FILE SYSTEM VS DBMS:

Both file systems and databases are methods of storing data. However, they have different
strengths and weaknesses, and they are used for different purposes.
File systems are a way of organizing and storing files on a computer. They are designed to
be simple and efficient, and they are well-suited for storing unstructured data, such as
documents, images, and videos. However, file systems are not well-suited for storing large
amounts of structured data, such as customer records or financial transactions.
Databases are software applications that are designed to store, manage, and retrieve
structured data. They are more complex than file systems, but they offer a number of
advantages, such as:
 Data integrity: Databases can ensure that data is accurate and consistent, even if it is
accessed by multiple users at the same time.
 Data security: Databases can protect data from unauthorized access, modification, or
deletion.
 Data retrieval: Databases can quickly and efficiently retrieve data, even if it is stored in a
large volume.
Databases are typically used to store data that is accessed by multiple users, such as
customer records, financial transactions, or product information.
Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between file systems and databases:

Feature File System Database

Data structure Unstructured Structured

Data integrity Weak Strong

Data security Weak Strong

Data retrieval Slow Fast

 Scalability Limited High

Complexity Simple Complex

Cost Low High

In general, file systems are a good choice for storing unstructured data, while databases
are a good choice for storing structured data.
File systems are often used in conjunction with databases. For example, a database might
be used to store customer records, while a file system might be used to store customer
documents.
Here are some examples of file systems:
 NTFS (Windows)
 HFS+ (macOS)
 ext4 (Linux)
Here are some examples of databases:
 MySQL
 PostgreSQL
 Oracle Database
 Microsoft SQL Serve

DATA BASE USERS:

1. Application Programmers: Application programmers develop software applications that
interact with the database to store, retrieve, or manipulate data. They use programming
languages and database APIs to write code that connects to the database and performs
specific operations.

2. End-Users: End-users are the individuals who directly utilize the database through
applications or interfaces designed for their specific roles. They may be sales
representatives accessing customer records, financial analysts reviewing financial data, or
researchers extracting data for analysis.

3. Sophisticated Users: Sophisticated users have advanced knowledge of database

structures, query languages, and data analysis techniques. They can write complex SQL
 queries to retrieve specific information, perform data manipulation tasks, and even develop
their own database applications.

4. Naive Users/Parametric End Users: Naive users have limited technical expertise and rely
on predefined forms, reports, or applications to interact with the database. They may not
have direct access to the underlying database structure but can still perform basic tasks like
data entry and retrieval.

5. Casual Users/Temporary Users: Casual users interact with the database infrequently and
typically use pre-built tools or interfaces to access specific information. They may not have
ongoing access to the database and may only need it for occasional tasks.

6. System Analysts: System analysts bridge the gap between business needs and technical
implementation. They analyze business processes, identify data requirements, and work
with developers and database designers to ensure that the database meets the
organization's objectives.

7. Data Scientists: Data scientists extract insights from large datasets using statistical
techniques and machine learning algorithms. They rely on databases to store and access
the raw data they need for their analyses.

8. Database Developers: Database developers specialize in creating and maintaining

database applications. They use specialized tools and frameworks to develop database
applications that meet specific business needs.

DBMS STRUCTURE:
Data models:A data model is an abstract representation of data and its relationships.
It defines the structure of the data and how it can be organized and manipulated. Data
models are used in a variety of applications, including databases, information systems, and
data warehouses.
Relational model:
The relational data model is the most widely used data model in the world. It was first
proposed by Edgar F. Codd in his 1970 paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared
Data Banks."
Definition
A relational data model is a collection of tables, where each table has a unique name and
each row in the table represents a single entity. The columns in a table are called attributes,
and they represent the characteristics of the entity. The values in a column are called data
elements.
Key Features
There are 12 key features of the relational data model:
1. Data is organized in tables: Each table has a unique name and consists of rows and
columns.
2. Each row represents a single entity: The rows in a table represent individual entities,
such as customers, orders, or products.
3. Each column represents an attribute: The columns in a table represent the
characteristics of the entities, such as the customer's name, the order number, or the
product's price.
4. Data values are atomic: The values in a column are single, indivisible units of data.
5. Columns have unique names: Each column in a table has a unique name that
identifies it within the table.
6. Rows are distinct: There are no duplicate rows in a table.
7. Column order is not significant: The order of the columns in a table is not significant.
8. Key columns are identified: Each table has a primary key, which is a unique identifier
for each row in the table.
9. Relationships between tables are defined: Relationships between tables are defined
using foreign keys.
10. Data manipulation language (DML) is used to manipulate data: DML, such as SQL, is
used to insert, update, and delete data in the database.
11. Data definition language (DDL) is used to define the structure of the database: DDL,
such as SQL, is used to create, modify, and delete tables and columns in the database.
12. Data integrity constraints are enforced: Data integrity constraints, such as primary
keys and foreign keys, are enforced to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the data.
Benefits
The relational data model has a number of benefits, including:
  Simplicity: The relational data model is simple to understand and use.
 Flexibility: The relational data model can be used to represent a wide variety of data
structures.
 Scalability: The relational data model can be used to store and manage large amounts
of data.
 Efficiency: The relational data model is efficient for storing and retrieving data.
 Standardization: The relational data model is standardized, which makes it easy to
use with different database management systems.
Applications
The relational data model is used in a wide variety of applications, including:
 E-commerce
 Banking.
 Manufacturing
 Healthcare
 Education
Conclusion
The relational data model is a powerful and versatile tool for storing and managing data. It is
the most widely used data model in the world and it is supported by a wide variety of database
management systems.

Data base schemas:

In the context of data management, a schema refers to the overall structure and organization
of a database. It defines the blueprint for how data is stored, accessed, and manipulated
within the database system. A well-defined schema ensures data consistency, integrity, and
efficient retrieval.
Key Components of a Schema
1. Tables: Tables are the fundamental building blocks of a schema. They represent
collections of related data entities, such as customers, orders, or products. Each table
has a unique name and consists of rows and columns.
2. Rows: Rows represent individual instances of data entities. Each row contains a set
of values corresponding to the attributes of the entity.
3. Columns: Columns represent the attributes or properties of the data entities. They
define the type of data each column can hold, such as numbers, text, dates, or images.
4. Data Types: Data types specify the format and constraints for the data stored in each
column. They ensure data consistency and prevent invalid values from being entered.
 5. Relationships: Relationships define the connections between tables. They establish
how data entities are linked to each other, representing real-world relationships.
6. Primary Keys: Primary keys uniquely identify each row in a table, ensuring data
integrity and eliminating duplicates.
7. Foreign Keys: Foreign keys establish relationships between tables by referencing the
primary key of another table. They ensure data consistency and prevent orphaned
records.
8. Constraints: Constraints enforce rules and restrictions on the data stored in the
database. They protect data integrity by preventing invalid values or combinations of
values.
Types of Schemas
1. Conceptual Schema: A high-level representation of the database structure, focusing
on the overall organization and entities without delving into technical details.
2. Logical Schema: A more detailed description of the database, defining the tables,
attributes, relationships, and data types. It serves as a blueprint for implementing the
database.
3. Physical Schema: The lowest-level representation, specifying how the data is actually
stored on disk, including storage mechanisms, indexes, and physical layout.
Benefits of a Well-Defined Schema
1. Data Integrity: Ensures data accuracy, consistency, and reliability by enforcing rules
and constraints.
2. Data Efficiency: Enables efficient data retrieval and manipulation by organizing data
in a structured manner.
3. Application Independence: Allows applications to interact with the database without
being affected by schema changes, promoting modularity and maintainability.
4. Data Security: Facilitates data access control and protection by defining user
permissions and access levels.
5. Documentation and Communication: Provides a clear and standardized
representation of the database structure, aiding in communication between database
administrators, developers, and stakeholders.
A well-defined schema plays a crucial role in managing complex data sets and ensuring the
integrity, efficiency, and security of data within a database system. It serves as a foundation
for building robust and scalable database applications.