DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

BSc MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TITLE; HYDRAULIC JUMP EXPERIMENT

FLUID MECHANICS II

EXPERIMENT DATE;

SUBMISSION DATE;
ABSTRACT

Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in open channels commonly observed when a supercritical

flow meets a subcritical flow, resulting in transitional rapid flow which involves a substantial
amount of energy loss. The hydraulic jump experiment was conducted in a laboratory to aid in
analysis of a hydraulic jump. This includes determination of specific energy for the hydraulic
jump and application of the momentum equation in determining the energy losses in the
hydraulic jump. The hydraulic jump is a significant structure in open channel hydraulics with the
following applications:

❖ Dissipation of energy of water flowing over dams and weirs - to prevent possible erosion
and scouring due to high velocities
❖ Raising water levels in canals to enhance irrigation practices and reduce pumping heads
Reducing uplift pressure under the foundations of hydraulic structures
❖ Creating special flow conditions to meet certain special needs at control sections such as
gaging stations, flow measurement and flow regulation

INTRODUCTION

Basic Information

A hydraulic jump occurs when water in an open channel is flowing supercritical and is slowed by
a deepening of the channel or obstruction in the channel causing the water surface to rises
abruptly, and changing into subcritical flow with considerable to large energy loss. There are
several types of hydraulic jumps

a) Undular jump (1 < F*r_{1} < 1.7) : The jump exhibits slight undulation. The conjugate
depths of the jump are close and transition is less abrupt with slightly ruffled water.
b) Weak jump (1.7 <Fr1 <2.5): There is formation of eddies and rollers at the surface of the
jump, with small energy loss. The ratio of final depth to initial depth is between 2.0 and
3.1. The velocity throughout is fairly uniform, and the energy loss is low.
c) Oscillating jump (2.5 <Fr1 <4.5): A jet oscillates from top to bottom generating surface
waves that persist beyond the end of the jump. The ratio of final depth to initial depth is
3.1 to 5.0.
d) Stable/Steady jump (4.5 <Fr1 <9.0): The downstream extremity of the surface roller and
the point at which the high velocity jet tends to leave the flow occur at practically the
same vertical section. The energy dissipation ranges from 45 to 70%.
e) Strong/Rough jump (Fr1 >9.0): The high-velocity jet grabs intermittent slugs of water
rolling down the front face of the jump, generating waves downstream, and a rough
surface can prevail. The jump action is rough but effective since the energy dissipation
may reach 85%.

A hydraulic jump may occur in the following conditions

i. When a steep slope flow encounters a mild slope flow. The sequent depth can be
compared to normal depth of flow over the mild slope.
 ii. When flow transitions from a steep slope to an adverse slope (sloping in an opposite
direction). This a complicated case and the jump may occur on either slope.
iii. Due to change in profile caused by a sluice gate. A hydraulic jump may occur upstream
(for a steep slope) or downstream (for a gentle slope) of the sluice gate.

Specific energy of a hydraulic jump (fig.1)

The loss of energy head due to the occurrence of the hydraulic jump is the difference between the
specific-energy heads at sections:

ΔEs = Es1 - Es2 = (h₁ + v₁²/ 2g) - (h₂+ v₂²/ 2g)

ΔEs = (h1 - h2) {(V₁² - v₂²)/ 2g}………………………..eq.1

But q = v/h where q = mass flux for a rectangular section channel q = Q/b

ΔEs (h1-h₂) {q² (h₂2-h₁2)}/ (2g.h₁2h22) = …………………….(1)

However, q²/2g.h₁h₂ = (h₁ + h₂)/2 therefore:

ΔE_{S} = (h_{1} - h_{2})\{(h_{1} + h_{2}) / 4 * h_{1}*h_{2}\}(h_{2} ^ 2 - h_{1}

^ 2)……...(2)

ΔE S =1/4h 1 h 2 \ 3 h 1 ^ 2 h 2 -3h 1 h 2 ^ 2 + h_{2} ^ 3 - h_{1} ^ 3

\........................(3)

Δ*E_{S} = (h_{2} - h_{1}) ^ 3 / 4 * h_{1}*h_{2}………………………….eq.2

Due to these head losses and internal energy losses the principle of conservation of energy
cannot be used in the analysis of the hydraulic jump and as a result, the principle of conservation
of momentum is used in the analysis of a hydraulic jump. In this case Newton's second law of
motion is employed.
Consider fig.2 below where for the respective sections 1 and 2: h1, h_{2} = depths of flow,
F_{1} , F_{2} = force at section, P_{1} , P_{2} = Hydrostatic pressure, V_{1} V_{2} = mean
velocity of flow, F*r_{1} , Fr₂ = Froude's number, q = mass flux (mass per second) and b =
Breadth of rectangular section.

Analysis of a hydraulic jump (fig.2)

Force F1 = pgh1 (h1/2) from P1 and F2 = pgh₂ (h2/2) from P2

The net force (F1 - F2) is equivalent to the change in hydrostatic pressure force from P1- P2

given by:

F1-F2 = pg {h₁2/2) - h₂2/2)}

But w (specific weight) = pg, thus

F1-F₂ = w {h₁2/2) - h₂2/2)}………………………………………..…..eq.3

Change in momentum (M1 – M2) is given by

M1 - M₂ = (wq/g) (V1 — V₂) where g = gravitational acceleration, q = mass flux

However we know from continuity v = q/h thus replacing for v1 and v2;

M1 - M2 = (wq/g) {(q/h₂) - (q/h₁)}

M₁-M2 = (wq²/g) {(h₁ - h₂)/h₁h2}………………………………….……..eq.4

We know from Newton's second law of motion that the change in momentum is equal to the
force acting at a given point thus equating eq.1 and eq.2

F1-F2 =M1-M2 (1)

W{h12/2- h22/2}= (wq2/g){(h1-h2)/h1h2} (2)

½( h12-h22)=q2/g(h1-h2)/h1h2 (3)

( h12-h22)=2 q2/g(h1-h2)/h1h2 (4)

(h1+h2)/h1-h2} = 2 q2/g(h1-h2)/h1h2 (5)

h1+h2 = 2 q2/g*h1h2 (6)

h22+ h1h2 = 2 q2/g*h1 (7)

h22+ h1h2 – [2 q2/g*h1]=0………………….eq5

Solving the quadratic equation above for h2 and ignoring the negative result

h₂ = -h1/2 + [h₁²/4 - 2q²/g.h₁]¹/2

However 2q2/g.h₁ = 2Fr12h12 thus;

h₂ = -h1/2 + h1 {[1/4 + 2Fr₁] 1/2 - 1/2}

Multiplying with 2

h₂ = h₁/2 {(1 + 8Fr₁)¹/² - 1} ……………….eq6

Knowledge with respect to the experiment

1) Actual discharge;

In this experiment, the actual discharge (Qa) is measured by the v-notch .It is given as follows:

……………………eq7

Where HV-head above V-notch.

Cdv = Coefficient of discharge of V-notch

Ꮎ = half angle of v-notch

KV = coefficient of discharge

The values of Cdv and KV have been obtained in experiment on the v-notch

(2) Specific energy;

Since the channel s horizontal the specific energy (E) is given by:

…………………………eq8

Where H = depth of flow.

a = Energy coefficient (= 1.0 to 1.1 in laboratory).

V = mean velocity of flow.

B = breadth of rectangular channel

3) State of flow;

Based on fig.3, the flow with a certain value of specific energy (E) can form two types of flow:
subcritical flow with larger flow depth (Hsp) and supercritical flow with smaller flow depth
(Hsp).When specific energy equal Ec, the flow becomes critical. We know that critical flow
occurs over the broad crested weir and critical mean velocity is given by:

…………………………...eq9

Where HC represents critical flow depth

Depth (H) against specific energy (E) for constant discharge (fig.3)

Froude's number is calculated in order to classify flow. The table 1 below shows the relationship
between the Froude's number and state of flow.

Velocity of flow Depth of flow Propagation Froude's number

of wave
velocity (u)
Subcritical V sb HSb V(g.H sb ) Fr =V sb /V(g.H sb )<1.0

Critical VC HC V (g.H c ) Fr =V c /V(g.H c )=1.0

Supercritical VSP HSP V(g.H sp ) Fr =V sp /V(g.H sp )>1.0

TABLE 1

4) Change in depth due to hydraulic jump;

The relationship between the depth upstream of the hydraulic jump (H1) and downstream of the
hydraulic jump (H2) is:

………………………..eq10

……………………….eq11
5) Head loss due to jump;

From eq.2 the theoretical energy loss from the jump (hj) is given by:

…………………………………………eq12

Consider fig.1 the actual energy loss (AE) is given by:

………………………………………eq13

Objectives of the experiment

1) To observe a hydraulic jump

2) Understanding the relationship between the depth and the specific energy under the constant
head

3) To understand the relationship between Froude number of flow in the upstream of the
hydraulic jump and the change in depth due to the jump

4) To estimate the head loss due to hydraulic jump.

. Apparatus

1) an adjustable-slope rectangular open channel with point gauges

2) a steady water supply system

3) a V-notch with a hook gauge

5) an adjustable-height suppressed weir

4) a sluice gate with rubber packings

6) a steel tape measure

7) a thermometet
PROCEDURE

1) The sluice gate was put on the open channel and the rubber pickings was put in the space
between the gate and the channel wall.

2) The channel was set horizontal.

3) The width of the channel was measured with a steel tape measure and the channel bed levels
at section 1(about 0.5m downstream of the gate) was measured with a point gauges.

4) The temperature of water was measured

5) The crest level of the v-notch, pouring water into the approach channel was measured.

6) The operation of the water supply was started and a hydraulic jump at 1.0m downstream of the
sluice gate was produced by adjusting the opening height of the gate and the height of the gate
and the height of the suppressed weir.

7) The head above the v-notch was measured.

8) The water surface level at section 1 and 2 was measured with a point gauges.

9) The changes of flow were observed.

10) The opening height of the sluice gate was increased a little (increment of 2-4 mm) and
another hydraulic jump was created by adjusting the height of the suppressed weir.

11) Procedure 8 was repeated.

12) Procedure (10) and (11) was also repeated.

13) The discharge was increased and procedure (7) to (12) was repeated.
DATA PRESENTATION

Fundamental data (table 2)

Properties of water Temperature 19

Density (p) 1000kg/m3
Dimensions of Width (B) 0.308m
channel Channel bed level Section 1 0.584
Section 2 0.583
Properties of V-notch Half angle of V-notch (0) 45
Coefficient of discharge (Cdv) 0.6725
Coefficient (KV) 1.5823
Crest level 0.2473
Table 2

V-NOTCH READING OF DEPTH

POINT GUAGE
Reading Head Discharge Section Section Section Section
STAGE

m (HV ) Q X10- 1 2 1 H1 2 H2
STATE

3
m m3/s m m m m
A 0.218 0.0293 0.2252 0.57 0.514 0.014 0.069
1 B 0.218 0.0293 0.2252 0.57 0.518 0.014 0.065
C 0.218 0.0293 0.2252 0.57 0.525 0.014 0.058

A 0.2075 0.0398 0.5542 0.562 0.505 0.022 0.078

2 B 0.2075 0.0398 0.5542 0.562 0.508 0.022 0.075
C 0.2075 0.0398 0.5542 0.562 0.507 0.022 0.076
A 0.1908 0.0493 0.8018 0.555 0.49 0.029 0.093
3 B 0.1908 0.0493 0.8018 0.555 0.49 0.029 0.093
C 0.1908 0.0493 0.8018 0.555 0.498 0.029 0.085
Table 3
 velocity Velocity head Specific Froude

Theoretical Head loss

energy number

Theoretical H2 /H1

Actual Head loss

Secti Secti Secti Secti Secti Secti Secti Secti

Actual H2 /H1
on1 on1 on1 on1 on1 on2 on1 on 2
V1 V2 V1/2g V2/2g Fr1 Fr2
Stage

State

(m/s) (m/s) (m) (m)

A 0.57 0.514 0.016 0.014 0.241 0.528 1.395 0.80 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1 2 7 7 14 16 14
B 0.57 0.518 0.016 0.014 0.241 0.533 1.395 0.80 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
2 9 7 18 16 14
C 0.57 0.525 0.016 0.014 0.241 0.548 1.395 0.81 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
2 4 7 25 16 14
A 0.562 0.505 0.016 0.013 0.570 0.518 1.422 0.71 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
2 2 1 62 05 16 13
B 0.562 0.508 0.016 0.013 0.570 0.523 1.422 0.71 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
2 3 62 08 16 13
C 0.562 0.507 0.016 0.013 0.570 0.521 1.422 0.71 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
2 2 62 07 16 13
A 0.555 0.49 0.015 0.012 0.816 0.502 1.455 0.76 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0
3 8 55 9 15 12
B 0.555 0.49 0.015 0.012 0.816 0.502 1.455 0.76 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0
8 55 9 15 12
C 0.555 0.498 0.015 0.012 0.816 0.517 1.455 0.77 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0
8 1 55 98 15 12
TABLE 4

DISCUSSION

The following considerations were to be fulfilled for adequate discussion and analysis;

1) Deriving eq.10, eq.11 and eq.12;

The above equations are fully discussed and derived in the introduction as eq.2 (for eq.12) and
eq.6 (for eq.10) the derivation of eq.11 simply is the similar to that of eq.10 with values being
reversed.

2) Stating causes for difference in values for actual H2/H1 and theoretical H2/H1 as well as
theoretical and actual head loss;

The difference in values for actual H2/H1 and theoretical H2/H1 is caused by some additional
causes of head loss that are taken to be negligible during the hydraulic jump. Such causes of head
loss include energy loss due to noise, energy loss due to friction with the channel surface and
internal energy losses due to drag and formation of eddies. As a result, the actual values of actual
H2/H1 are generally lower than theoretical H2/H1. Also, many assumptions made during
derivation of theoretical H2/H1 (see introduction) result in accumulated error transfer. However,
the theoretical head loss is obtained entirely from specific energy and is a function of the depths
of flow (see eq.2), and therefore the values obtained for actual head loss are smaller from values
obtained from the theoretical head loss. Errors in calibration affecting the reliability of the
characteristic discharge coefficient (Ca) may have resulted in the difference.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the hydraulic jump experiment provided valuable insights into the behavior and
characteristics of hydraulic jumps in open channel flow. It enhanced our understanding of the
factors influencing hydraulic jumps, the depth change, and the energy loss. However, certain
limitations, such as neglecting additional causes of head loss and potential calibration errors,
should be considered when interpreting the results. Further experiments and improvements in
measurement techniques can enhance the accuracy and reliability of hydraulic jump analysis in
practical applications.

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