INTRODUCTION TO

INTERNET OF THINGS
Module 3
HISTORY OF IOT
Internet of Things (IoT), the vast array of
physical objects equipped with sensors
and software that enable them to
interact with little human intervention by
collecting and exchanging data via a
network.

KEVIN ASHTON - Father of the IoT

HISTORY OF IOT
Although examples of interconnected
electronic devices exist as far back as the early
19th century, with the invention of the
telegraph and its ability to transmit
information by coded signal over distance, the
origins of the IoT date to the late 1960s. It was
then that a group of prominent researchers
began exploring ways to connect computers
and systems. A prime example of this work was
ARPANET, the network created by the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
of the U.S. Defense Department; this network
was a forerunner of today’s Internet.
HISTORY OF IOT
The Global Standards Initiative on Internet of
Things defined the loT as a global infrastructure
for the information society in 2013. The loT
allows devices to be controlled remotely
across the existing network infrastructure. It
creates an opportunity for direct integration of
physical world into the computer-based
systems. The concept of a smart devices
network was discussed as early as 1982.
Modified coke machine at Carnegie Mellon
University became the first appliance that was
Internet-connected. It was able to report the
inventory and newly loaded drinks were cold.
HISTORY OF IOT
The Internet of things (IoT) concept became
popular in 1999, through the Auto-1D Centre at
MIT and related market-analysis publications.
RFID was seen by Kevin Ashton, who is one of
the founders of Auto-1D C Everything is
uniquely identifiable through its installed
processing framework however it can
interoperate inside the current Internet
infrastructure. Specialists estimate that in
2020, the I0T will comprise of around 30 billion
objects.
HISTORY OF IOT
• The first telemetry system was rolled out in
Chicago way back in 1912. It is said to have used
telephone lines to monitor data from power plants.

• Telemetry expanded to weather monitoring in the

1930s, when a device known as a radiosonde
became widely used to monitor weather conditions
from balloons.

• In 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, and

with it the Space Race. This has been the entry of
aerospace telemetry that created the basis of our
global satellite communications today.
TELEMETRY MODULE
WHAT IS IOT
The Internet of Things (I0T) is the system of
interconnected computing devices, objects,
mechanical and computerized machines, vehicles
and other devices embedded with electronics,
sensors, network connectivity and software to
collect and interchange data

SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION

WHAT IS IOT
Broad adoption of M2M technology began in the
1980s with wired connections for SCADA
(supervisory control and data acquisition) on the
factory floor and in home and business security
systems.
In the 1990s, M2M began moving toward wireless
technologies. ADEMCO built their own private radio
network to address intrusion and smoke detection
because budding cellular connectivity was too
expensive.
In 1995, Siemens introduced the first cellular module
built for M2M.
SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
WHAT IS IOT
The Internet of Things comprises things that have
unique identities and are connected to the Internet.
The focus of IoT is on the configuration, control, and
networking via the Internet of devices or “Things”
that are traditionally not associated with the
internet
Example:
pump, utility meter, car engine
IoT is a new revolution in the capabilities of the
endpoints that are connected to the internet.
WHAT IS IOT
The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting
things to the internet. It allows these things to
communicate and exchange data which is for
control of information. The processing of these data
provide us various application towards a common
user or machine goal.
It is also defined as the “Things” that are embedded
with electronics, software, sensor and network
connectivity which enables these objects to collect
and exchange data
The IoT can be viewed as a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling
advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and
evolving interoperable information and communication
technologies (ICT)
WHAT IS IOT
A “Thing” in the context of the Internet of things
*IoT) is an entity or physical object with a unique
identifier, an embedded system, and the ability to
transfer data over a network.
Example

* Biochip transponders on farm animals

* Automobiles with built-in sensors
* DNA analysis devices and other wearables
Heart Monitor Implant
These devices collect useful data with the help of
various existing technologies and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices.
STANDARD DEVICES IN IOT
The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral
parts of IoT as the command center and remotes.

* The desktop provides the user with the highest

level of control over the system and its settings.
* The tablet provides access to the key features of
the system in a way resembling the desktop and
also acts as a remote.
* The cellphone allows some essential settings
modification and also provides remote functionality.

Other key connected devices include standard

network devices like routers and switches
THE INTERNET OF THINGS LIFECYCLE
THE INTERNET OF THINGS LIFECYCLE
Collection: For any device or any system
to perform any action, first, it needs some
data to act on. This data can either be
generated from any sensors or any IoT
devices about the thing. The data
generated can be from any sensor be it
temperature sensors, motion sensors,
moisture sensors, air quality sensors, light
sensors, you name it.
THE INTERNET OF THINGS LIFECYCLE
Communication: Next, onto the
Communication phase. The data
collected from the sensors is then
sent to the Internet to some
destination with security and
reliability. The devices like routers,
switches, etc. are used to send data
across the destination devices.
The destination devices could be
1. A cloud platform like Google or Alexa
2. Private data centers like Indian Defence Data Centers
3. Home networks like Smart-home networks.
THE INTERNET OF THINGS LIFECYCLE
Analyzing: In the next phase, that is the Analysis
phase, the data we collected needs to be
analyzed to create a meaningful format.
It could be
1. Visualizing the data like temperature
variation during the day
2. Building reports to analyze the
manufacturing system cause
3. Setting up events like should the Air
Conditioner is ON or OFF depending on the
temperature.
THE INTERNET OF THINGS LIFECYCLE
Acting: Now that we have the final form of
data we need to perform an action
according to it.
The actions based on the information
and data could be
1. Communicating with another
machine- like turning the AC ON or
OFF
2. Sending a notification (SMS, E-mail,
or Text)- like notifying that the
plants have been watered.
THE INTERNET OF THINGS LIFECYCLE
Acting: Now that we have the final form of
data we need to perform an action
according to it.
The actions based on the information
and data could be
1. Communicating with another
machine- like turning the AC ON or
OFF
2. Sending a notification (SMS, E-mail,
or Text)- like notifying that the
plants have been watered.
 HOW IOT WORKS
RFID - Identifies and keep tracks of the
data of things

RFID (radio frequency identification) is a

form of wireless communication that
incorporates the use of electromagnetic
or electrostatic coupling in the radio
frequency portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum to uniquely identify an object,
animal or person.
 HOW IOT WORKS
Sensor-To collect and process the data to
detect the changes in the physical status
of things
A sensor is a device that detects and
responds to some type of input from the
physical environment. The input can be
light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure. The
output is generally a signal that is
converted to a human-readable display at
the sensor location or transmitted
electronically over a network for reading or
further processing.
HOW IOT WORKS
Smart Tech- To enhance the power of
the network by developing processing
capabilities to different parts of the
network. Smart technology refers to the
integration of computing and
telecommunication technology into other
technologies that did not previously have
such capabilities. What makes a
technology ‘smart’ is its ability to
communicate and work with other
networked technologies, and through this
ability to allow automated.
HOW IOT WORKS
Nano Tech to make the small smaller and
the things have the ability to connect and
interact.
Nanotechnology refers to the branch of
science and engineering devoted to
designing, producing, and using
structures, devices, and systems by
manipulating atoms and molecules at
nanoscale, i.e. having one or more
dimensions of the order of 100
nanometres (100 millionth of a millimetre)
or less.
THE STRUCTURE OF IOT

The IoT can be views as a gigantic

network consisting of networks of
devices and computers connected
through a series of intermediate
technologies where numerous
technologies like RFIDs, wireless
connections may be act as enables of
this connectivity.
THE STRUCTURE OF IOT
Tagging of Things: Real-time item traceability and addressability by
RFID.
Feeling things: Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from
the environment.
Shrinking Things: Miniaturization and Nanotechnology have
provoked the ability of smaller things to interact and connect within
the “things” or “smart devices”
Thinking Things: Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors
has formed the network connection to the internet. It can make the
“things” realizing the intelligent control
INTERNET OF THINGS EVOLUTION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN M2M AND IOT
IOT: PEOPLE CONNECTING WITH
THINGS
IOT: THINGS CONNECTING WITH
THINGS
IOT APPLICATIONS: INTELLIGENT
HOME
IOT APPLICATIONS:
TRANSPORTATION
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
1. Connectivity

Connectivity is an important requirement of

the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should be
connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone,
anywhere, anytime can connect, this should
be guaranteed at all times. For example, the
connection between people through Internet
devices like mobile phones, and other
gadgets, also a connection between Internet
devices such as routers, gateways, sensors,
etc.
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
2. Intelligence and Identity

The extraction of knowledge from the

generated data is very important. For
example, a sensor generates data, but that
data will only be useful if it is interpreted
properly. Each IoT device has a unique
identity. This identification is helpful in
tracking the equipment and at times for
querying its status.
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
3. Scalability

The number of elements connected to

the IoT zone is increasing day by day.
Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of
handling the massive expansion. The
data generated as an outcome is
enormous, and it should be handled
appropriately.
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting
(Complexity)

IoT devices should dynamically adapt

themselves to changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for
surveillance. It should be adaptable to
work in different conditions and different
light situations (morning, afternoon, and
night).
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
5. Architecture

IoT Architecture cannot be

homogeneous in nature. It should be
hybrid, supporting different
manufacturers ‘ products to function in
the IoT network. IoT is not owned by
anyone engineering branch. IoT is a
reality when multiple domains come
together.
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
5. Safety

There is a danger of the sensitive

personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices
are connected to the internet. This can
cause a loss to the user. Hence, data
security is the major challenge. Besides,
the equipment involved is huge. IoT
networks may also be at risk. Therefore,
equipment safety is also critical.
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
6. Interoperability

Interoperability is critical for the success

of IoT, as it enables different devices and
systems to work together seamlessly
and provides a seamless user
experience. Without interoperability, IoT
systems would be limited to individual
silos of data and devices, making it
difficult to share information and create
new services and applications.
IOT ARCHITECTURE
Sensing Layer
The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet
of Things architecture and is responsible for
collecting data from different sources. This layer
includes sensors and actuators that are placed in
the environment to gather information about
temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other
physical parameters. Wired or wireless
communication protocols connect these devices
to the network layer.
IOT ARCHITECTURE
Network Layer
The network layer of an IoT architecture is
responsible for providing communication and
connectivity between devices in the IoT system.
It includes protocols and technologies that
enable devices to connect and communicate
with each other and with the wider internet.
IOT ARCHITECTURE
Data processing Layer
The data processing layer of IoT architecture
refers to the software and hardware components
that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is
responsible for receiving raw data from the
devices, processing it, and making it available for
further analysis or action.
IOT ARCHITECTURE

Application Layer
The application layer of IoT architecture is the
topmost layer that interacts directly with the
end-user. It is responsible for providing user-
friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable
users to access and control IoT devices.
IOT TECHNOLOGIES: HARDWARE

The IoT hardware definition is very simple, it

refers to the physical devices and
components that make up an IoT system.
These devices can be sensors, actuators,
microcontrollers, devices for routing. Think of
components that are in charge of security,
communication (like IoT protocols) over the
internet and with other devices, activating the
IoT ecosystem, and data collection.
IOT TECHNOLOGIES: HARDWARE
IoT is the connection of devices over the
internet, where these smart devices
communicate with each other , exchange data
, perform some tasks without any human
involvement. These devices are embedded
with electronics, software, network and
sensors which help in communication.
Communication between smart devices is
very important in IOT as it enables these
devices to gather, exchange data which
contribute in success of that IOT
product/project.
 IOT TECHNOLOGIES: PROTOCOLS FOR IOT
CoAP (Constrained
Application Protocol)

MQTT (Message Queue

Telemetry Transport)

XMPP (Extensible Messaging

and Presence Protocol)

LoWPAN(Low Power Wireless

Personal Area Networks)
IOT TECHNOLOGIES: SOFTWARE
Internet of things (IoT) software
development focuses on creating
an IoT infrastructure consisting of
software systems, sensor-
enabled hardware components,
and cloud data centers to collect
and process information and
deliver real-time insights into
company operations.
IOT CHALLENGES: IOT COVERAGE
To transmit and receive data, IoT
devices need a network connection.
Lose the connection, and you lose the
device’s capabilities. While there are
numerous IoT connectivity solutions,
they’re all best suited for different
types of coverage. The solution you
choose can severely limit where you
can deploy. This makes coverage a
constant IoT challenge.
IOT CHALLENGES: IOT SCALABILITY
IoT businesses often have hundreds or thousands of devices in
the field. The largest IoT manufacturers have millions of devices
deployed around the world. As businesses scale, they often
piecemeal together their IoT stack, adopting different connectivity
solutions for deployments in new regions. Each of these comes
with different management platforms, support systems, and
underlying technologies. And suppose you have to fundamentally
change your product to support a new connectivity solution. In
that case, you need multiple SKUs for a single product. The larger
the scale of your operations, the more overwhelming device
management, and logistics become.
IOT CHALLENGES: IOT INTEROPERABILITY
One of the incredible things about IoT is the
seemingly endless ways you can configure
your tech stack to suit your unique
circumstances. But it also creates a
challenge: Not all IoT devices and solutions
are compatible with each other or with your
business applications. Adding new
hardware and software to the mix may
require you to make a chain reaction of
changes to keep the functionality you need
while accommodating the new tech.
IOT CHALLENGES: IOT BANDWIDTH
AVAILABILITY

Radio Frequency (RF) bandwidth is a finite

resource the entire world has to share. Even
with billions of connected devices, there’s
more than enough to go around. But when
too many of these devices use the same
frequency bands in the same location, their
signals interfere with each other.
IOT CHALLENGES: IOT LIMITED BATTERY LIFE

Most IoT devices have small batteries. This is mainly because the
devices are often incredibly small—and new generations of IoT
technology are trending smaller and more efficient devices and
components. Larger batteries could restrict a device’s use cases or
limit where and how the device can be installed. For example, putting
a larger battery on a predictive maintenance sensor could prevent
you from installing the sensor where it would be most protected
from extreme temperatures, debris, impact, and other conditions
that could cause damage.
IOT CHALLENGES: IOT REMOTE ACCESS
Remote access capabilities dramatically
lower the costs of support and
maintenance—for you or your customers—
and make routine firmware updates far
more manageable at any scale.
Unfortunately, many IoT connectivity
solutions lack the data throughput to make
global remote access viable. A single
firmware update over a network with low
data throughput consumes too much
power for devices that rely on batteries.
END OF MODULE 3
Any questions?