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    Quantum Physics

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Uzair Shah
    Quantum physics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Quantum Physics

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Uzair Shah
    14 views1 page
    Quantum physics

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    Quantum physics

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    Quantum physics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views1 page

    Quantum Physics

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Uzair Shah
    Quantum physics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Quantum physics, also known as quantum mechanics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics that

    deals with the behavior of matter and energy on the smallest scales, such as atomic and subatomic
    particles. Unlike classical physics, which operates under the laws of Newtonian mechanics and describes
    macroscopic phenomena, quantum physics introduces new principles that govern the micro-world,
    many of which seem counterintuitive.

    Key Concepts of Quantum Physics:

    1. Wave-Particle Duality: Quantum objects like electrons and photons exhibit both wave-like and
    particle-like behavior. For example, light can behave as both a wave (as demonstrated in the
    double-slit experiment) and as a particle (photon in the photoelectric effect).

    2. Quantization: In quantum mechanics, certain properties, like energy, can only take on discrete
    values (quanta). For example, electrons in atoms occupy specific energy levels rather than a
    continuous range.

    3. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position


    and momentum of a particle. The more precisely one is known, the less precisely the other can
    be known.

    4. Superposition: Quantum particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously. For example, an
    electron can exist in multiple positions at the same time, and only when measured does it
    "choose" a definite state.

    5. Entanglement: Two quantum particles can become entangled in such a way that the state of one
    particle is instantly correlated with the state of another, no matter the distance between them.
    This phenomenon puzzled even Albert Einstein, who famously called it "spooky action at a
    distance."

    6. Wavefunction and Probability: In quantum mechanics, the wavefunction describes the quantum
    state of a system. However, it does not give definite answers but rather probabilities of finding a
    particle in a particular state or position.

    Key Historical Developments:

    • Max Planck (1900): Introduced the idea that energy is quantized, leading to the development of
    quantum theory.

    • Albert Einstein (1905): Explained the photoelectric effect, showing that light can behave as
    particles (photons).

    • Niels Bohr (1913): Developed the Bohr model of the atom, introducing quantized electron
    orbits.

    • Erwin Schrödinger (1926): Formulated the Schrödinger equation, which describes how quantum
    systems evolve over time.

    • Werner Heisenberg (1927): Introduced the uncertainty principle.

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