Static/Dynamic/Impact Pressure

• Static pressure is the pressure of fluids or gases that are stationary (Point: A).
• Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid or gas when it impacts on a
surface or an object due to its motion or flow (Point: B - A).
• Impact pressure (total pressure) is the sum of the static and dynamic pressures on a
surface or object (Point: B).
Well Type Manometer
Applications:
•Low-pressure measurements: Ideal for applications where
precise measurements of small pressure differences are
required.
•Calibration of other instruments: Used as a standard for
calibrating other pressure measurement devices.
Advantages:
•Simplicity: Easy to construct and operate.
•Accuracy: Provides accurate and reliable measurements.
•No power required: Functions without the need for
electrical power.
Limitations:
•Sensitivity: Not suitable for very high-pressure
measurements.
•Size: Can be bulky and require significant space.
•Liquid handling: Involves handling liquids, which can be
hazardous (especially mercury).
Incline U tube Manometer
Bell Type Manometer
Working Principle:
•The bell is inverted and submerged in the liquid within a vertical tube.
•The gas whose pressure is to be measured is introduced into the bell.
•The pressure of the gas inside the bell pushes the liquid down in the bell, causing the bell to rise.
•The height to which the bell rises is proportional to the pressure of the gas.
•The pressure difference can be read directly from the calibrated scale on the manometer.
Applications:
•Laboratory measurements: Often used in laboratory settings for accurate measurement of gas pressures.
•Calibration: Used as a standard for calibrating other pressure measuring instruments.
•Research and Development: Employed in R&D environments where precise pressure measurements are critical.
Advantages:
•Accuracy: Provides very accurate and precise measurements.
•Direct reading: The pressure can be read directly from the scale without the need for complex calculations.
•Stable: The bell-type manometer is relatively stable and less prone to fluctuations compared to some other types of
manometers.
Limitations:
•Size: Can be bulky and require a significant amount of space.
•Liquid handling: Involves handling of liquids, which can be hazardous (especially mercury) and requires careful
maintenance.
•Sensitivity: Generally more sensitive to small pressure differences and not suitable for very high pressures.
Working Principle:
Float Type Manometer
•The float is placed inside a chamber that is connected to the pressure source.
•As the pressure increases, the fluid level changes, causing the float to move up or down.
•The float's position is directly proportional to the pressure within the system.
•The movement of the float is indicated on a calibrated scale, providing a direct pressure reading.
Advantages:
•Continuous Monitoring: Provides real-time monitoring of
pressure changes.
•Easy Readability: The float mechanism allows for easy and
direct reading of pressure levels.
•Durable: Typically robust and can withstand harsh industrial
environments.
Limitations:
•Accuracy: May not be as precise as other types of manometers
for very small pressure changes.
•Calibration: Requires regular calibration to ensure accurate
readings.
•Limited Range: Best suited for specific pressure ranges, and not
ideal for very high or very low pressures.
Burdon tube pressure gauge
Bellows Pressure Gauge
Components:
1.Bellows: A flexible, accordion-like component that expands and contracts with pressure changes.
2.Housing: The outer casing that contains the bellows and other internal components.
3.Pointer: A needle or pointer that moves to indicate the pressure on a calibrated scale.
4.Calibrated Scale: A dial or scale that displays the pressure reading.
5.Linkage Mechanism: Connects the bellows to the pointer to convert the mechanical movement of the bellows into a readable pressure indication.
6.Pressure Port: An inlet where the pressure is applied.
Working Principle:
1.Pressure Application: The fluid or gas whose pressure is to be measured enters the gauge through the pressure port.
2.Bellows Expansion/Contraction: The applied pressure causes the bellows to expand or contract. The degree of expansion or contraction is
proportional to the pressure applied.
3.Mechanical Linkage: The movement of the bellows is transferred to a linkage mechanism.
4.Pointer Movement: The linkage mechanism translates the bellows' movement into the rotational movement of the pointer.
5.Pressure Reading: The pointer moves over the calibrated scale, providing a direct reading of the pressure.
Advantages:
•High Sensitivity: Bellows gauges can detect and measure small pressure changes accurately.
•Wide Pressure Range: Can be designed to measure a broad range of pressures, from very low to moderately high.
•Durability: Robust design suitable for various industrial environments.
•Ease of Use: Provides a direct and easy-to-read indication of pressure.
Limitations:
•Mechanical Wear: Moving parts can wear out over time, requiring maintenance or replacement.
•Temperature Sensitivity: Extreme temperatures can affect the accuracy and durability of the bellows.
•Limited to Moderate Pressures: Not suitable for extremely high-pressure measurements.
Diaphragm/Capsule Pressure Gauge
Components:
1.Diaphragm: A thin, flexible membrane that deflects in response to pressure changes.
2.Housing: The outer casing that contains the diaphragm and protects the internal components.
3.Pointer: A needle or pointer that moves to indicate the pressure on a calibrated scale.
4.Calibrated Scale: A dial or scale that displays the pressure reading.
5.Linkage Mechanism: Connects the diaphragm to the pointer to convert the diaphragm's deflection into a readable pressure indication.
6.Pressure Port: An inlet where the pressure is applied.
Working Principle:
1.Pressure Application: The fluid or gas whose pressure is to be measured enters the gauge through the pressure port.
2.Diaphragm Deflection: The applied pressure causes the diaphragm to deflect. The degree of deflection is proportional to the pressure applied.
3.Mechanical Linkage: The movement of the diaphragm is transferred to a linkage mechanism.
4.Pointer Movement: The linkage mechanism translates the diaphragm's deflection into the rotational movement of the pointer.
5.Pressure Reading: The pointer moves over the calibrated scale, providing a direct reading of the pressure.
Advantages:
•Low Pressure Measurement: Capable of measuring very low pressures accurately.
•Corrosion Resistance: Can be made from materials that resist corrosive fluids and gases.
•Hygienic Design: Suitable for applications requiring sanitary conditions, as the diaphragm can be easily cleaned or sterilized.
•Durability: Robust design suitable for various industrial environments.
Limitations:
•Mechanical Wear: The diaphragm may wear out over time, especially in applications involving pulsating pressures.
•Temperature Sensitivity: Extreme temperatures can affect the accuracy and durability of the diaphragm.
•Limited High-Pressure Range: Not suitable for measuring very high pressures compared to other types of pressure gauges.
Electrical Pressure Transducers

Pressure Input Primary Displacement

Electrical
Transducer Output
Sensor
Resistive type
Piezoelectric Transducers

Optical Transducers
High Pressure measurement
Wire coils in bellows
Measurement of pressure above 7000 bar is normally carried out electrically by monitoring the change of resistance of specific
material (manganin or Glod chromium alloy)

A coil of such wire is enclosed in a sealed, kerosene filled, flexible bellows, the pressure applied to the bellows transmitted to the
coli.

The magnitude of the applied pressure is then determined by measuring the coil resistance. ( upto 30,000 bar with ± 0.5 % accuracy)

Any fluid beside kerosene can used with following

properties:

• Non-compressibility (in the operating range)

• Thermal Stability (no/small ΔT with change in

such pressure)

• Chemical Compatibility (Inert with wire)

• Lubricating Properties
DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE GAUGE TESTER
 High Vacuum measurement

High Vacuum Gauge

Gauge Min Range McLeod Gauge
(mmHg)
Manometer 0.1 Ionization Gauge
Bellows 0.1
Bourdon Tube 10 Thermal Conductivity
gauge
Diaphragm 10-3
Knudsen Gauge
McLeod Guage
The McLeod Gauge is a device used to measure very low pressures, typically in the range of 10-6 to 10-2 mmHg. It
operates based on the principles of Boyle's Law, which states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its
volume at a constant temperature.
Working Principle

1.Isolation of Gas Sample:

2.Compression of Gas:

3.Measurement:

4.Calculation:

From Boyle's Law 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑃1 𝐴ℎ

From Manometer equation 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = ℎ
From above equations

𝐴ℎ2 𝐴ℎ2
𝑃2 = ≈
(𝑉−𝐴ℎ) 𝑉
Advantages

1. McLeod gauge is an inexpensive standard that measures vacuum pressure without any electronics or
sophisticated equipment.

2. It is used for calibrating other low pressure measuring gauges.

3. It is not influenced by gas composition.

4. The readings obtained from McLeod gauge do not require any correction.

Disadvantages

1. The McLeod gauge is useful for measuring pressures of true gases that obey Boyle’s law.

2. Condensable gases cannot be used.

3. The gauge is to be handled only by skilled technicians.

4. It cannot give continuous output.

5. Precautions are to be taken to remove any condensable vapors present inside otherwise the gauge will show
a false low reading.

6. There are chances for the gauge to get contaminated.

Ionization Guage •Advantages:

The Ionization Gauge is a device used to measure very low pressures in a •High sensitivity
vacuum, typically in the range of 10-3 to 10-10 mmHg. It operates based on
•Wide measurement range
the principle that the ionization of gas molecules varies with pressure.
•Accuracy
•Filament: Heats up to emit electrons.
•Quick response time
•Grid (or Anode): Accelerates the emitted electrons.
•Low interference
•Collector (or Cathode): Collects the positive ions generated.
•Disadvantages:

•Complexity and cost

•Limited gas type compatibility

•Sensitivity to contamination

•High voltage operation

•Limited lifespan of filament

•Heating effects
Thermal Conductivity Gauge
A thermal conductivity gauge, also known as a Pirani gauge, measures vacuum pressure based on the principle that the
thermal conductivity of a gas changes with pressure. These gauges are commonly used for measuring low to medium
vacuum ranges, typically from about 10-3 to 10 torr.
Working Principle:
1.Basic Principle:
1. The gauge operates on the principle that the thermal conductivity of a gas varies with its pressure.
2. At lower pressures, fewer molecules are present, and thus, less heat is conducted away.
2.Components:
1. Filament: A heated wire, usually made of tungsten or platinum, that acts as the sensing element.
2. Wheatstone Bridge: A circuit used to measure the change in resistance of the filament.
3. Vacuum Chamber: The chamber where the vacuum pressure is to be measured.
3.Operation:
1. Filament Heating: The filament is heated electrically.
2. Heat Dissipation: The heat is dissipated through the gas molecules present in the vacuum chamber.
3. Change in Resistance: The filament's temperature changes with the pressure of the gas.
4. Measurement: The change in temperature of filament will help to determine pressure.
Advantages:
1.Wide Measurement Range:
1. Suitable for low to medium vacuum ranges.
2.Sensitivity:
1. Capable of detecting small changes in
pressure.
3.Non-Specific to Gas Type:
1. Can measure the pressure of various gases
with appropriate calibration.
Disadvantages:
1.Gas Type Dependency:
1. Requires calibration for different gases, as
thermal conductivity varies with gas type.
2.Contamination Sensitivity:
1. Filament can become contaminated,
affecting accuracy and requiring regular
maintenance.
3.Temperature Sensitivity:
1. Ambient temperature changes can affect
readings, necessitating temperature
compensation.
Knudson Gauge
 Flow measuring Instrument

Close Pipe Open Channel

Variable Mass Flow Positive

Variable area Velocity Wire Type Notch Type
pressure rate displacement

Orifice Rotameter Anemometer Coriolis Nutating Disk

Venturi

❑ Continuity Equation
Pitot Tube

❑ Bernoulli’s Equation
Flow nozzle