Database Management System 11

Database Management System
Appreciate the concept of Database

Management System
Data and Information

Usually, the terms “data” and “information” are used interchangeably.
However, there is a subtle difference between the two.
In a nutshell, data can be a number, symbol, character, word, codes,

graphs, etc. On the other hand, information is data put into context.
Information is utilised by humans in some significant way (such as to
make decisions, forecasts etc).
A basic example of information would be a computer. A computer uses

programming scripts, formulas, or software applications to turn data into
information.
Data Examples
 The number of visitors to a website in one month.
 Inventory levels in a warehouse on a specific date.
 Individual satisfaction scores on a customer service survey.
 The price of a competitors’ product.
Information Examples
 Understanding that changes to a website have led to an increase or
decrease in monthly site visitors.
 Identifying supply chain issues based on trends in warehouse
inventory levels over time.
 Finding areas for improvement with customer service based on a
collection of survey responses.
 Determining if a competitor is charging more or less for a similar
product.
Database
A database is information that is set up for easy access, management
and updating. Computer databases typically store aggregations of data
records or files that contain information, such as sales transactions,
customer data, financials and product information.
Databases are used for storing, maintaining and accessing any sort of
data. They collect information on people, places or things. That
information is gathered in one place so that it can be observed and
analyzed. Databases can be thought of as an organized collection of
information.
Advantages of Databases
1) Data Centralization: Databases centralize data storage, providing
a single, organized repository for easy management and retrieval.
2) Data Integrity: Databases enforce integrity constraints, ensuring
the accuracy and reliability of data through validation rules.
3) Efficient Data Retrieval: Databases offer efficient retrieval
mechanisms, enabling quick and precise access to specific data
using queries.
4) Data Security: Databases implement access control mechanisms
to secure data, ensuring that only authorized users can view or
modify information.
5) Reduction of Data Redundancy: Databases minimize redundancy
by storing data in a centralized manner, reducing the likelihood of
inconsistent or duplicated information.
6) Concurrency Control: Databases manage simultaneous access to
data by multiple users or applications, preventing conflicts and
ensuring data consistency.
7) Scalability: Databases can scale to accommodate growing
amounts of data or increasing user demands without
compromising performance.
8) Data Independence: Databases provide a level of abstraction
between the physical data storage and the applications, allowing
changes to one without affecting the other.
Features Of Data Base Management

Systems
1) Data Definition Language (DDL): DDL is used to define and
manage the structure of the database, including creating,
modifying, and deleting tables, indexes, and constraints.
2) Data Manipulation Language (DML): DML allows users to interact
with the data stored in the database. It includes operations like
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE to modify or retrieve data.
3) Data Query Language (DQL): DQL allows users to retrieve specific
information from the database using queries. SQL (Structured
Query Language) is a common language for DQL.
4) Data Integrity: DBMS enforces data integrity through constraints,
ensuring that data entered into the database follows predefined
rules, maintaining accuracy and consistency.
5) Transaction Management: DBMS supports transactions, allowing a
set of operations to be treated as a single, atomic unit.
Transactions ensure data consistency and integrity.
6) Concurrency Control: DBMS manages simultaneous access to
data by multiple users or applications, preventing conflicts and
ensuring that transactions do not interfere with each other.
7) Data Security: DBMS provides security mechanisms, including
authentication and authorization, to control access to the database
and protect sensitive information.
8) Backup and Recovery: DBMS includes tools for creating backups
of the database, helping to recover data in case of system failures,
errors, or disasters.
9) Data Dictionary: A data dictionary contains metadata, providing
information about the structure of the database, such as table
definitions, data types, and relationships.
10) Indexing and Query Optimization: DBMS uses indexing
techniques to optimize data retrieval speed, making queries more
efficient by allowing quick access to specific data subsets.
Relational database
A relational database is a type of database that uses a structure that
allows data to be organized and accessed in a manner that is consistent
and efficient. The foundation of a relational database is the relational
model, which represents data as tables (relations) consisting of rows and
columns. The relationships between tables are established through
keys, providing a logical and structured way to manage and query data.
Key concepts in a relational database include:
1. Table (Relation): Represents an entity or concept and consists of

rows and columns. Each table has a unique name.
2. Row (Tuple): Represents a record or instance of data in a table.
Each row contains data related to a specific entity.
3. Column (Attribute): Represents a specific piece of data stored in a
table. Columns define the characteristics or properties of the
entities.
4. Primary Key: A unique identifier for each row in a table, ensuring
that each row can be uniquely identified. It establishes the main
link between tables.
5. Foreign Key: A column in one table that refers to the primary key
of another table, establishing a relationship between the two
tables.
6. Normalization: The process of organizing data to eliminate
redundancy and dependency, ensuring data integrity and reducing
the risk of anomalies.
7. SQL (Structured Query Language): A language used to interact
with relational databases. It includes commands for querying,
updating, and managing data.
Examples of Relational Database:
Let's consider an example of a simple relational database for a library:
In this example:
The "Books" table represents information about various books, including

their title, author, genre, and published year.
The "Authors" table contains information about the authors, including

their ID, name, and nationality.
The "Author ID" in the "Books" table serves as a foreign key referencing
the "Author ID" in the "Authors" table, establishing a relationship
between the two tables.
Field
A field is the smallest unit of data in a database. It represents a single

attribute or property of an entity.
Example: In a "Customers" table, fields could include "Customer ID,"

"FirstName," "LastName," "Email," and "Phone."
Record
A record, also known as a tuple, is a complete set of related fields that

represent an entity or an instance of information in a table.
Example: In a "Customers" table, a record might represent a specific

customer with values for each field, such as (1, "John", "Doe",
"john.doe@email.com", "555-1234").
Table
A table, also referred to as a relation, is a collection of records with each

record made up of fields. It represents a logical structure for organizing
data.
Example: A "Customers" table could include rows of records, each

containing information about different customers.
Database
A database is a collection of tables and related data. It is an organized

and structured repository for storing and managing information.
Example: In a library management system, you might have tables for

books, authors, borrowers, and transactions—all collectively forming the
database.
Primary Key
A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table. It ensures that

each record can be uniquely identified, and no two records have the
same primary key value.
Composite Primary Key
A composite primary key consists of two or more columns that, together,

uniquely identify a record in a table. It is used when a single column is
not sufficient to provide unique identification.
Foreign Key
A foreign key is a column or set of columns in a table that refers to the

primary key in another table. It establishes a link between the two tables,
representing a relationship.
Relational database management system

(RDBMS) software
 MySQL: MySQL is an open-source RDBMS that is widely used for
web applications. It is known for its speed and reliability and is
commonly used with PHP to build dynamic web applications.
 PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL is another powerful open-source

RDBMS known for its advanced features, extensibility, and
compliance with SQL standards. It is often used for complex
applications and has a strong reputation for data integrity.
 Oracle Database: Oracle Database is a commercial RDBMS
developed by Oracle Corporation. It is known for its scalability,
security features, and comprehensive set of tools for database
management.
 Microsoft SQL Server: SQL Server is a relational database

management system developed by Microsoft. It integrates well
with Microsoft's other products and is commonly used in enterprise
environments, especially with applications built on the Microsoft
technology stack.
 SQLite: SQLite is a lightweight, embedded RDBMS that is suitable

for small to medium-sized applications. It is often used in mobile
applications, embedded systems, and as a local database for
desktop applications.
 IBM Db2: Db2 is a family of data management products, including

a relational database. It is known for its scalability, reliability, and
integration with IBM's other enterprise solutions.
 MariaDB: MariaDB is a fork of MySQL and is designed to be fully

compatible with MySQL, while also adding new features. It is
open-source and is often used as a drop-in replacement for
MySQL.

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Database Management System

Appreciate the concept of Database

Data and Information

In a nutshell, data can be a number, symbol, character, word, codes,

A basic example of information would be a computer. A computer uses

Features Of Data Base Management

Key concepts in a relational database include:

1. Table (Relation): Represents an entity or concept and consists of

Examples of Relational Database:

Let's consider an example of a simple relational database for a library:

The "Books" table represents information about various books, including

The "Authors" table contains information about the authors, including

A field is the smallest unit of data in a database. It represents a single

Example: In a "Customers" table, fields could include "Customer ID,"

A record, also known as a tuple, is a complete set of related fields that

Example: In a "Customers" table, a record might represent a specific

A table, also referred to as a relation, is a collection of records with each

Example: A "Customers" table could include rows of records, each

A database is a collection of tables and related data. It is an organized

Example: In a library management system, you might have tables for

A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table. It ensures that

Composite Primary Key

A composite primary key consists of two or more columns that, together,

A foreign key is a column or set of columns in a table that refers to the

Relational database management system

 PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL is another powerful open-source

 Microsoft SQL Server: SQL Server is a relational database

 SQLite: SQLite is a lightweight, embedded RDBMS that is suitable

 IBM Db2: Db2 is a family of data management products, including

 MariaDB: MariaDB is a fork of MySQL and is designed to be fully

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