Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MANUAL FOR
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY -1
(EE317 -- 3/4 EEE-- I SEMESTER)

SIR C.R.REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ELURU - 534007 (A.P)

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 1

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

UUUUU LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.NO TITLE OF EXPERIMENT PAGE NO

1 O.C.C. of Separately excited DC Generator 2

2 Swinburne’s Test on DC Shunt Motor 5

3 Load Test on DC Shunt Motor 9

4 Speed control of DC Shunt Motor 13

5 Hopkinson’s Test on D.C Machines 18

6 D.C. Shunt Generator Characteristics 22

7 D.C. Series Generator Characteristics. 26

8 D.C. Compound Generator Characteristics. 29

9 Load Test on D.C. Series Motor 32

10 Retardation test on DC Shunt motor

35
11 Separation of losses in a DC machine 39

12 Open circuit and Short circuit tests on 1-I transformer 44

13 Parallel operation of 1-I transformers 49

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 1

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 1

O.C.C. OF SEPERATELY EXCITED D.C. GENERATOR

UUUUU Aim:- To plot the open circuit characteristics of a separately excited D.C. generator.
UUUUU

UUUUU Apparatus: - UU UU

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 30 0 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
3 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 2
4 Tachometer 0-5000 R.P.M 1
5 Coupled dc motor- - -
dc generator set
6 Connecting wires - -

UUUUU Theory:- The field current I f is obtained from an external independent DC source. It
UUUUU BBBBB BBBBB

can be varied from zero upwards by a potentiometer and its value is read by
Ammeter connected in the field circuit.
Voltage equation of a DC generator is E g = IZNP/60A BBBBB BBBBB

Hence if speed is constant, the above relation becomes E = KI

It is obvious that when I f is increased from its initial small value, the flux I and
BBBBB BBBBB

hence generated emf increases as current while the poles are unsaturated. But as
the flux density increases, the poles become saturated so a generator in I f is BBBBB BBBBB

requires to produce a given increase in voltage than as the lower part of the
curve.
The curve showing relation between the terminal voltage ‘ V ’ and field current PPPPP
PPPPP
PPPPP
PPPPP

I f when the generator is on no-load

BBBBB BBBBB

UUUUU Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the motor field rheostat in CUTOUT position, the generator field rheostat in
CUTIN position and the motor 3-point starter handle at its initial position, the DC
supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field is exited by gradually varying the resistance of the generator
field rheostat in steps and for each step the corresponding field current and the no
load voltage are noted.
6. Step no. 5 is repeated until the rated voltage of the generator is reached and all the
meter readings are noted for each step.
7. The generator field rheostat is brought back to CUTIN position, the motor field
rheostat to CUTOUT position and the supply switch is opened.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 2

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 3

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

UUUUU Tabular column:-

Sl.No If
BBBBB BBBBB EgBBBBB BBBBB

In In
Amps volts

UUUUU Nature of graph:-

E g in Volts 
BBBBB
BBBBB

I f in Amps 
BBBBB BBBBB

UUUUU Result:-

UUUUU Viva – Voce Questions:-

1 What is the principle of a dc generator?

2 What is Fleming’s right hand rule?

3 What are the main components of a dc generator?

4 What is the purpose of a commutator in a dc generator?

5 What are the methods to improve commutation/

6 What is the standard direction of rotation of a dc generator?

7 What is the voltage regulation of an ideal dc generator?

8 What is meant by normal neutral plane?

9. What is the function of interpoles?

10 Expand OCC. What is the other name for it?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 4

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 2

SWINBURNE’S TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

UUUUU Aim:- To conduct the no load test on the DC shunt motor and determine its efficiency at
UUUUU

different loads when operating as a) Motor & b) Generator

UUUUU Apparatus:- UUU

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 1.5 A 1
3 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
4 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer 0-5000 R.P.M 1
6 DC shunt motor - 1
7 Connecting wires - -

UUUUU Theory:- Swinburne’s test is a simple indirect method to calculate the efficiency of a
UUUUU

constant flux DC machines. In this method constant losses are calculated at no-
load and from this efficiency at any desired load can be pre-determined in
advance. In this method the machine is run as a motor at no-load. At its rated
voltage & rated speed (adjusted by using shunt field rheostat)

Limitations: Applicable to constant flux machines i.e. shunt & compound

machines
Advantages:
x It is economical because power required to test the machine is very
small i.e. no load input power.
x The efficiency can be pre-determined at any desired load.
Disadvantages:
x At full load due to armature reaction, flux is destroyed which increases
the iron losses. No account is taken for this change in iron losses.
x As the test is on no-load, it is impossible to know whether
commutation would be satisfactory at full load and whether the temp.
rise would be within the specified limits.

Procedure:-
UUUUU

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the motor field rheostat in CUTOUT position, 3-point starter handle at its
initial position, the supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. All the meter readings are noted into the tabular column.
6. The motor field rheostat is brought back to CUT OUT position and the supply
switch is opened.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 5

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 6

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-
Sl.No I0 BBBBB BBBBB I BBBBB
sh BBBBB V
In In In
Amps Amps volts

Specimen calculations:-
1. No load armature current = I a o = I o – I s h a m ps BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

where I o - is the no-load input current of the D.C motor

BBBBB BBBBB

I sh – is the shunt field current

BBBBB BBBBB

2. Armature copper loss = I ao 2 Ra watts BBBBB P BP BP BP BP B

PPPPP

where R a – is the armature resistance of the D.C.Machine

BBBBB BBBBB

it can be determined by Volt-Amp method.

3. Total input power = P i = V I o watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

4. Constant power loss = P c = V I o – I ao 2 Ra watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB P BP B PB PB PB

PPPPP

5. Calculation of Efficiency
when running as motor : If I L = Full Load current in amps BBBBB BBBBB

At full Load At Half Full Load

I
a. Armature current = I a = I L – I s h a m ps I a = L  I sh amps
2
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

b. Armature cu. Loss = w c = I a 2 Ra watts w c = I a 2 R a watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB P B PB PB PB PB PPPPP BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB P BP BP BP B PB PPPPP BBBBB BBBBB

c. Motor input = P i = V I L watts P o = ½ VI L watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

d. Constant losses = P c watts BBBBB BBBBB

e. Total losses = P t = P c + w c watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

pi  p t
? % efficiency of motor = u 100
pi
when running as generator:
At Full Load At Half Full Load
I
a. Armature current = I a = I L + I sh amps I a = L  I sh amps
2
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

b. Armature cu. Loss = w c = I a 2 R a watts w c = I a 2 R a watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB P B PB PB PB PB

PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB P BP BP BP B PB
PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB

c. Generator output = P o =V I L watts P o = ½ VI L watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

d. Constant losses = P c watts BBBBB BBBBB

e. Total losses = P t = P c + w c watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

po
?% efficiency of generator = u 100
p o  pt
Nature of Graph :-
% Efficiency 

Generator
 Motor

Output Load 

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 7

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Result:

Viva – Voce Questions:

1. What can be the reasons, if the motor blows out the fuses at the time of starting?
2. At the time of starting, why should the motor field rheostat be kept in its
3. Minimum position?
4. At the time of starting ,why should be the generator field rheostat is kept to
its maximum?
5. Why does the speed fall slightly when the d.c shunt motor is loaded?
6. What will happen if the field current of the d.c shunt motor get interrupted?
7. The wave form of induced emf in the armature conductors of a d.c motor will be
in which shape?
8. Explain what happens when a d.c. motor is connected across an a.c. supply?
9. What is the function of interpole?
10. What is the function of commutator?
11. How the interpole windings are connected?
12. What are the advantages of Swinburne’s test?
13. What are the disadvantages of Swinburne’s test?
14. What are the applications of a dc shunt motor?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 8

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 3
LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:- To conduct the brake load test on D.C. shunt motor and determine its performance
characteristics.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 1 .5 A 1
3 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
4 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 1
5 Tachometer 0-5000 rpm 1
6 D.C. shunt motor with loading - 1
arrangement
7 Connecting wires - -

Theory:- This is direct method of testing dc machine. This test is conducted on low H.P
machines the machine is run as the motor and a brake frictional load is applied
to the moving shaft. The moment of the brake drum is restricted with a braking
arrangement. The braking arrangement consisting of a) Water cooled brake
drum b) belt c) Spring balances to measure the tension on the brake belt and d)
tension existing mechanism. The friction between brake drum and belt acts as a
mechanical load. By adjusting the tension of the belt the load on the motor can
be adjusted. Due to brake friction terrible heat is produced. To keep the brake
drum with in the working temperature or to remove the heat due to friction the
brake drum is filled with cooled water.

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the motor field rheostat in cutout position, the 3 point starter handle in initial
position and ensuring that the belt over the brake drum is totally loosened, the
supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat and all
the meter readings as well as speed are noted.
5. The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings, spring
balance readings as well as speed are noted.
6. Step no. 5 is repeated until the rated current of the motor is reached.
7. The load is removed in steps, the motor field rheostat is brought back to CUT
OUT position and the supply switch is opened.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 9

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 10

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-

Sl. V Il
BBBBB BBBBB I sh
BBBBB BBBBB S1
BBBBB BBBBB S2 BBBBB BBBBB T N Ia
BBBBB BBBBB Input Output %
No In In In In In In In In In In Efficiency
Volts Amps Amps Kgs Kgs N-m rpm Amps Watts watts

Specimen calculations:-

1. Torque T = (S 1 ~ S 2 ) u r u 9.81 N – m BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

2. Armature current I a = I L – I sh amps BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

3. Motor input power P i = V . I L watts BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

2SNT
4. Motor output power P o = watts
60
BBBBB BBBBB

output power
5. % efficiency K= u 100
input power

Nature of the graph:-

Result:-

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 11

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. What is a D.C. motor?

2. What is the working principle of a d.c motor?
3. How the direction of the d.c motor changed?
4. What is back emf?
5. What is the significance of the back emf?
6. What is the formula for back emf?
7. What is the relationship between Eb and V?
8. What is the condition for maximum power?
9. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
10. What are the main parts of the d.c motor?
11. Write the power equation of the motor?
12. Does the speed have any relationship between the back emf and flux?
13. On what factors the speed of the motor depends?
14. What are the methods for controlling the speed?
15. Why should the d.c motor be not started directly from mains?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 12

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 4
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:- To control the speed of a D.C. shunt motor by Armature control method and field
control method.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 1.5/3 A 1
2 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
3 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 1
4 Rheostat 38 : , 10 A 1
4 Tachometer 0 – 5000 rpm 1
6 D.C. shunt motor 3HP, 220 V, 12 A 1
7 Connecting wires - -

Theory:-
The speed of a dc shunt motor can be mainly controlled by varying
i) Flux/pole (Flux control method)
ii) Resistance of armature circuit (rheostat control method)
iii) Applied control (Voltage control method)
Speed of a motor is given by the relation:
E
N v b -- (1)
I
i) Flux control method:-This method is used when speeds above normal speeds are
required. In the above equation (1) by decreasing the flux, the speed can be
increased and vice versa. The flux of a dc motor can be changed by
changing I sh with the help of a shunt field rheostat. The current in shunt
BBBBB BBBBB

field rheostat is less. I 2 R loss is small, so that rheostat is small in size.

PPPPP
PPPPP

ii) Armature or rheostat control method:- This method used when speeds below
the no-load speeds are required. In this method the voltage across the
armature is varied by increasing a variable rheostat in series with the
armature circuit, as resistance is increased, potential difference across the
armature & decreased, there by decreasing the armature speed. This
method is expensive (Cu loss more) and unsuitable for rapidly changing
loads because for a given value of R t , the speed will change with load.
BBBBB BBBBB

iii) Voltage control method:- In this method the shunt field of the motor is
connected across the fixed supply and then by supplying different voltage
to the armature different loads are obtained.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 13

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 14

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Procedure:-

a) For Armature voltage control method:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the armature rheostat is CUTIN position, the field rheostat in CUTOUT
position and the 3-point starter handle at its initial position, the D.C. supply
switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the
armature resistance so that the motor starts and runs at some speed. Bring the
armature rheostat to CUTOUT position to start the experiment.
4. The field current is adjusted to a certain value by varying the field rheostat
such that the motor runs at rated speed.
5. The armature rheostat is increased gradually so that the armature voltage is
varied in steps and the corresponding speeds are noted in the tabular column.
6. Step no. 5 is repeated until the armature rheostat is completely CUTIN.
7. The field rheostat is brought back to CUTOUT position, the armature rheostat
to CUTIN position and the D.C. supply switch is opened.

b) For field control method:-

1. Step nos. 1, 2 & 3 of armature voltage control method are repeated.

2. The armature rheostat is varied such that the rated voltage is applied across the
armature terminals.
3. The field resistance is gradually cut in steps so that the field current is varied
in steps of 0.05A and the corresponding value of speeds is noted.
4. Step no. 3 is repeated until the motor attains 1.4 times rated speed.
5. Step no. 3 and 4 are repeated for an armature voltage of 200V.
6. The field rheostat is brought back to CUT OUT, the armature rheostat to CUT
IN position and the supply switch is opened.

Tabular column:-

a) Armature voltage control b) Field control method

Field current = Armature voltage =

Sl.No Armature voltage Speed Sl.No Field current Speed

In In In In
Volts rp m Volts rp m

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 15

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Nature of graph:

a) Armature Voltage Control b) Field Control

Result:-

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 16

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. Write down an expression, relating speed with the back emf developed in case
of D C motors?
2 What is the basic relationship between back emf and applied voltage to the motor?
3 What are the various methods for the speed control of DC motors?
4. In DC machine, the brushes are made of which material?
5. Which material is used to manufacture the commutator segments?
6. Define regulation of a DC motor?
7 What is the condition for maximum power in a DC motor?
8. What are the applications of shunt motors?
9 What are the applications of DC series motors?
10 How the speed of a dc motor is controlled?
11 What is the chief advantage of Ward – Leonard system of DC motor speed
control?
12. What is the speed range obtained by series parallel system of speed control of
series motors widely used in traction works?
13. In rewinding the armature of a DC motor, progressive connections are changed to
retrogressive ones .Will it affect the operation in any way?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 17

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 5
HOPKINSON’S TEST ON D.C. MACHINES
Aim:- To conduct Hopkinson’s test on two identical DC shunt machine and determine the
efficiency of each M/C at various loads.

Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 2
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 3
3 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 2
4 Tachometer 0 – 5000 rpm 1
5 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 2
6 D.C. shunt motor
coupled generator
7 Connecting wires

Theory:- By this method full load test can be carried out on two shunt machines,
preferably identical ones, without wasting their outputs. The two m/c are
mechanically coupled and are adjusted electrically so that one of them runs as a
motor and the other as a generator. The mechanical o/p of the motor drives the
generator and the electrical o/p of generator is used in supplying the greater part
of input to motor. If there were no losses in the m/c s they would have run
without any external supply. But due to these losses gen o/p is not sufficient to
drive the motor and vice versa. The losses are supplied either by an extra motor
which is belt connected to the MG set or as suggested by kapp electrically from
the supply mains
Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. With motor field rheostat is in cutout position, generator field rheostat is cut in
position, ensuring that 3-point starter handle at its initial position and with the
S.P.S.T. open, the supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
with motor armature circuit, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field rheostat is varied such that the generator terminal voltage is
same as supply voltage so that the voltmeter across the SPST switch reads zero
value and the SPST switch is closed.
6. The meter readings are noted in the tabular column.
7. The field rheostat of generator is varied in steps such that the armature current is
also varied in steps of 1 A and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular
column for each step till rated current is reached.
8. The field rheostat of generator is reduced such that armature current of generator
reads zero. Open the SPST switch.
9. Motor field rheostat is brought back to CUT OUT, the generator field rheostat to
CUT IN position and the supply switch is opened

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 18

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 19

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-
Sl.No Voltage I1
BBBBB BBBBB I2
BBBBB BBBBB I3
BBBBB BBBBB I4
BBBBB BBBBB I5 BBBBB BBBBB Generator Motor Efficiency Efficiency
In In In In In In O/P in O/P in of of
Volts Amps Amps Amps Amps Amps watts watts Generator Motor
in % in %

Specimen calculations:-
Armature cu losses of generator = (I 4 + I 5 ) 2 R a
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB PPPPP
PPPPP
BBBBB

Armature cu losses of motor = I2 2 Ra

BBBBB PB PB PB PB PB
PPPPP
BBBBB

Shunt field cu losses in generator =VI5 BBBBB

Shunt field cu losses in motor =VI3

> @
BBBBB

2
Total stray losses Us VI1  I 4  I 5 R a  I 22 R a  VI 5  VI 3
VI 4
? Efficiency of Generator Kg u 100
US 2
VI 4   I 4  I 5 R a  VI 5
2
U
V I1  I 4  I 22 R a  VI 3  S
? Efficiency of Motor Km 2 u 100
V I1  I 4
Nature of graph :-

Result:-

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 20

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. What are the methods of testing dc machines and under which test is Hopkinson’s
test is classified?
2. Why Hopkinson’s test is called a regenerative test?
3. What is the formula for efficiency if the machines are identical?
4. What are the advantages of Hopkinson’s test?
5. What is the disadvantage of Hopkinson’s test?
6. State the reason as to why the voltmeter reading across the switch shows zero
value in Hopkinson’s test?
7. What is the assumption while calculating efficiency of two machines?
8. How can you overcome the losses in both the machines?
9. Which machine has higher iron loss?
10. Which machine has more armature losses?
11. At which load is the Hopkinson’s test is conducted?
12. What is the input to the motor?
13. Compare Swinburne’s test and Hopkinson’s test?
14. Why is a starter necessary for starting shunt motors?
15. What is the condition of motor-generator set in Hopkinson’s test?
16. What is meant by floating?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 21

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 6
DC SHUNT GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:- To conduct the no-load and load test on a D.C. shunt generator and draw its
O.C.C, internal and external characteristics.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Ammeter (M.C) 0–2A 1
4 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer 0 – 5000 rpm 1
6 Rheostatic load box 230 V/ 10 A 1
7 D.C. shunt generator - -
coupled D.C. motor
8 Connecting wires - -

Theory:-

External characteristic curve (ECC):- This is drawn under load condition.

It is the curve drawn between load current or line current and load voltage or
terminal voltage taking current on X axis induced emf on Y axis.

Internal characteristic curve (ICC). It is also called as total characteristic curve. It

is drawn between armature current and generated voltage. Taking armature
current on X axis, induced emf on Y axis

Relation between terminal voltage and induced emf:-The voltage given to the
terminal is known as terminal voltage and induced in the generator is known as
induced emf it is represented by E.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 22

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Ensuring that the motor field rheostat is in CUTOUT position, generator field
rheostat is in CUTIN position, 3-point starter handle is in initial position and the
load switch is in off position and the supply switch (DPST) is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
with motor armature circuit, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field rheostat is varied in steps and the readings of field current and
terminal voltage are noted.
6. Step No 5 is repeated until the generator voltage reaches to its rated value.
7. The load switch (DPST) is closed to connect the load to the generator and all the
meter readings are noted in the tabular column.
8. The load is varied in steps and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular
column.
9. Step no.8 is repeated until the rated current of the generator is reached.
10. The load is reduced in steps, the load switch is opened, the generator field rheostat
is brought back to CUTIN position, the motor filed rheostat to CUTOUT position
and the supply switch is opened.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 23

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 24

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular Column:-
Open circuit characteristic Internal and external characteristic
Sl.no I f
BBBBB BBBBB E Sl.no I f
BBBBB BBBBB I L
BBBBB V Ia BBBBB Ia
BBBBB BBBBB E
In In In In In In Ra BBBBB BBBBB In
Amps Volts Amps Amps volts Amps In volts
Volts

Specimen calculations:-
Induced voltage under load = E = V + I a R a BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

Nature of graph:-

Fig(a) : Open Circuit Characteristic Fig (b) : Internal (E g Vs I a ) and BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

External (V L Vs I L ) BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

Characteristics
Result:-

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. What is the principle of a dc generator?

2. What is Fleming’s right hand rule?
3. What are the main components of a dc generator?
4. What is the purpose of a commutator in a dc generator?
5. Name the e various characteristics of a dc generator
6. Define critical resistance.
7. Define critical speed of a shunt generator?
8. How is critical resistance determined?
9. What are the conditions for build of voltage in a shunt generator?
10. What happens if a dc machine is operated at a speed below rated speed?
11. What is the type of voltage induced in the armature of a dc generator?
12. What is meant by build-up of voltage?
13. What is the standard direction of rotation of a dc generator?
14. What is the voltage regulation of an ideal dc generator?
15. What is meant by normal neutral plane?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 25

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 7
D.C SERIES GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:- To draw the internal and external characteristics of DC series generator by
conducting load test.

Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 1
4 Tachometer 0 – 5000 rpm 1
5 Load box 230 V/ 10 A 1
6 D.C. series generator - -
coupled to DC motor
7 Connecting wires - -

Theory:- In series generator the field winding is connected in series with the armature
winding.
ECC: External characteristic curve. It is the curve drawn between the load
current and terminal voltage. Taking load current (I L ) on X axis and terminal
BBBBB BBBBB

voltage on Y-axis
ICC: Internal characteristic curve. It is the curve drawn between armature
current and generated voltage. Taking armature current I a on X axis and BBBBB BBBBB

generated voltage on Y axis

In series generator
Armature current = field current = load current

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Ensuring that the motor field rheostat is in CUTOUT position, the 3-point starter
handle is in initial position, the generator load switch in open position the supply
switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the motor
armature circuit resistance, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat. And
the voltmeter reading is noted (indicates residual voltage)
5. The load switch of the generator is closed.
6. The load is varied in steps and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular
column.
7. Step No 6 is repeated until the rated current of the generator is reached.
8. The load is removed in steps, the load switch of the generator is opened the motor
field rheostat is brought back to CUTOUT position and the supply switch is
opened.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 26

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 27

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular Column :-

Sl. I L BBBBB V L BBBBB I a R a

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB Induced E.M.F
no In In Drop In
Amps volts In volts
Volts

Specimen calculations :-

Induced E.M.F = E = V + I a (R a +R sc ) BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

Nature of graph :-

Fig: Internal (E g Vs I a ) and External (V L Vs I L ) Characteristics

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

Result:-

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. At high loads, how does the series generator behave?

2. How is the series generator started?
3. What are the indications of an overload?
4. How can we say that field and armature connections are correct?
5. How can loss of residual magnetism be corrected?
6. Give some applications of series generator.
7. What happens if series resistance is more than critical field resistance?
8. Define critical resistance.
9. What are the different type’s generators?
10. What is the function of commutator?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 28

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 8
D.C COMPOUND GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:- To draw the internal and external characteristics of DC short shunt compound
generator by conducting load test (Both cumulative & differential)

Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
4 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer 0 – 5000 rpm 1
6 Load box 230 V/ 10 A 1
7 D.C. compound generator - -
coupled to DC shunt motor
8 Connecting wires - -

Theory:-The method of adding the series field flux with the shunt field flux is known as
compounding. According to method of compounding the compound generators
are classified into two categories.
i) Cumulatively compounding generator.
ii) Differential compounding generator.
In cumulative compounding generator the flux produced by the series field
winding must be right direction with the shunt field flux. i.e. the series field flux
in phase with the shunt field flux. but in the case of differential compounding
generator the flux produced by the series field winding is in such a direction that it
should opposes the shunt field flux there by the resultant flux decreases.
Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. With motor field rheostat is in CUTOUT position, generator field rheostat in
CUTIN position, ensuring that the 3-point starter handle is in initial position, and
load switch in off position the supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field rheostat is varied gradually so that the generator voltage is
built up to its rated value.
6. The load switch of the generator is closed
7. The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings are noted.
8. Step No.(7) is repeated until the rated current of the generator is reached
9. The load is removed in steps, the load switch of the generator is opened the
generator field rheostat is brought back to CUTIN position the motor field rheostat
to CUTOUT position and the supply switch is opened.
10. The series field winding terminals of the generator are interchanged and the above
procedure is repeated to get another type of compounding.
Note: If the first one is cumulative compound, second one will be differential compounding.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 29

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 30

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular Column:-

a) Cumulative Compounding:
Sl.no IL
BBBBB VLBBBBB If BBBBB BBBBB Ia BBBBB BBBBB Eg BBBBB BBBBB

In In In In In
Amps volts Amps Amps volts

b) Differential Compounding:
Sl.no IL
BBBBB VLBBBBB If BBBBB BBBBB Ia BBBBB BBBBB Eg BBBBB BBBBB

In In In In In
Amps volts Amps Amps volts

Specimen calculations:-

The Induced E.M.F E g = V L + I a R a + I L R sc

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

Nature of graph:-

Fig: Internal (E g Vs I a ) and External (V L Vs I L ) Characteristics

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

Result:-
Viva – Voce Questions:-
1. What is the classification of different types of generators?
2. What is the need for a compound generator?
3. What is meant by the cumulatively compounded generator?
4. What is meant by differential compounded generator?
5. What is meant by a flat compounding?
6. What is meant by over- compounding?
7 What is meant by under compound?
8 What are the indications of an overload?
9. How is a shunt generator converted to a compound generator?
10 What are the different types’s of generators?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 31

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 9
LOAD TEST ON D.C. SERIES MOTOR
Aim:- To conduct the load test on D.C. Series motor and draw its performance
characteristics.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 30 A 1
2 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
3 Tachometer 0-5000 rpm 1
4 D.C. Series motor with loading - 1
arrangement
5 Connecting wires - -

Theory:- The nature of graph shows the speed characteristic curve of a dc series motor.
The shape of the speed curve is similar to rectangular hyperbola. At no load the
motor running at very high speed and at full loads the motor running at very low
speeds. The speed is changing very rapidly from low speed to high speed when
the load is decreases from full to no loads therefore the series motor is called
variable speed motor. In the speed torque curve of a series motor, the curve
starts from just above zero and the torque increasing rapidly as the load current
increases. This shows the motor is not having constant speed nor constant
torque. This variable characteristic curve is very suitable for electric traction.

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Ensuring that the belt over the brake drum is tightened and the 2-point starter
handle at initial position and armature rheostat in CUTIN position, the supply
switch is closed.
3. The 2-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts. Then , armature rheostat is
brought to CUTOUT position.
4. All the meter readings, spring balance readings as well as speed are noted.
5. The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings, spring
balance readings as well as speed are noted.
6. Step no. 5 is repeated until the rated current of the motor is reached.
7. The supply switch is opened with minimum load on the motor.

Tabular column:-

Sl. V L
BBBBB BBBBB IBBBBB
L
BBBBB S1
BBBBB BBBBB S2
BBBBB BBBBB N T Input Output %
No In In In In In In In In Efficiency
Volts Amps Kgs Kgs rpm N-m watts watts

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 32

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 33

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Specimen calculations:-

1. Torque T = (S 1 ~ S 2 ) u r u 9.81 N – m BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

2. Motor input power P i = V L . I L watts

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

2SNT
3. Motor output power P o = watts
60
BBBBB BBBBB

output power
4. % efficiency K= u 100
input power
Nature of the graph:-

Result:-

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. What is the principle of a motor?

2. What is the condition for maximum power in a DC motor?
3. Define Torque?
4. Write the torque equation of a DC motor?
5. What is the shaft torque equation of a DC motor?
6. Shaft torque T sh =(9.55 output power)/N, N-m
BBBBB BBBBB

7. What are different compound motors?

8. What are the characteristics of series motors?
9. Give some application of DC series motors?
10. What type of starter is used for DC series motor?
11. What is the range of speed obtained by series parallel system of speed
control of series motors?
12. What happen if the direction of current at the terminals of a series
motor is reversed?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 34

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 10

RETARDATION TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

Aim:- To conduct retardation test on a given DC shunt motor and predict the efficiency
of m/c when it is operated as a) Motor and b) Generator.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Ammeter 0-10A MC 2
2 Voltmeter 0-250V MC 1
3 Rheostat 230:/1.7A 1
38:/8.5A 1
500:/1.2A 1
4 Single pole double 1
through switch

Theory:-
This method is applicable to shunt motors and generators to find stray
losses. Thus knowing armature and shunt cu losses at a given load current
efficiency can be evaluated.
The m/c under test is speeded up beyond its normal speed and then supply
is cutoff from the armature while keeping the field excited consequently the
armature slows down and its kinetic energy is used to meet rotational losses i.e
friction and windage losses.
1
Kinetic energy of armature K.E = IZ 2
2
Where I - Moment of inertia of armature
Z - angular velocity
? Rotational Losses = Rate of losses of K.E
d §1 · dZ
W = ¨ IZ 2 ¸ = IZ
dt © 2 ¹ dt
2SN
but Z =
60
2
§ 2SN ·§ 2S · dN § 2S · dN
? W I¨ ¸¨ ¸ I¨ ¸ N
© 60 ¹© 60 ¹ dt © 60 ¹ dt
2
§ 2S · dN
W+W 1 = I¨ ¸ N
© 60 ¹ dt 2
PPPPP
PPPPP

t2
W = W1
t1  t 2

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 35

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 36

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Procedure:

1. All the connections are made as shown in circuit.

2. The DPST switch is closed with the armature rheostat in maximum position
and switch SPDT in position
3. As the motor starts rotating the rheostat must be brought to its initial position.
4. Now by varying field rheostat the speed of motor is brought just above rated
speed.
5. Now voltage across armature is measured.
6. Now SPST switch is opened and the time taken by the motor terminal voltage
to pull from 220V to 100V is noted.
7. Up to 6 th step is repeated and the switch is moved from position 1 to 2 and
PPPPP
PPPPP

time taken by the motor terminal to fall from 220V to 180V is noted.
8. From the above data stray losses can be calculated.
9. Armature and shunt field Cu losses can be calculated. Hence efficiency can be
obtained.

Tabular column:-

Sl.No Vmax Vmin t1 t2 BBBBB BBBBB

In In in in
volts volts Seconds Seconds

Specimen calculations:-

The power absorbed by resistance Ra is

2
§ V max  V min ·
Power (P) = ¨ ¸ RL  Ra
© 2 ¹
P t2
Stray losses Ws
t1  t 2
Shunt field copper losses Wsh = VIsh

Calculation of Efficiency

when running as motor :

If I L = Full Load current in amps
BBBBB BBBBB

At full Load At Half Full Load

I
a. Armature current = I a = I L – I s h a m ps I a = L  I sh amps
2
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

2
b. Armature cu. Loss = w a = I a Ra watts
BBBBB w c = I a 2 R a watts
BBBBB BBBBB P B PB PB PB PB
PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB P BP BP BP B PB
PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB

c. Motor input = P i = V I L watts P o = ½ VI L watts

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

d. Total losses = P t = Ws+ Wa+ Wsh watts

BBBBB BBBBB

pi  p t
? % efficiency of motor = u 100
pi

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 37

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

when running as generator:

At Full Load At Half Full Load

I
a. Armature current = I a = I L + I sh amps I a = L  I sh amps
2
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

b. Armature cu. Loss = w a = I a 2 R a watts

BBBBB w a = I a 2 R a watts
BBBBB BBBBB P B PB PB PB PB
PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB P BP BP BP B PB
PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB

c. Generator output = P o =V I L watts

BBBBB P o = ½ VI L watts
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

d. Constant losses = P c watts

BBBBB BBBBB

e. Total losses = P t = W s +Wsh+ w a watts

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

po
?% efficiency of generator = u 100
p o  pt

Nature of Graph :-
% Efficiency 

 Motor
Generator

Output Load 
Result:-
Viva – Voce Questions:
1. Do you require a starter for a dc motor under the running condition, why?
2. Can you use the dc motor as a dc generator? If so, what is to be done?
3. What are the losses taking place in a dc machine.
4. What are the stray losses?
5. What is the principle of operation of dc motor?
6. What happens to dc shunt motor if source polarity reversed?
7. A dc shunt motor refuses to start when switched on what could be the possible
reasons and remedies?
8. What happens to motor if field circuit is suddenly opened?
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Retardation test over the other
tests?
10. When will you get the maximum efficiency for a dc machine?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 38

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp No: 11

SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN A DC MACHINE

Aim: - To separate the constant losses of a single dc machine in to their

respective components

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 1.5 A 1
3 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
4 Rheostat 500 :, 1.2 A 1
1
5 Tachometer 0-5000 R.P.M 1
6 DC shunt motor - 1
7 Connecting wires - -

Theory:-
Various components of constant losses in a dc machine are iron losses viz.
hysteresis loss and eddy current loss, and mechanical losses viz. friction and windage
loss. they can be approximated as follows:

mechanical losses = AN+BN 2 (approximately)

PPPPP
PPPPP

iron losses = CN+DN 2 (with excitation kept constant)

PPPPP
PPPPP

To separate these components, the dc machine is run as a motor at no-load.

2
Input power to armature circuit at no-load = Constant losses + I a0 BBBBB PB PB P BP BP B Ra
PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB

Then,
Total constant losses = input power at no load - I a0 2 R a BBBBB PBP BP BP BP B PPPPP BBBBB BBBBB

= W

Hence, W = (AN + BN 2) +( CN + DN 2 )
PPPPP
PPPPP
PPPPP
PPPPP

Or
W/N = (A+C)+(B+D)N

Plotting W/N against speed, a straight line is obtained from where (A+C) and (B+D)
can be calculated. The procedure repeated for reduced excitation changes only iron losses
and not mechanical losses and hence losses can be separated.
BBBBB BBBBB

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 39

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the motor field rheostat in CUTOUT position, armature rheostat in CUTIN
position and3-point starter handle at its initial position, the supply switch is
closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts and runs at reduced speed.
Cutout fully the external resistance in the armature circuit.
4. Adjust the field current to rated value and keep it constant.
5. Vary the motor speed by varying armature resistance and note all the meter
readings in the tabular column up to rated speed.
6. Adjust the field current to a reduced value (app.70 percent of rated value) and
repeat step 5.
7. The rheostats are brought back to CUT OUT position and the supply switch is
opened.
8. Measure the armature resistance by volt-amp method.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 40

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 41

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Observations & Calculations:

2
S. no. If I V I a0 BBBBB PB PB PB PB P B Ra
PPPPP
BBBBB BBBBB W W /N

Constant losses = input power at no load - I a0 2 R a BBBBB PBP BP B PB PB PPPPP BBBBB BBBBB

i.e. W = V I - I a0 2 R a
BBBBB PB PB PB PB P B PPPPP BBBBB BBBBB

= mechanical losses + iron losses

Now,
mechanical losses from graph =
therefore, iron losses =

Result:

The constant losses of the given dc motor are:

mechanical losses =
iron losses =

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 42

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Viva-voce questions

1 Identify the locations of field and armature windings for different machines.
2. What do you mean by rated values of a machine
.3 Write down the EMF equation of a dc generator?
4 To find OCC of a self excited shunt generator it has to be connected as a
separately excited generator when it is (true or false)
5. Expand OCC what is the other name for it?
6. Commutator works as a _____________ in dc generator and as a ___________ in
a dc motor.
7. Interpoles will be placed between ____________ in a dc generator.
8. A dc shunt motor can be started using 4 point starter (True or False) ?
9 What is the function of generator?
10. What is the basic working principle of a d.c generator?
11 What are the total losses takes place in a d.c generator (or d.c machine)?
12 What is hysteresis loss?
13. What are eddy current losses?
14. What is commutator?
15 . How you collect the d.c from the commutator?
16. Why brushes are used?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 43

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No.12

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON 1-I

TRANSFORMER

Aim: -Conduct the open circuit and short circuit test on 1-I transformer and determine
the efficiency and regulation at different loads.

Apparatus: -

Sl.No Apparatus Range Qty

1. Ammeter (M.I) 0 - 3A 1
2. Ammeter (M.I) 0 – 10A 1
3. Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 30V 1
4. Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 150V 1
5. Wattmeter L.P.F 2.5A/150V 1
6. Wattmeter U.P.F. 10A/75V 1
7. Variac 230V/0-270V, 1
8A
8. 1-I Transformer 230V/115V 1
2kVA
9. Connecting wires - -

Theory:-

By conducting O.C. and S.C. tests on a given transformers we can predict

the efficiency, regulation and equivalent circuit without actually loading it. The
purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss (or) core loss and no-load current,
which is helpful in finding x 0 and R 0 .
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

In O.C test one winding of the transformer usually high voltage winding is
left open and the other is connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency.
A wattmeter w, voltmeter V, and an ammeter A are connected in L.V. winding,
with the normal voltage is applied to the primary, normal flux will be setup in the
core hence normal iron losses will occur which are recorded by the wattmeter. The
no-load current is small so copper loss is negligibly small. Hence the wattmeter
reading represents practically the core loss.

In S.C. test one winding, normally L.V. winding is short-circuited and

meters are connected in H.V. side. Very low voltage is applied on H.V. side and it
is increased slowly until full load current is flowing in the winding. Under these
conditions wattmeter reading represents the full load copper loss. There is also a
small amount of core loss, which is negligible compared to the copper loss.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 44

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Procedure:-

For O.C Test:-

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) With the dimmerstat at zero output position, the supply switch (DPST)
is closed.
3) The output of the dimmer stat is adjusted such that the voltmeter reads the rated
voltage at the L.V winding of the transformer and all the meter readings are
noted in the tabular column.
4) The dimmer stat is brought back to zero output and the supply switch (DPST) is
opened

For S.C Test:-

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) With the dimmer stat at zero output, the supply switch is closed.
3) The output of the dimmer stat is adjusted such that the ammeter reads the rated
current at the H.V winding of the transformer and all the meter readings are
noted in the tabular column.
4) The dimmer stat is brought back to zero output and the supply switch is opened

Tabular Column:-

Open circuit test Short circuit Test

S.l Vo BBBBBIo W o V SC
BBBBB BBBBB I SC
BBBBB W SC BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

No in in in in in In
volts Amps Watts volts Amps Watts

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

S.l COS Iw ImBBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB Ro

BBBBB Xm BBBBB BBBBB C os R eq
BBBBB X eq
BBBBB BBBBB W SC
BBBBB BBBBB

No Io BBBBB BBBBB

in in in in I sc
BBBBB BBBBB
in in In
Amps Amps : : : : Watts

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 45

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 46

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Specimen calculations:-

KVA rating of transformer

Rated current of transformer =
Supply voltage

Voltage Range X Current Range

Wattmeter Multiplication factor = u Power factor
Maximum wattmeter scale reading

Input Power = Wattmeter reading X Wattmeter Multiplication factor

w0 Vo
1. CosI 0 2. I W I 0 CosI o 3. I m I 0 SinI o 4. Ro
v0 i0 Iw
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

Vo W sc V sc 2 2
5. X m 6. Req 7. Z eq 8. X eq Z eq  Req
Im I sc
2
I sc

FullloadVA u CosI
% Efficiency at full load = u 100
FullloadVA u CosI  Wo  W sc
Efficiency at any load X*F.L, where X = ¼ or X= ½ or X = ¾

X ˜ FullloadVA u CosI
% Efficiency at X.* F.L = u 100
X ˜ FullloadVA u CosI  Wo  X 2W sc

Req COSI r X eq SINI

% Regulation = X 100
V rated

Where + is for Lagging P.F

- is for Leading P.F

Equivalent Circuit:-

R o , X m – are referred to L.V Side

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

1 1
R eq BBBBB P BP BP BP BP B . X eq
PPPPP BBBBB PB PB PB P BP B – Referred to H.V Side
PPPPP

These values referred L.V Side are

1
Req a 2 Req
1
X eq a 2 X eq
N1 L.V
where a =
N2 H .V

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 47

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Nature of graph:-

a) % Efficiency Vs Load b) % Regulation Vs Power Factor

% Reg
% Efficiency

Power factor 

Load 

Result:-
Viva – Voce Questions

1 What is the purpose of OC & SC test?

2. Why are transformers rated in KVA?
3. Why is the OC test conducted on LV side?
4. Why is the SC test conducted on HV side?
5. Why is an L.P.F wattmeter is used in OC test?
6. Why is a UPF wattmeter is used in SC test
7. What are the advantages of transformer tests?
8. What is the applied voltage V Sc under sc test?
BBBBB BBBBB

9. Why iron loss are neglected in SC test

10 What is the value of primary current in OC test and why copper losses are
neglected?
11 What are the readings of wattmeter obtain practically in OC & SC test
12. What is the output of transformer in SC test and what indicates the input power
13 What are the components of core loss?
14 What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
15 Name the various types of transformers
16. Under what condition is DC supply applied to the primary of transformers?
17 Why are iron core transformers not used for high frequency applications?
18. What are the components of equivalent circuit of a transformer?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 48

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No.13

PARALLEL OPERATION OF 1-I TRANSFORMERS

Aim:- To operate two transformers in parallel and studies the load sharing of each
transformer

Apparatus:-

Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Voltmeter M.I 0 – 300 V 1
2 Voltmeter M.I 0 – 250 V 1
3 Voltmeter M.I 0 – 150 V 1
4 Ammeter M.I 0 – 20 A 2
5 Ammeter M.I 0 – 30 A 1
6 Connecting wires - -- --

Theory:-

The various conditions which must be fulfilled for the satisfactory parallel
operation of two or more single-phase transformers are as follows:
a) The transformers must have the same voltage ratios, i.e, with the primaries
connected to the same voltage source; the secondary voltages of all
transformers should be equal in magnitude.
b) The equivalent leakage impedances in ohms should be inversely proportional
to their respective KVA ratings. In other words, the per unit leakage
impedances of the transformers based on their own KVA ratings must be
equal.
c) The ratio of equivalent leakage reactance to equivalent resistance, i.e
X e / R e should be same for all the transformers.
d) The transformers must be connected properly, so far as their polarities are
concerned.
If the secondary terminals are connected with wrong polarities large circulating
currents will flow and the transformer may get damaged. Therefore, condition (d)
must be strictly fulfilled.
Figure shows two single phase transformers in parallel, connected to the
same voltage source on the primary side. A further check on the polarities can be
applied by connecting a voltmeter V in series with the two secondaries. Zero
voltmeter reading indicates proper polarities. If the voltmeter reads the sum of two
secondary voltages, the polarities are improper and can be connected by reversing
the secondary terminals of any one transformer.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 49

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

No – load Operation:

If the no-load secondary voltage E a and E b for transformers A and B are

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

equal in magnitude and are in line phase, then E a  E b 0 and no current can
circulate in the transformer windings of E a and E b are unequal on out of phase, BBBBB BBBBB

then the resultant voltage E a  E b will calculate a current I C given by the BBBBB BBBBB

expression,
Ea  Eb
IC
Z ea  Z eb
where Z ea and Z eb are equivalent leakage impedances in ohms.
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

On-load operation:

(a) Equal voltage ratios: When the transformers have equal voltage ratios, the
magnitudes of the secondary no-load voltages are equal. Further if the primary
leakage impedance drops due to exciting currents are also equal, then E a E b and
the circulating current at no-load is zero.

(b) Unequal voltage ratios:Unequal secondary emfs give rise to circulating

current on no-load. When the load is connected, the transformers share the load
current in proportion to their KVA ratings which further depends upon their
leakage impedances. The resultant current in any transformer is equal to the
phasor sum of the circulating current and load current shared by it.

Procedure:-

Polarity test:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram

2. The supply switch is closed and observe the voltmeter reading
3. Interchange the secondary winding terminals of the transformer and
once again observe the voltmeter reading.
4. The supply switch is opened.
Note:
i. If the voltmeter reads the sum of the voltages of two windings then
the transformer which are in additive polarity.
ii. If the voltmeter reads the difference of the voltage of this working
then transformer winding are in subtractive polarity.

Parallel operation:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 50

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
2. Consider that the dimmer stat at zero out put position, the load switch is off
position the supply switch (DPST) is closed.
3. The dimmer stat out put is gradually adjusted such the voltmeter reads rated
voltage of the primary winding.
4. The load on the transformer is applied by in steps load switch all the meter
readings are noted in the tabular column.
5. Increase the load in steps and for each step the meter readings are noted in the
tabular form.
6. The step no 5 is repeated until the transformers reaches the rated current.
7. Remove the load in steps and switch off the load switch and bring back to
zero out put position.
8. The supply switch is opened.

Impedance test (Transformer A & B):

1. The connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.

2. With the dimmer stat at zero out put position, the supply switch is closed.
3. The dimmer stat out put is gradually varied so that the transformer draws rated
current all the other meter readings are noted in the tabular form.
4 The dimmerstat is brought back to zero out put position and the supply switch
is opened

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 51

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 52

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular Column:-

Impedance Test :
V sc BBBBB I sc BBBBB BBBBB W sc BBBBB BBBBB
c os I s BBBBB
Z sc BBBBB BB R sc
BBBBB BBBBB X sc BBBBB

Sl No in
BBBBB BBBBB in in c BBBBB
in
BBB in in
BBBBB

Volts Amps watts : : :

Transformer A
Transformer B

Load Test:
Sl I1 BBBBB I2
BBBBB IT BBBBB

No in in in
Amps Amps Amps

Specimen Calculations:-

The current shared by each transformer can be calculated as

ZB
IA IT
ZA  ZB
ZA
IB IT
ZA  ZB
Where ZA BBBBB
& BBBBB Z B are the impedances of Transformer A & B
BBBBB BBBBB

Result:-

Viva – Voce Questions

1. Why is parallel operation of transformers necessary?

2. What are the conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of transformers?
3. If the two secondaries of the transformers in parallel are not connected with proper
polarity and a voltmeter is connected in series with the winding then the reading will be?
4. Why is the rating of the transformer expressed in KVA?
5. If a 100KVA transformer has Z eq =2Ώ, then the other transformer of 500KVA in parallel BBBBB BBBBB

must have Z eq of?

BBBBB BBBBB

6. Can two transformers of different sizes be operated in parallel?

7. At no-load if E a and E b are the secondary voltages of transformers A nd B and their
BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

equivalent impedances are Z a and Z b then circulating current is ? BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB

8. When is the circulating current produced in the parallel operation of two transformers?
9. What is the effect of circulating currents when two transformers are connected in
parallel?
10. What is the permissible value of the circulating current?
11. How do we eliminate circulating currents?
12. What is the KVA carried by each transformer in case of equal voltage ratios?
13. Among transformers and rotating machines, which one has higher efficiency?

Electrical Machines Lab – I (EEE317) 53