.
Cu Loss = Iron Loss
Wcu = Wi
What is the voltage regulation of the transformer & why is it important?
The voltage regulation of a transformer is the percentage change in the secondary
voltage from no load to full load condition. Ideally, the secondary voltage remains the
same throughout the load, in which case the voltage regulation is zero. But practically
it varies with the power factor of the load.
The voltage regulation value provides the efficiency of the transformer & it is best to
prefer a transformer with low voltage regulation.
Why the current transformer’s secondary should not be open when there is current
flow in its primary?
The current transformer is essentially a step-up transformer that increases the voltage
& decreases the current on the secondary side. Under the open secondary condition,
the primary current becomes the magnetizing current that generates a very high
secondary voltage that can damage the insulation as well as can pose danger to
personnel.

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How do you know if a circuit is inductive or capacitive or purely resistive?
The total impedance of the circuit can be used to identify the circuit. If the imaginary
part of the total impedance is positive, then it is an inductive circuit. It the imaginary
part is negative, and then it is a capacitive circuit. If it is zero then the circuit is purely
resistive.
Does current lead or lag the voltage in an inductive or capacitive circuit?
The current lags the voltage in an inductive circuit while the current leads the voltage
in a capacitive circuit.
What is a unilateral & bilateral circuit?
A unilateral is a type of circuit whose properties change with the direction of current
flow or the voltage. The properties of a bilateral circuit do not change with changing
the current direction or supply voltage.
What is a linear & non-linear circuit?
In a linear circuit, the relation between the current & voltage is linear i.e. directly
proportional. The circuit parameter such as frequency, resistance, inductance,
capacitance, etc. remains constant with varying current & voltage.
While in the non-linear circuit, the current & voltage does not have a linear
relationship. The electrical parameters of such circuits changes with varying voltage
& current.
What are the limitations of ohm’s law?
Ohm law is not applicable to a unilateral circuit or a non-linear circuit. The criterion
for ohm’s law is that the resistance must be constant which also depends on the
temperature. Whereas, the resistance of a non-linear or unilateral circuit varies with
voltage & current. Thus it is not applicable in such a circuit. Also, the temperature
must remain constant.
What is the maximum power transfer theorem?
It mentions the condition for maximum power transfer from source to load. It states
that n a linear, bilateral network, the maximum power will be transferred from source
to the load when the external load resistance equals the internal resistance of the
source or Thevenin’s resistance of the circuit.

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What is active, reactive, apparent & complex power?
Active power: it is the actual power that is delivered to the load such as transformer,
induction motors, generators, etc and dissipated in the circuit. It is denoted by P & its
unit is watts W.
Reactive Power: The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source
and load is known as reactive power. It is denoted by Q & its unit is VAR voltage-
ampere reactive.
Apparent Power: It is the product of voltage & current without referencing the phase
difference between them. It is a combination of active power & reactive power. It is
denoted by S & its unit Volt-Ampere, VA.
Complex power: it is the product of voltage & current with reference to the phase
difference between them. it is the complex sum or vector sum of the active power &
reactive power. It is denoted by S & measure in VAR.
What is a leading & lagging power factor & how can you improve it? State the methods
of power factor correction?
The cosine of the angle between voltage & current is called the power factor. If the
current leads the voltage, it causes a leading power factor. If the current lags voltage
the power factor is lagging.
Most loads are inductive that causes a lagging power factor. Thus these following
methods are used for p.f correction (to nullify the lagging current)
Static Capacitor
The capacitor helps in providing a leading current that eliminates the lagging
component of current & improves the power factor
Synchronous Condenser
It is an over-excited synchronous motor with no load that also provides a leading
power factor.
Phase Advancer
Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft of the
motor and operates with the motor’s rotor circuit for power factor improvement.
Phase advancer is used to improve the power factor of induction motor in industries.
Why do we improve the power factor?
The reason for improving the power factors are stated below;

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 Large Line Losses (Copper Losses): Line losses (I2R) depend on current. The low
power factor draws a large amount of current as compared to the high power factor.
Large kVA rating and Size of Electrical Equipment; PF is inversely proportional
to KVA. Low PF equipment with a high KVA rating is larger in size.
Large Conductor Size and Cost; we need large conductors to transmit the heavy
current required due to low power factor.
Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop; The large current due to low PF
causes a high voltage drop that needs to be regulated more often than usual.
Low Efficiency; The losses due to the high current flow & voltage drop deteriorate
the efficiency of the system. The efficiency is maximum at PF=1.

Why Motor rated in kW instead of kVA?

As we know the transformer is rated in KVA because its PF (Power Factor) depends
on the nature of the loads. However, Motor has a fixed Power factor, i.e. motor has
defined power factor (P.F) and the rating has been mentioned in kW or HP on Motor.
In more clear words, Motor only consumes active power and provides mechanical
power in HP or kW at the motor shaft and that is the reason for motor rating in Watts.
What is a motor starter?
Motor Starter is a device that connects in series with the motor to decrease the
starting current (that could damage the windings in normal conditions) and gradually
increase current after starting the motor (in other words start or stop the motor) and
provide overload protection.
What is Ohm’s Law?
Ohm’s Law states that the current (I) through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage (V) across the two points, provided the temperature remains
constant. The formula is V=IRV = IRV=IR, where RRR is the resistance.
What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, so the same current flows
through each component. In a parallel circuit, components are connected across common
points, so each component has the same voltage across it but different currents.
What is Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)?
Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the total current entering a junction is equal to the
total current leaving the junction.

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What is Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)?
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the sum of all electrical voltages around any closed
network is zero.
Define resistance and its unit.
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to the flow of current in a conductor. It is
measured in ohms (Ω).
What is a voltmeter and how is it connected in a circuit?
A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential difference (voltage) between
two points in an electrical circuit. It is connected in parallel with the component across
which the voltage is to be measured.
What is an ammeter and how is it connected in a circuit?
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure the current flowing through a circuit. It is
connected in series with the component whose current is to be measured.
Explain the concept of power in an electric circuit.
Power in an electric circuit is the rate at which energy is consumed or converted. It is
calculated as P=VIP = VIP=VI, where PPP is power, VVV is voltage, and III is current.
Power is measured in watts (W).
What is a capacitor and its function in a circuit?
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is used to store
and release energy, filter signals, and in timing applications.
What is an inductor and its function in a circuit?
An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field when
electrical current flows through it. It is used in filtering, inductive reactance, and energy
storage applications.
How does a resistor affect the current in a circuit?
A resistor opposes the flow of current, reducing the amount of current that can pass
through a circuit according to Ohm's Law.
What is the function of a diode in a circuit?
A diode allows current to flow in one direction only and blocks it in the opposite
direction. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and protection purposes.
What are the different types of resistors?

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 There are fixed resistors, variable resistors (potentiometers), and special resistors like
thermistors (temperature-sensitive), photoresistors (light-sensitive), and varistors
(voltage-sensitive).
What is the time constant in an RC circuit?
The time constant (τ\tauτ) in an RC circuit is the time required for the voltage across the
capacitor to reach approximately 63% of its final value after a change in voltage. It is
given by τ=RC\tau = RCτ=RC, where RRR is the resistance and CCC is the capacitance.
What is a transformer and its basic principle?
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works on the principle of mutual induction
between windings.
What is Thevenin’s Theorem?
Thevenin’s Theorem states that any linear electrical network with voltage sources and
resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source
(Thevenin voltage, VthV_{th}Vth) in series with a single resistance (Thevenin
resistance, RthR_{th}Rth).

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