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Salt Analysis Classxii

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views13 pages

Salt Analysis Classxii

Salt salt salt salt salt salt salt salt salt hdhdh hdhdhheh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SALT ANALYSIS

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS :

STATE - Crystalline or Amorphous

COLOUR - ---------------------
Identification of acid radicalS (Anions)

Preliminary Test

Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute H2SO4 Test


(Group - I)

1. Take a small quantity of the Evolution of colourless, odourless gas CO32- may be present
salt in dry test tube and then With brisk effervescence, which turns
add dilute H2SO4 lime water milky

Evolution of colourless gas having


smell of rotten eggs, which turns lead S2- may be present
acetate paper black

Evolution of colourless gas with smell


of burning sulphur, which turns SO32- may be present
acidified potassium dichromate paper
green

Evolution of reddish brown gas with NO2- may be present


the pungent smell, which turns FeSO4
solution black

No characteristics gas evolved Group – 1 is absent


CO32-, S2-, SO32- ,NO2-

1
Concentrated H2SO4 test
(Group II)

1.To the dry salt add


concentrated H2SO4 Evolution of colourless gas with
pungent smell, which gives white Cl - may be present
dense fumes with NH4OH
(when glass rod dipped in NH4OH
solution is brought near the mouth of
the test tube)

Evolution of reddish brown vapours Br - may be present


with pungent smell, which turns moist
starch paper yellow

Evolution of violet vapours with I - may be present


pungent smell which turns moist
starch paper blue.

Heated the above solution


Evolution of reddish brown gas with NO3-– may be present
pungent smell, on addition of Cu chips
intensifies reddish brown gas

Evolution of colourless vapours with


smell of vinegar, which turns blue CH3COO - may be
litmus red present

No characteristics gas evolved Group -2 is absent

Cl- Br -– I - NO3-–
CH3COO –

Test for Independent


Radicals

(Group-III)
Test for Phosphate (PO43-)

►Ammonium molybdate
test
To the salt solution add
concentrated HNO3 & Yellow precipitate formed PO43- confirmed
ammonium molybdate and
heat
2
►Magnesia Mixture test
Add Magnesia mixture to the White precipitate formed PO43- confirmed
salt solution

Test for Sulphate(so42-)

►BaCl2 Test
To the salt solution add White precipitate formed SO42- confirmed
BaCl2 solution

►Lead acetate test


(CH3COO)2Pb White precipitate (of lead acetate) SO42- confirmed
Add lead acetate to the salt formed.
solution

3
Confirmatory Test (Group I)
Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Test for CO32-

►MgSO4 Test (If salt is White precipitate formed CO32- confirmed


soluble in water)
Add MgSO4 to the salt
solution

►Dilute HClTest (If salt is


insoluble in water) Evolution of gas with brisk
Add dil HCl to the salt effervescence which turns Lime water CO32- confirmed
solution milky

Confirmatory Test For S2-

►Sodium nitroprusside test


Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)] Violet colour solution formed S2- confirmed
Add sodium nitroprusside to
the salt solution]

►Cadmium Carbonate test


(CdCO3)
Add cadmium carbonate Yellow precipitate formed S2- confirmed
solution to the salt solution

Confirmatory Test For SO32-

►BaCl2 test
Add BaCl2 solution to the salt
solution White precipitate formed SO32- confirmed

Confirmatory Test For NO2-

►Ferrous sulphate test Black colour solution formed NO2- confirmed


Add ferrous sulphate to the
salt solution

►Thiourea test
To the salt solution add acetic Red colour solution formed NO2- confirmed
acid and boil. To this add
thiourea and FeCl 3 solution.

4
Confirmatory Test (Group II)
A Observation Inference
Experiment

Confirmatory Test for Cl-

►AgNO3 Test
To the salt solution add AgNO3 solution White precipitate formed Cl- Confirmed

►Chromyl Chloride test


●Mix solid Pottasium dichromate with dry salt Evolution of reddish
and.Take the mixture in a test tube then add brown gas of Chromyl Cl- Confirmed
concentrated H2SO4 & heat. Chloride (CrO2Cl2)

●Pass reddish brown gas evolved into NaOH Yellow colour solution of
solution. Sodium Chromate formed
(Na2CrO4)

●To the yellow solution add acetic acid & lead .Yellow precipitate of lead
acetate solution chromate formed
-
Confirmatory Test for Br

►AgNO3 Test

To the salt solution add AgNO3 Pale yellow precipitate Br- confirmed
formed
►Chlorine water test
To the salt solution add Carbon Orange colour layer Br- confirmed
Tetrachloride(CCl4) & then Chlorine water & formed in solution
shake.

Confirmatory Test For I-

►AgNO3 Test
Add AgNO3 to the salt solution Bright yellow precipitate I- confirmed
formed

►Chlorine water test

To the salt solution add Carbon Violet colour layer formed I- confirmed
Tetrachloride(CCl4) & then Chlorine water & in solution
shake.

5
Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmatory Test For NO3-


►Ring test

Add a freshly Prepared


ferrous sulphate solution to Brown ring formed NO3- confirmed
salt solution & then add
concentrated H2SO4 along
the sides of the test tube.

►Diphenylamine test

To the salt solution add Di- Deep blue colour solution formed NO3- confirmed
Phenyl Amine

Confirmatory Test For


Acetate

►Oxalic acid test

Make a paste by mixing


solid salt with oxalic acid. Vinegar smell evolved CH3COO- confirmed
With few drop of water. Then
rub the paste and smell

►Esterification test

Add ethyl alcohol and a few


drops of concentrated Fruity smell evolved CH3COO- confirmed
Sulphuric acid to the salt
solution and then heat the
mixture.

6
Identification Of Basic Radicals(Cations)

GROUP ANALYSIS
Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of group O

To the dry salt add dil Evolution of colourless gas with


NaOH and heat ammonical smell, gives white dense Group o present
fumes with conc HCl NH4+ present
(when glass rod dipped in conc. HCl
solution is brought near the mouth of
the test tube)
No ammonical smell Group o absent

Analysis of group-I

To the Salt solution White ppt formed Group 1 present


add dil HCl Pb2+ Present

NO White ppt formed Group 1 absent


Pb2+ absent

Analysis of group- II
Group II present
TO the above solution Black ppt formed Cu2+ present
pass H2S gas
Yellow ppt formed As3+ present

No ppt formed Group II absent


Cu2+ As3+ absent

Analysis of group- III

Boil off H2S gas from the Group III present


above solution and then Brown ppt formed Fe3+ present
add NH4 Cl solid
(excess) and NH4OH White ppt formed Al3+ present

No ppt formed Group III absent


Fe3+ Al3+ absent
Analysis of group- IV
Group IV present
TO the above solution Black ppt formed CO2+ , Ni2+ present
pass H2S gas White ppt formed Zn2+ present
Light pink (buff colour)ppt formed Mn2+ present

No ppt formed Group IV absent


CO2+ , Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+
absent
7
Analysis of group -V Group V present
Boil off H2S gas from the White ppt formed Ba2+,Ca2+,Sr2+ present
above solution and then
add (NH4)2CO3 NO White ppt formed Group V absent
Ba2+,Ca2+,Sr2+ absent

Analysis of group -VI

Test for Mg2+


Concentrate the above White ppt formed Group VI present
solution by heating and Mg2+ present
then add Na2HPO4

Confirmatory Tests for basic radicals

Observation Inference
Experiment

Confirmatory Test
For NH4 +

►Nessler’s reagent test


Pass the gas formed in Brown precipitate formed NH4+ Confirmed
preliminary test through
Nessler’s reagent (IODIDE OF MILLION BASE)
For group 1
Confirmatory Test
For Pb2+
Dissolve the white precipitate
in hot water and divide the
solution into two parts.
►KI test
To one part add KI solution Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed

►K2CrO4 test
to the second part add Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed
K2CrO4 solution
For group 2
a. Confirmatory Test
For Cu2+
Dissolve the black precipitate
in 50% concentrated HNO3
and divide the solution into
two parts..

8
► NH4OH test blue colour solution formed Cu2+ confirmed
To one part add NH4OH.

►K4[Fe(CN)6] test
(pot.ferrocyanide) Chocolate brown precipitate formed Cu2+ confirmed
To the second part add
K4[Fe(CN)6] solution.

b Confirmatory Test
. For As3+
Dissolve the yellow ppt. in
concentrated HNO3 and
divide the solution into two
parts.

►►Ammonium molybdate
test

Add Ammonium molybdate Yellow precipitate formed As3+ confirmed


to the one part e solution and
heat
For group 3

Confirma tory Test for Fe3+


Dissolve the brown precipitate
formed in dilute HCl and
divide the solution into two
parts

► K4[Fe(CN)6] test
To the one part add Deep blue colour formed Fe3+ confirmed
potassium ferrocyanide
solution

►KCNS test
to the second part add KCNS. Deep red colour formed Fe3+ confirmed

b.Confirmatory Test for


Al3+
Dissolve the white precipitate
in dilute HCl and divide the
solution into two parts
*Lake test
To the one part of of solution
add blue litmus solution and Bluish white ppt formed,floating in Al3+ confirmed
then NH4OH solution

For group 4
a Confirmatory Test.For
9
Zn2+
Dissolve the white precipitate
in dilute HCl and divide the Bluish white precipitate formed Zn2+ confirmed
solution into two parts

► K4[Fe(CN)6] test
To the one part add
Potassium ferrocyanide
solution

►NaOH test
Add NaOH to the second part White precipitate formed Zn2+ confirmed

b Confirmatory Test . For


Mn2+

Dissolve the Buff / light pink


precipitate in dilute HCl
► NaOH- Br2watertest , White precipitate formed Mn2+ confirmed
To the solution add NaOH, Turns Black precipitate
Add Br2water to White
precipitate

►PbO2 test
Buff coloured precipitate to be Light pink (purple) colour solution Mn2+ confirmed
dissolved in Conc. HNO3and formed
add PbO2, boil and cool

c. Confirmatory Test For


CO2+ & Ni2+
Dissolve the black precipitate
in aqua resia (3 HCl & 1
HNO3) & heat to concentrate
the solution.

1. For CO2+

►Ammonium Sulphocyanide
(NH4CNS) test. Blue colour solution formed CO2+ confirmed
Add NH4CNS to the one part.

10
2. For Ni2+

►Dimethyl glyoxime test

Add Dimethyl glyoxine & Red rose precipitate formed. Ni2+ confirmed
NH4OH to the solution.

For group 5

Dissolve the white precipitate


in acetic acid & divide the
solution into three parts.

a. Confirmatory Test
For Ba2+

►Pottasium chromate
(K2CrO4) test
To one part add Pottasium Yellow precipitate formed Ba2+ confirmed
chromate

b. Confirmatory Test For


Sr2+

► Ammonium sulphate test

Add Ammonium sulphate to


the second part. White precipitate formed. Sr2+ confirmed

► Confirmatory Test . For


Ca2+
►Ammonium oxalate test White precipitate formed Ca2+ confirmed.
To the third part solution add
Ammonium oxilate

۞Flame test Green colour flame observed Ba2+ confirmed


Performed with salt & Crimson red colour observed Sr2+ confirmed
concentrated HCl. Brick red colour observed Ca2+ confirmed

For group 6

Confirmatory Test for Mg2+

►Na2HPO4 test
TO the concentrated solution White precipitate formed Mg2+ confirmed
add Na2HPO4 &NH4OH

11
NOTE ( Key points)

Acid radicals

Classification of Acid radicals;


Acid radicals to be divided into three Group reagent for Preliminary Test
groups

Group- I CO32-, S2-,SO32-,NO2- Dil. H2SO4 with dry salt

Group- II Cl- ,Br- I- ,NO3-, CH3COO- Conc. H2SO4 with dry salt

Group- III PO43-, SO42-, Confirmatory test to be performed directly


with salt solution.

Basic radicals
Classification of basic radicals

Basic radicals to be divided into Group reagents.


seven groups from group 0 to
group-6.

Group O NH4+ (To the dry salt) dil NaOH

Group I Pb2+ (salt solution) Dil. HCl

Group II Cu2+,As3+ H2S gas ( Dil HCl+ H2S gas )

Group III Fe3+ ,Al3+ NH4Cl and NH4OH (dil HCl+ NH4Cl and NH4OH)

Group IV CO2+, Ni2+,Mn2+,Zn2+ H2S gas (NH4Cl and NH4OH+ H2S gas)

Group V Ba2+, Sr2+,Ca2+ (NH4)2CO3 (NH4Cl and NH4OH +(NH4)2CO3 )

Group VI Mg2+ Test with Na2HPO4 OR (NH4 )2HPO4

12
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