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TEST BANK > CONTROL PANEL > POOL MANAGER > POOL CANVAS

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Add, modify, and remove questions. Select a question type from the Add Question drop-down list and click Go to add questions. Use Creation Settings to establish
which default options, such as feedback and images, are available for question creation.

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Name CHAPTER 1: Introduction

Description
Instructions Modify

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Question Which of the following most correctly states Descartes’ position on human and animal behavior?
Answer Human behavior is governed by free will; animal behavior is governed by reflexes.
A few human and animal behaviors are governed by free will; most are governed by reflexes.
Voluntary human behaviors are governed by free will; involuntary human behaviors and all animal behaviors are governed by reflexes.
All human and animal behaviors can be explained by reflex mechanisms.

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Question According to Descartes, what is the difference between human and animal behaviors?
Answer Humans can perform voluntary behaviors; animals can perform only involuntary behaviors.
Humans respond to environmental stimuli; animals only behave reflexively.
Human reflexes are voluntary; animal reflexes are involuntary.
Human behavior is explainable by natural laws; animal behavior is unpredictable.

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Question The philosophical tenet that some of the content of the human mind is innate is called
Answer dualism.
nativism.
empiricism.
reflexism.

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Question Nativist and empiricist philosophies differ in beliefs of

Answer the contents, but not the mechanisms, of the human mind.
the contents and mechanisms of the human mind only at birth.
the contents and mechanisms of the human mind.
the mechanisms, but not the contents, of the human mind.

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Question John Locke believed that

Answer the human mind was unpredictable and governed by free will.
the ideas humans had were acquired directly or indirectly after birth.
nativism best described human cognition.
rules of association did not explain human behavior.

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Question According to Thomas Hobbes,

Answer reflexes were predictable; the mind was not.
the mind was predictable; responses to environmental cues were not.
neither the operations of the mind nor reflexes were predictable.
both reflexes and the operations of the mind were predictable.

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Question The concept of hedonism as the control for voluntary behavior was proposed by which philosopher?
Answer Aristotle
Locke
Hobbes
Brown

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Question The British empiricists believed that complex ideas are

 2 of 6
Answer sense experiences.
present at birth.
the product of simple sensations combined by association.
 3 of 6

simple reflex responses.

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Question Which of the following is not a primary rule of association?

Answer contingency
contiguity
similarity
contrast

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Question Of the primary rules of association, which has been most prominent in considerations of associations?
Answer similarity
contingency
contrast
contiguity

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Question All of the following are true of British empiricists except

Answer they believed that ideas were based on associations of simple sensory events.
they conducted experiments to test the rules of association.
they held that the mind was a blank slate at birth.
they thought that sense experiences were the basis of knowledge.

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Question Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer was the first to empirically test the rules of association.
demonstrated that separate nerves carry sensory and motor information.
set forth the secondary rules of association.
showed that irritation of a nerve was sufficient to produce a muscle contraction.

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Question John Swammerdam’s contribution to the study of reflexes was to show that
Answer muscle contractions were not produced by an infusion of gas.
mechanical irritation of a nerve produced a muscle contraction.
nerves are hollow tubes.
separate nerves are involved in sensory and motor transmission.

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Question The finding that gas infusions are not the cause of muscle contractions is best attributed to which of the following researchers?
Answer René Descartes
Charles Bell
Francois Magendie
Francis Glisson

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Question Like Descartes, Sechenov believed that reflexes were due to

Answer inflation of the muscle by gases.
neural transmission by animal spirits.
the fixed anatomy of the nervous system.
irritation of nerves.

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Question Sechenov extended Descartes’ theory of reflexes by suggesting that

Answer not all reflexes are innate.
mechanical stimulation of a nerve was sufficient to produce a motor response.
reflexes are due to the fixed anatomy of the nervous system.
some reflexes could be due to a stimulus releasing a response from inhibition.

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Question The research of Ivan Pavlov and Hermann Ebbinghaus is similar because both researchers
Answer were using empirical methods to investigate reflexes.
were using empirical methods to study laws of associations.
extended Descartes’ concept of dualism.
were concerned with the study of the mind, not with physiological mechanisms.
 4 of 6

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Question Which of the following best characterizes Pavlov’s extension of Descartes’ theory of reflexes?
Answer Pavlov demonstrated that new reflexes could develop through a mechanism of association.
Pavlov demonstrated that reflexes are innate and based on neural anatomy.
Pavlov demonstrated that reflexes are due to a stimulus releasing a response from inhibition.
Pavlov demonstrated that complex ideas develop from associations between sensory experiences.

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Question Charles Darwin

Answer argued that nonhuman animals had the capacity for curiosity, attention, and aesthetic sensibility.
provided compelling evidence for various forms of animal intelligence.
suggested that physical but not psychological traits are the product of evolution.
All of these

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Question Which of the following is not true of the work of Charles Darwin?
Answer He argued for a continuity from animals to humans.
He attempted to characterize the evolution of psychological traits.
He provided compelling evidence for various forms of animal intelligence.
He suggested nonhuman animals had the capacity for curiosity, attention, and aesthetic sensibility.

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Question George Romanes defined animal intelligence as

Answer learning to make new adjustments or to modify old ones, in accordance with the results of an animal’s own individual experience.
the ability to solve ever more difficult problems in the environment or laboratory.
interacting in a meaningful way with members of the same species.
interacting in a meaningful way with members of other species.

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Question What can behavioral studies of learning demonstrate?

Answer how the elements of the nervous system change due to associative learning
the conditions under which information is acquired
the features of the reflex arc necessary for learning to occur
All of these

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Question Which of the following is necessary when using animal models to study human behavior?
Answer One must assume that the animal in question is like humans.
The animal behavior must be as complex as human behavior.
One must identify a relevant similarity between the animal model and the human behavior of interest.
The animal behavior must be similar to human behavior in most respects.

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Question Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?
Answer Animal models are cheaper than studies with humans.
Animal models permit the investigations to be carried out more simply.
Animal models allow for circumstances that can be better controlled.
All of these

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Question Behavior changes due to learning

Answer can be short lived but must be due to interaction with the environment.
must be enduring and due to interaction with the environment.
must be enduring but must not depend on interaction with the environment.
must be enduring and due to changes of stimulus conditions.

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Question Why is learning defined in terms of the mechanisms of behavior rather than by a behavior change itself?
Answer Behavior changes are short-lived; changes in the mechanisms are enduring.
Behavior is due to many factors besides learning.
Behavior does not change due to interaction with environmental stimuli.
Behavior cannot be quantified; mechanisms can be.

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 5 of 6

Question Which of the following would correctly be identified as due to learning?

Answer A weight lifter can raise less and less weight as her sets go on.
After a growth spurt, a child can now climb on the couch.
In the spring, male birds are attracted to females, but not in the fall when the females are not receptive.
None of these

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Question Why must learning be studied with experimental instead of observational techniques?
Answer Causes can only be inferred, not observed directly.
Causes are very similar across situations.
Observations only provide evidence of prior experiences.
Observational studies are only sufficient to document short-term behavior changes.

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Question What comparison must be made to determine the cause of behavior change in learning experiments?
Answer a comparison between data from observational and experimental studies
a comparison between behavior before and behavior after learning takes place
a comparison between behavior of subjects who have received a training experience and the behavior of others who have not
a comparison between human and animal behaviors under similar circumstances

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Question The general-process approach to learning assumes that

Answer all animals respond to training in a similar manner.
learning phenomena are products of elemental processes that are consistent across situations.
learning phenomena are products of elemental processes that change across situations.
differing species will learn about similar stimuli and responses similarly.

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Question Which of the following is not true of the general-process approach to learning?
Answer Elemental processes are assumed to operate in a similar manner across learning situations.
Evidence of learning in diverse species provides support for the general-process approach.
The generality is assumed to exist in the contents and speed of learning.
The generality is assumed to exist in elemental laws of association.

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Question What has contributed to the evidence for the generality of learning phenomena?
Answer studies of many different phenomena in humans
studies of many different phenomena in rats
studies of similar forms of learning across species
studies of similar forms of learning in humans

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Question Comparisons of the behavior of laboratory-raised rats and the behavior of non-domesticated strains suggest that
Answer conclusions reached in laboratory experiments must be tempered by the greatly different behavior between the two strains.
the animals behave similarly.
laboratory-raised animals behave similarly to the non-domesticated strains only in controlled environments.
laboratory-raised animals are not able to survive in non-controlled environments, which limits conclusions from laboratory research.

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Question The generation of new, previously unknown facts about behavior must come from
Answer computer modeling.
studying live organisms.
studying live humans.
studying live non-humans.

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Question Which of the following is not one of the “three Rs” for animal research as described by Russell and Burch?
Answer replacement
refining
referencing
reducing

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 6 of 6

Question Describe the contributions to the study of learning made by three of the following individuals: René Descartes, John Locke, Thomas
Hobbes, Thomas Brown, Aristotle, Hermann Ebbinghaus, I. M. Sechenov, Ivan Pavlov, Charles Darwin.
Answer Answer not provided
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Question Briefly describe the two intellectual traditions that were stimulated by Cartesian dualism. How is each tradition represented in
contemporary investigations of learning phenomena?
Answer Answer not provided
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Question Compare the nativist and empiricist positions. How has each contributed to the theoretical underpinnings of the study of learning?
Answer Answer not provided

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Question Explain how the research of I. M. Sechenov and Ivan Pavlov extended Descartes’ early conceptualization of the role reflexes have in
human behavior.
Answer Answer not provided
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Question What three primary sources provided the impetus for research of animal learning? Briefly describe how each line of interest influences
contemporary research in learning processes.
Answer Answer not provided
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Question Compare the research of Ivan Pavlov and Hermann Ebbinghaus. What do the two lines of investigation have in common?
Answer Answer not provided
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Question Why would one use an animal model of human behavior? What contributes to the validity of such studies? What precautions must be
heeded while interpreting the data?
Answer Answer not provided
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Question Describe how the definition of learning dictates what type of science the study of learning must be.
Answer Answer not provided
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Question Why is the learning-performance distinction important to researchers of learning phenomena? Provide three types of behavioral change
that are not considered to be learning. Describe how each fails to meet the definition of learning.
Answer Answer not provided

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Question How might learning studies be conducted to address each of Aristotle’s four causes: efficient, material, formal, and final?
Answer Answer not provided
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Question What is the general-process approach? What evidence supports adopting such an approach in the study of learning phenomena? Why
should caution be used in interpreting this evidence?
Answer Answer not provided
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Question Describe how historical developments in the study of the mind contributed to the contemporary study of learning.
Answer Answer not provided

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Question Describe Descartes’ conception of the reflex and how the concept of the reflex has changed since his time.
Answer Answer not provided
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 7 of 6

Question Describe the definition of learning and how learning is distinguished from other forms of behavior change.
Answer Answer not provided
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Another random document with
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which was around Gerth’s hall. He rode to where a
herdsman sat on a hill, and said:

11. “Tell me, herdsman, | sitting on the hill,

And watching all the ways,
How may I win | a word with the maid
Past the hounds of Gymir here?”

The herdsman spake:

12. “Art thou doomed to die | or already dead,

Thou horseman that ridest hither?
Barred from speech | shalt thou ever be
With Gymir’s daughter good.”

Skirnir spake:

13. “Boldness is better | than plaints can be

For him whose feet must fare; [112]
To a destined day | has mine age been doomed,
And my life’s span thereto laid.”

Gerth spake:

14. “What noise is that | which now so loud

I hear within our house?
The ground shakes, | and the home of Gymir
Around me trembles too.”
The Serving-Maid spake:

15. “One stands without | who has leapt from his

steed,
And lets his horse loose to graze;”
. . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gerth spake:

16. “Bid the man come in, | and drink good mead
Here within our hall;
Though this I fear, | that there without
My brother’s slayer stands.

[113]

17. “Art thou of the elves | or the offspring of

gods,
Or of the wise Wanes?
How camst thou alone | through the leaping flame
Thus to behold our home?”

Skirnir spake:

18. “I am not of the elves, | nor the offspring of

gods,
Nor of the wise Wanes;
Though I came alone | through the leaping flame
 Thus to behold thy home.

19. “Eleven apples, | all of gold,

Here will I give thee, Gerth,
To buy thy troth | that Freyr shall be
Deemed to be dearest to you.”

Gerth spake:

20. “I will not take | at any man’s wish

These eleven apples ever;
Nor shall Freyr and I | one dwelling find
So long as we two live.”

Skirnir spake:

21. “Then do I bring thee | the ring that was

burned [114]
Of old with Othin’s son;
From it do eight | of like weight fall
On every ninth night.”

Gerth spake:

22. “The ring I wish not, | though burned it was

Of old with Othin’s son;
In Gymir’s home | is no lack of gold
In the wealth my father wields.”
Skirnir spake:

23. “Seest thou, maiden, | this keen, bright sword

That I hold here in my hand?
Thy head from thy neck | shall I straightway hew,
If thou wilt not do my will.”

Gerth spake:

24. “For no man’s sake | will I ever suffer

To be thus moved by might;
But gladly, methinks, | will Gymir seek
To fight if he finds thee here.”

Skirnir spake:

25. “Seest thou, maiden, | this keen, bright sword

That I hold here in my hand? [115]
Before its blade | the old giant bends,—
Thy father is doomed to die.

26. “I strike thee, maid, | with my magic staff,

To tame thee to work my will;
There shalt thou go | where never again
The sons of men shall see thee.

27. “On the eagle’s hill | shalt thou ever sit,

And gaze on the gates of Hel;
More loathsome to thee | than the light-hued
snake
To men, shall thy meat become.

28. “Fearful to see, | if thou comest forth,

Hrimnir will stand and stare,
(Men will marvel at thee;) [116]
More famed shalt thou grow | than the watchman
of the gods!
Peer forth, then, from thy prison.

29. “Rage and longing, | fetters and wrath,

Tears and torment are thine;
Where thou sittest down | my doom is on thee
Of heavy heart
And double dole.

30. “In the giants’ home | shall vile things harm

thee
Each day with evil deeds;
Grief shalt thou get | instead of gladness,
And sorrow to suffer with tears.

31. “With three-headed giants | thou shalt dwell

ever,
Or never know a husband;
(Let longing grip thee, | let wasting waste thee,—)
[117]
Be like to the thistle | that in the loft
Was cast and there was crushed.

32. “I go to the wood, | and to the wet forest,

To win a magic wand;
. . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
I won a magic wand.

33. “Othin grows angry, | angered is the best of

the gods,
Freyr shall be thy foe,
Most evil maid, | who the magic wrath
Of gods hast got for thyself.

34. “Give heed, frost-rulers, | hear it, giants,

Sons of Suttung,
And gods, ye too,
How I forbid | and how I ban
The meeting of men with the maid,
(The joy of men with the maid.)

[118]

35. “Hrimgrimnir is he, | the giant who shall have

thee
In the depth by the doors of Hel;
To the frost-giants’ halls | each day shalt thou
fare,
 Crawling and craving in vain,
(Crawling and having no hope.)

36. “Base wretches there | by the root of the tree

Will hold for thee horns of filth;
A fairer drink | shalt thou never find,
Maid, to meet thy wish,
(Maid, to meet my wish.)

37. “I write thee a charm | and three runes

therewith,
Longing and madness and lust;
But what I have writ | I may yet unwrite
If I find a need therefor.”

[119]

Gerth spake:

38. “Find welcome rather, | and with it take

The frost-cup filled with mead;
Though I did not believe | that I should so love
Ever one of the Wanes.”

Skirnir spake:

39. “My tidings all | must I truly learn

Ere homeward hence I ride:
How soon thou wilt | with the mighty son
 Of Njorth a meeting make.”

Gerth spake:

40. “Barri there is, | which we both know well,

A forest fair and still;
And nine nights hence | to the son of Njorth
Will Gerth there grant delight.”

Then Skirnir rode home. Freyr stood without, and

spoke to him, and asked for tidings:

41. “Tell me, Skirnir, | ere thou take off the

saddle,
Or farest forward a step:
What hast thou done | in the giants’ dwelling
To make glad thee or me?”

[120]

Skirnir spake:

42. “Barri there is, | which we both know well,

A forest fair and still;
And nine nights hence | to the son of Njorth
Will Gerth there grant delight.”

Freyr spake:
43. “Long is one night, | longer are two;
How then shall I bear three?
Often to me | has a month seemed less
Than now half a night of desire.”

[107]

[Contents]

NOTES
[108]

Prose. Freyr: concerning his father, Njorth, and the race of the
Wanes in general, cf. Voluspo, 21 and note. Snorri thus describes
Njorth’s family: “Njorth begat two children in Noatun; the son was
named Freyr, and the daughter Freyja; they were fair of aspect and
mighty. Freyr is the noblest of the gods; he rules over rain and
sunshine, and therewith the fruitfulness of the earth; it is well to call
upon him for plenty and welfare, for he rules over wealth for
mankind. Freyja is the noblest of the goddesses. When she rides to
the fight, she has one-half of the slain, and Othin has half. When she
goes on a journey, she drives her two cats, and sits in a cart. Love-
songs please her well, and it is good to call on her in love-matters.”
Hlithskjolf: Othin’s watch-tower; cf. Grimnismol, introductory prose.
He said: both manuscripts have “Then Skathi said:” (Skathi was
Njorth’s wife), but Bugge’s emendation, based on Snorri’s version, is
doubtless correct.
1. My son: both manuscripts, and many editors, have “our son,”
which, of course, goes with the introduction of Skathi in the prose.
As the stanza is clearly addressed to Skirnir, the change of pronouns
seems justified. The same confusion occurs in stanza 2, where
Skirnir in the manuscripts is made to speak of Freyr as [109]“your
son” (plural). The plural pronoun in the original involves a metrical
error, which is corrected by the emendation.

4. Elfbeam: the sun, so called because its rays were fatal to elves
and dwarfs; cf. Alvissmol, 35.

6. Gymir: a mountain-giant, husband of Aurbotha, and father of

Gerth, fairest among women. This is all Snorri tells of him in his
paraphrase of the story.

7. Snorri’s paraphrase of the poem is sufficiently close so that his

addition of another sentence to Freyr’s speech makes it probable
[110]that a stanza has dropped out between 7 and 8. This has been
tentatively reconstructed, thus: “Hither to me | shalt thou bring
the maid, / And home shalt thou lead her here, / If her father wills it
| or wills it not, / And good reward shalt thou get.” Finn
Magnusen detected the probable omission of a stanza here as early
as 1821.

8. The sword: Freyr’s gift of his sword to Skirnir eventually proves

fatal, for at the last battle, when Freyr is attacked by Beli, whom he
kills bare-handed, and later when the fire-demon, Surt, slays him in
turn, he is weaponless; cf. Voluspo, 53 and note. Against the giants
grim: the condition of this line makes it seem like an error in
copying, and it is possible that it should be identical with the fourth
line of the next stanza. [111]

10. Some editors reject line 3 as spurious.

12. Line 2 is in neither manuscript, and no gap is indicated. I have

followed Grundtvig’s conjectural emendation.
13. This stanza is almost exactly like many in the first part of
[112]the Hovamol, and may well have been a separate proverb. After
this stanza the scene shifts to the interior of the house.

15. No gap indicated in either manuscript. Bugge and Niedner have

attempted emendations, while Hildebrand suggests that the last two
lines of stanza 14 are spurious, 14, 1–2, and 15 thus forming a
single stanza, which seems doubtful.

16. Brother’s slayer: perhaps the brother is Beli, slain by Freyr; the
only other references are in Voluspo, 53, and in Snorri’s paraphrase
of the Skirnismol, which merely says that Freyr’s gift of his sword to
Skirnir “was the reason why he was weaponless when he met Beli,
and he killed him bare-handed.” Skirnir himself seems never to have
killed anybody. [113]

17. Wise Wanes: cf. Voluspo, 21 and note.

18. The Arnamagnæan Codex omits this stanza.

19. Apples: the apple was the symbol of fruitfulness, and also of
eternal youth. According to Snorri, the goddess Ithun had charge of
the apples which the gods ate whenever they felt themselves
growing old. [114]

21. Ring: the ring Draupnir (“Dropper”) was made by the dwarfs for
Othin, who laid it on Baldr’s pyre when the latter’s corpse was
burned (cf. Voluspo, 32 and note, and Baldrs Draumar). Baldr,
however, sent the ring back to Othin from hell. How Freyr obtained it
is nowhere stated. Andvari’s ring (Andvaranaut) had a similar power
of creating gold; cf. Reginsmol, prose [115]after stanza 4 and note.
Lines 3 and 4 of this stanza, and the first two of stanza 22, are
missing in the Arnamagnæan Codex.

25. The first two lines are abbreviated in both manuscripts.

26. With this stanza, bribes and threats having failed, Skirnir begins
a curse which, by the power of his magic staff, is to fall on Gerth if
she refuses Freyr.

27. Eagle’s hill: the hill at the end of heaven, and consequently
overlooking hell, where the giant Hræsvelg sits “in an eagle’s guise,”
and makes the winds with his wings; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 37, also
Voluspo, 50. The second line is faulty in both manuscripts;
Hildebrand’s emendation corrects the error, but omits an effective
touch; the manuscript line may be rendered “And look and hanker
for hell.” The Arnamagnæan Codex breaks off with the fourth line of
this stanza.

28. Hrimnir: a frost-giant, mentioned elsewhere only in Hyndluljoth,

33. Line 3 is probably spurious. Watchman of the gods: Heimdall; cf.
Voluspo, 46. [116]

29. Three nouns of doubtful meaning, which I have rendered rage,

longing, and heart respectively, make the precise force of this stanza
obscure. Niedner and Sijmons mark the entire stanza as
interpolated, and Jonsson rejects line 5.

30. In Regius and in nearly all the editions the first two lines of this
stanza are followed by lines 3–5 of stanza 35. I have followed
Niedner, Sijmons, and Gering. The two words here translated vile
things are obscure; Gering renders the phrase simply “Kobolde.”

31. The confusion noted as to the preceding stanza, and a metrical

error in the third line, have led to various rearrangements and
emendations; line 3 certainly looks like an interpolation. Three-
headed giants: concerning giants with numerous heads, cf.
Vafthruthnismol, 33, and Hymiskvitha, 8. [117]

32. No gap indicated in the manuscript; Niedner makes the line here
given as 4 the first half of line 3, and fills out the stanza thus: “with
which I will tame you, / Maid, to work my will.” The whole stanza
seems to be either interpolated or out of place; it would fit better
after stanza 25.

33. Jonsson marks this stanza as interpolated. The word translated

most evil is another case of guesswork.

34. Most editors reject line 3 as spurious, and some also reject line
6. Lines 2 and 3 may have been expanded out of a single line
running approximately “Ye gods and Suttung’s sons.” Suttung:
concerning this giant cf. Hovamol, 104 and note. [118]

35. Most editors combine lines 1–2 with stanza 36 (either with the
first two lines thereof or the whole stanza), as lines 3–5 stand in the
manuscript after line 2 of stanza 30. Hrimgrimnir (“The Frost-
Shrouded”): a giant not elsewhere mentioned. Line 5, as a repetition
of line 4, is probably a later addition.

36. For the combination of this stanza with the preceding one, cf.
note on stanza 35. The scribe clearly did not consider that the
stanza began with line 1, as the first word thereof in the manuscript
does not begin with a capital letter and has no period before it. The
first word of line 3, however, is so marked. Line 5 may well be
spurious.

37. Again the scribe seems to have been uncertain as to the stanza
divisions. This time the first line is preceded by a period, but begins
with a small letter. Many editors have made line 2 [119]into two half-
lines. A charm: literally, the rune Thurs (þ); the runic letters all had
magic attributes; cf. Sigrdrifumol, 6–7 and notes.

40. Barri: “The Leafy.” [120]

42. Abbreviated to initial letters in the manuscript.

43. The superscription is lacking in Regius. Snorri quotes this one

stanza in his prose paraphrase, Gylfaginning, chapter 37. The two
versions are substantially the same, except that Snorri makes the
first line read, “Long is one night, | long is the second.” [121]
[Contents]
HARBARTHSLJOTH
 The Poem of Harbarth
[Contents]

Introductory Note
The Harbarthsljoth is found complete in the Codex Regius, where it
follows the Skirnismol, and from the fourth line of stanza 19 to the
end of the poem in the Arnamagnæan Codex, of which it occupies
the first page and a half.

The poem differs sharply from those which precede it in the Codex
Regius, both in metrical form and in spirit. It is, indeed, the most
nearly formless of all the Eddic poems. The normal metre is the
Malahattr (cf. Introduction, where an example is given). The name of
this verse-form means “in the manner of conversation,” and the
Harbarthsljoth’s verse fully justifies the term. The Atli poems
exemplify the conventional use of Malahattr, but in the
Harbarthsljoth the form is used with extraordinary freedom, and
other metrical forms are frequently employed. A few of the speeches
of which the poem is composed cannot be twisted into any known
Old Norse metre, and appear to be simply prose.

How far this confusion is due to interpolations and faulty

transmission of the original poem is uncertain. Finnur Jonsson has
attempted a wholesale purification of the poem, but his arbitrary
condemnation of words, lines, and entire stanzas as spurious is quite
unjustified by any positive evidence. I have accepted Mogk’s theory
that the author was “a first-rate psychologist, but a poor poet,” and
have translated the poem as it stands in the manuscripts. I have
preserved the metrical confusion of the original by keeping
throughout so far as possible to the metres found in the poem; if the
rhythm of the translation is often hard to catch, the difficulty is no
less with the original Norse.

The poem is simply a contest of abuse, such as the early Norwegian

and Icelander delighted in, the opposing figures being Thor and
Othin, the latter appearing in the disguise of the ferryman Harbarth.
Such billingsgate lent itself readily to changes, interpolations and
omissions, and it is little wonder that the poem is chaotic. It consists
mainly of boasting and of references, often luckily obscure, to
disreputable events in the life of one or the other of the disputants.
Some editors have sought to read a complex symbolism into it,
particularly by representing [122]it as a contest between the noble or
warrior class (Othin) and the peasant (Thor). But it seems a pity to
take such a vigorous piece of broad farce too seriously.

Verse-form, substance, and certain linguistic peculiarities, notably

the suffixed articles, point to a relatively late date (eleventh century)
for the poem in its present form. Probably it had its origin in the
early days, but its colloquial nature and its vulgarity made it readily
susceptible to changes.

Owing to the chaotic state of the text, and the fact that none of the
editors or commentators have succeeded in improving it much, I
have not in this case attempted to give all the important
emendations and suggestions. The stanza-divisions are largely
arbitrary.

[Contents]

Thor was on his way back from a journey in the East,

and came to a sound; on the other side of the sound
was a ferryman with a boat. Thor called out:

1. “Who is the fellow yonder, | on the farther

shore of the sound?”

[123]

The ferryman spake:

2. “What kind of a peasant is yon, | that calls o’er

the bay?”

Thor spake:

3. “Ferry me over the sound; | I will feed thee

therefor in the morning;
A basket I have on my back, | and food therein,
none better;
At leisure I ate, | ere the house I left,
Of herrings and porridge, | so plenty I had.”

The ferryman spake:

4. “Of thy morning feats art thou proud, | but the

future thou knowest not wholly;
Doleful thine home-coming is: | thy mother,
methinks, is dead.”

Thor spake:
5. “Now hast thou said | what to each must seem
The mightiest grief, | that my mother is dead.”

[124]

The ferryman spake:

6. “Three good dwellings, | methinks, thou hast

not;
Barefoot thou standest, | and wearest a beggar’s
dress;
Not even hose dost thou have.”

Thor spake:

7. “Steer thou hither the boat; | the landing here

shall I show thee;
But whose the craft | that thou keepest on the
shore?”

The ferryman spake:

8. “Hildolf is he | who bade me have it,

A hero wise; | his home is at Rathsey’s sound.
He bade me no robbers to steer, | nor stealers of
steeds,
But worthy men, | and those whom well do I
know.
Say now thy name, | if over the sound thou wilt
fare.”

Thor spake:

9. “My name indeed shall I tell, | though in

danger I am, [125]
And all my race; | I am Othin’s son,
Meili’s brother, | and Magni’s father,
The strong one of the gods; | with Thor now
speech canst thou get.
And now would I know | what name thou hast.”

The ferryman spake:

10. “Harbarth am I, | and seldom I hide my

name.”

Thor spake:

11. “Why shouldst thou hide thy name, | if

quarrel thou hast not?”

Harbarth spake:

12. “And though I had a quarrel, | from such as

thou art
Yet none the less | my life would I guard,
Unless I be doomed to die.”
[126]

Thor spake:

13. “Great trouble, methinks, | would it be to

come to thee,
To wade the waters across, | and wet my middle;
Weakling, well shall I pay | thy mocking words,
If across the sound I come.”

Harbarth spake:

14. “Here shall I stand | and await thee here;

Thou hast found since Hrungnir died | no fiercer
man.”

Thor spake:

15. “Fain art thou to tell | how with Hrungnir I

fought,
The haughty giant, | whose head of stone was
made;
And yet I felled him, | and stretched him before
me.
What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

[127]

Harbarth spake:
16. “Five full winters | with Fjolvar was I,
And dwelt in the isle | that is Algrön called;
There could we fight, | and fell the slain,
Much could we seek, | and maids could master.”

Thor spake:

17. “How won ye success with your women?”

Harbarth spake:

18. “Lively women we had, | if they wise for us

were;
Wise were the women we had, | if they kind for
us were;
For ropes of sand | they would seek to wind,
And the bottom to dig | from the deepest dale.
Wiser than all | in counsel I was,
And there I slept | by the sisters seven,
And joy full great | did I get from each.
What, Thor, didst thou the while?”

[128]

Thor spake:

19. “Thjazi I felled, | the giant fierce,

And I hurled the eyes | of Alvaldi’s son
To the heavens hot above;
Of my deeds the mightiest | marks are these,
That all men since can see.
What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake:

20. “Much love-craft I wrought | with them who

ride by night,
When I stole them by stealth from their husbands;
A giant hard | was Hlebarth, methinks:
His wand he gave me as gift,
And I stole his wits away.”

[129]

Thor spake:

21. “Thou didst repay good gifts with evil mind.”

Harbarth spake:

22. “The oak must have | what it shaves from

another;
In such things each for himself.
What, Thor, didst thou the while?”

Thor spake:

23. “Eastward I fared, | of the giants I felled

Their ill-working women | who went to the
mountain;
And large were the giants’ throng | if all were
alive;
No men would there be | in Mithgarth more.
What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake:

24. “In Valland I was, | and wars I raised,

Princes I angered, | and peace brought never;
The noble who fall | in the fight hath Othin,
And Thor hath the race of the thralls.”

[130]

Thor spake:

25. “Unequal gifts | of men wouldst thou give to

the gods,
If might too much thou shouldst have.”

Harbarth spake:

26. “Thor has might enough, | but never a heart;

For cowardly fear | in a glove wast thou fain to
crawl,
And there forgot thou wast Thor;
Afraid there thou wast, | thy fear was such,
To fart or sneeze | lest Fjalar should hear.”

Thor spake:

27. “Thou womanish Harbarth, | to hell would I

smite thee straight,
Could mine arm reach over the sound.”

[131]

Harbarth spake:

28. “Wherefore reach over the sound, | since

strife we have none?
What, Thor, didst thou do then?”

Thor spake:

29. “Eastward I was, | and the river I guarded

well,
Where the sons of Svarang | sought me there;
Stones did they hurl; | small joy did they have of
winning;
Before me there | to ask for peace did they fare.
What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake:
30. “Eastward I was, | and spake with a certain
one,
I played with the linen-white maid, | and met her
by stealth;
I gladdened the gold-decked one, | and she
granted me joy.”

Thor spake:

31. “Full fair was thy woman-finding.”

[132]

Harbarth spake:

32. “Thy help did I need then, Thor, | to hold the

white maid fast.”

Thor spake:

33. “Gladly, had I been there, | my help to thee

had been given.”

Harbarth spake:

34. “I might have trusted thee then, | didst thou

not betray thy troth.”

Thor spake:
35. “No heel-biter am I, in truth, | like an old
leather shoe in spring.”

Harbarth spake:

36. “What, Thor, didst thou the while?”

Thor spake:

37. “In Hlesey the brides | of the Berserkers slew

I;
Most evil they were, | and all they betrayed.”

[133]

Harbarth spake:

38. “Shame didst thou win, | that women thou

slewest, Thor.”

Thor spake:

39. “She-wolves they were like, | and women but

little;
My ship, which well | I had trimmed, did they
shake;
With clubs of iron they threatened, | and Thjalfi
they drove off.
What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”
Harbarth spake:

40. “In the host I was | that hither fared,

The banners to raise, | and the spear to redden.”

Thor spake:

41. “Wilt thou now say | that hatred thou

soughtest to bring us?”

Harbarth spake:

42. “A ring for thy hand | shall make all right for
thee,
As the judge decides | who sets us two at peace.”

[134]

Thor spake:

43. “Where foundest thou | so foul and scornful a

speech?
More foul a speech | I never before have heard.”

Harbarth spake:

44. “I learned it from men, | the men so old,

Who dwell in the hills of home.”
Thor spake:

45. “A name full good | to heaps of stones thou

givest
When thou callest them hills of home.”

Harbarth spake:

46. “Of such things speak I so.”

Thor spake:

47. “Ill for thee comes | thy keenness of tongue,

If the water I choose to wade;
Louder, I ween, | than a wolf thou cryest,
If a blow of my hammer thou hast.”

Harbarth spake:

48. “Sif has a lover at home, | and him shouldst

thou meet;
More fitting it were | on him to put forth thy
strength.”

[135]

Thor spake: