SALT ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT- I

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination

a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+,

given salt Ni2+ absent.
b) Noted the smell of the salt Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present.

c)Solubility Soluble in cold water

d)Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test
Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
a) Gas evolved i. NH3 gas- i. NH4+ may be present
characteristic smell, ii. CO32- or C2O42- may
gives white fumes when be present
a glass rod dipped in
dil. HCl is brought near
the mouth of the test
tube, turns Nessler’s
reagent brown.
ii. Colourless and
odourless gas is
evolved, which turns
lime water milky. (CO2
gas evolved)

b) Sublimation White sublimate formed NH4+ may be present

c) Decrepitation No crackling sound. Water of crystallization

absent in the given salt.
d) Residue
3.Dil. H2SO4 test
Treated a pinch of salt with dil No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-
H2SO4 and warmed may be absent.

4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop of KMnO4 decolourised C2O42- may be present
dil.H2SO4 and a drop of with the evolution of
KMnO4 solution. CO2 on warming
Three equations Pg 162

5. Conc.H2SO4
Treated a pinch of salt with A colourless gas which C2O42- may be present
conc. H2SO4 turns lime water milky
One equation Pg 163 and also a gas which
burns with pale-
bluish flame.

II. CONFIRMATORY TEST

a.Calcium chloride test:

Take water extract (or soda A white ppt. is Oxalate ion (C2O42-)
extract if salt is insoluble in obtained. confirmed
water). Acidify with dil. acetic
acid and boil off CO2. Add
calcium chloride solution.
Add dil HNO3 to the white The ppt. dissolves
precipitate and warm.
One equation Pg 171
b.Potassium permanganate test:
Take a pinch of the salt in a The pink colour of Oxalate ion (C2O42-)
test tube and add dilute KMnO4 solution is confirmed
sulphuric acid. Warm to 60- decolourized with the
70°C and add 2-3 drops of evolution of carbon
KMnO4 solution. dioxide gas.
One equation Pg 171
7. Preparation of original
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
cold water. obtained.
8. Confirmatory test for
ammonium (NH4+) ion:
Heated a pinch of salt with Ammoniacal odour Zero group present
conc. solution of NaOH evolved Ammonium (NH4+)
i)Characteristic confirmed
ammoniacal odour
evolved
ii)The gas gives white
fumes when a glass rod
dipped in dil. HCl is
brought close to the
mouth of the test tube.
iii)When the gas is
Three equations Pg177 passed through
Nessler’s reagent, a
brown ppt. is obtained
Result- The given salt contains acid radical- Oxalate ion (C2O42-), basic radical
ammonium (NH4+)

EXPERIMENT- II
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination

a) Noted the colour of the given White Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+,
salt Ni2+ absent.

b) Noted the smell of the salt No characteristic NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-

smell may be absent
c)Solubility Soluble in cold water

d)Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
a) Gas evolved Pungent smelling, NO3- may be present
reddish brown gas is
evolved which turns .
ferrous sulphate
solution black.
(NO2)

b) Sublimation No sublimate formed NH4+, I- may be absent

c)Decrepitation Crackling sound heard A salt having no water

of crystallization
[Pb(NO3)2] or
[Ba(NO3)2] may be
present
d)Residue Brown when hot and Pb2+ may be present
yellow when cold
3.Dil. H2SO4 test
Treated a pinch of salt with dil No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, NO2-, SO32-
H2SO4 and warmed may be absent.
4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop of KMnO4 not Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42- may
dil.H2SO4 and a drop of KMnO4 decolourized be absent
solution.
5. Conc.H2SO4
This test was not carried out as Reddish brown NO3- may be present.
the salt reacted with dil. H2SO4 pungent smelling gas
evolved, turns FeSO4
solution black
II. CONFIRMATORY TEST
6. Confirmatory test for Nitrate
ion (NO3-):
Shook a pinch of salt O.S prepared Label as O.S
With water.

a.Copper Chips test –

heat a small quantity of the salt Dark brown fumes of NO3- confirmed.
with concentrated sulphuric acid nitrogen dioxide are
and a few copper chips evolved.
Two equations Pg171
b.Ring Test
Adda small quantity of freshly Brown ring formed at Nitrate confirmed
prepared solution of ferrous the junction of the (NO3- )
sulphate to. Apart of the aqueous layers of acid and the
solution and then pour solution.
concentrated sulphuric acid
slowly along the sides of the test
tube.
Three equations Pg171
7. Heated a pinch of salt with No ammoniacal odour Zero group (NH4+)
conc. solution of NaOH evolved. absent.
8. Preparation of original
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
cold water. obtained.
9. To a part of the O.S. added 1- White ppt. formed Group I (Pb2+) present
2 mL of dil. HCl. Filter and boil Ppt. dissolves
the ppt. with 5-10 mL of water.
Divide the solution into three
parts
One equation Pg 178
10. Confirmatory test for Pb2+
ion
a.Cool one part of solution under White crystalline ppt. Pb2+ present
tap water separates out

b. Potassium iodide test

To the second part of solution, Yellow ppt.is formed Pb2+ present
add KI solution
One equation Pg 178
c. Potassiun chromate test Yellow ppt.is formed Pb2+ present
To the third part of the solution
add K2CrO4 solution
One equation Pg 178
Result- The given salt contains acid radical Nitrate (NO3- ) and basic radical
Pb2+.
 EXPERIMENT- III
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination
a) Noted the colour of the
given salt Blue in colour Cu2+ may be present

b) Noted the smell of the salt Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be
present
c)Solubility Soluble in cold water

d)Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
a) Gas evolved Colourless gas with CH3COO- may be
characteristic vinegar present
like smell

b) Sublimation No sublimate NH4+ may be absent

c)Decrepitation No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2

may be absent
d)Residue Coloured salt becomes Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ may
black or brown on be present.
heating
3.Dil. H2SO4 test
Treated a pinch of salt with No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-
dil. H2SO4 and warmed may be absent.
4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop Pink colour was not Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42- may
of dil.H2SO4 and a drop of discharged be absent
KMnO4 solution.
5. Conc.H2SO4
Treated a pinch of salt with Colourless vapours with CH3COO- may be
conc. H2SO4 smell of vinegar, turns present
blue litmus red.
One equation Pg163
II. CONFIRMATORY TEST
6. Confirmatory test for
acetate (CH3COO-) ion:
a) Oxalic acid test
Take a small amount of the Smells like that of CH3COO- confirmed
salt on a watch glass. Mix it vinegar
with oxalic acid. Prepare
paste of it with a few drops of
water. Rub the paste and
smell.
One equation Pg171
b) Ester test
Take a small quantity of salt Pleasant fruity smell of CH3COO- confirmed
in a test tube. Add conc. ester.
H2SO4 (2mL) and heat it.
Now add ethyl alcohol (1
mL). Shake the contents of
the test tube and pour the
contents of the test tube in a
beaker filled half with water.
Stir it.
Two equations Pg171
c) Ferric chloride test
Take water extract of the salt.
Add neutral ferric chloride Reddish colour filtrate CH3COO- confirmed.
solution.
Filter & divide filtrate into
two parts.
i)To one part add dil. HCl and Reddish colour
boil disappears
ii)To second part add water & Reddish brown ppt.
boil
Two equations Pg171
7. Heated a pinch of salt with No ammoniacal odour Zero group (NH4+)
conc. solution of NaOH evolved. absent.
solution.
8. Preparation of original
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
cold water obtained.

9. To a part of the O.S. added No ppt. formed Group I (Pb2+) absent

1-2 mL of dil. HCl
10. Through the above Black ppt. formed Group II (Cu2+) present
acidified solution pass H2S
gas.
One equation Pg179
11. Confirmatory test
for Cu2+ion
Filter. Heat black ppt. with Ppt. dissolves Cu2+ present
50% HNO3.
Add NH4OH in excess. Blue coloured solution
Divide solution into two obtained.
parts.
Two equation Pg179
i)Potassium ferrocyanide test
To one part of the blue
solution add acetic acid and A chocolate brown Cu2+ confirmed
potassium ferrocyanide ppt.is formed
solution.
Two equation Pg179
ii)Potassium iodide test:
To another part add acetic
acid and add potassium iodide A white ppt is formed in Cu2+ confirmed
solution. brown coloured solution
One equation Pg179
Result- The given salt contains acidic radical Acetate (CH3COO- ) and basic
radical Cu2+

EXPERIMENT-IV

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination
a) Noted the colour of the Reddish brown in Fe3+ may be present
given salt colour

b) Noted the smell of the salt No characteristic smell NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
may be absent

c) Solubility Soluble in cold water

d) Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:

a) Gas evolved Evolution of gas with Cl- may be present

pungent smell, white
fumes with ammonia
and white precipitate
with silver nitrate
solution (HCl gas).

b) Sublimation No sublimate NH4+, I- may be absent

c)Decrepitation No crackling sound. Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2

may be absent

d) Residue

3.Dil. H2SO4 test

Treated a pinch of salt with No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-
dil H2SO4 and warmed may be absent.
4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop Pink colour was Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42- may
of dil.H2SO4 and a drop of discharged in cold with be present
KMnO4 solution. evolution of Cl2
Three equations Pg162
5. Conc.H2SO4 Colourless gas with Cl- may be present
Treated a pinch of salt with pungent smell, white
conc. H2SO4 fumes with aqueous
ammonia (NH4OH),
white ppt. with AgNO3
One equation Pg163 solution.
II. CONFIRMATORY TEST
6. Confirmatory test for
chloride ion:
a.Silver nitrate test A white ppt. is formed Chloride (Cl-)
Acidify a portion of aqueous which is soluble in confirmed
solution with dil. HNO3. Boil excess ammonium
for some time, cool and add hydroxide
silver nitrate solution.
Two equations Pg170
b) Manganese dioxide test
Heat a pinch of salt with a Evolution of greenish Chloride (Cl-)
small quantity of manganese yellow gas having a confirmed
dioxide and conc. H2SO4 pungent irritating
smell. It turns moist
One equation Pg170 starch-iodide paper
blue
c)Chromyl chloride test A yellow ppt. is formed Chloride (Cl-)
Mix a small quantity of the confirmed
salt with a small quantity of
powdered potassium
dichromate. Take the mixture
in a test tube and add conc.
H2SO4.
Heat the tube and pass the red
vapours evolved into NaOH
solution. To the yellow
solution obtained, add dil.
acetic acid and lead acetate
solution.
three equations Pg 170
7. Heated a pinch of salt with No ammoniacal odour Zero group (NH4+)
conc. NaOH solution evolved. absent.

8. Preparation of original
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
cold water obtained.

9. To a part of the O.S. added No ppt. formed Group I (Pb2+) absent

1-2 mL of dil. HCl
10. Through the above No Black ppt. formed Group II (Cu2+) absent
acidified solution pass H2S
gas.
 11.To the O.S. added a pinch Reddish brown ppt. is Group III (Fe3+) may be
of solid ammonium chloride. obtained present
Boil the solution, cooled it
and added excess of
ammonium hydroxide
solution.
One equation Pg 181
12.Confirmatory test for
ferric (Fe3+) ion Solution obtained
Dissolve the reddish-brown
precipitate in dilute
hydrochloric acid and divide
the solution into two parts.
One equation Pg 181
a. Potassium ferrocyanide
test–
To one part of the above Prussian blue Fe3+ ion confirmed
solution add potassium colouration.
ferrocyanide solution.
One equation Pg 181
b.Potassium sulphocyanide Blood red colouration. Fe3+ ion confirmed
test-
To the second part, add a little
potassium sulphocyanide
solution.
One equation Pg 181
Result- The given salt contains acidic radical is Cl- and basic radical is Fe 3+.

EXPERIMENT- V
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination
a. Noted the colour of the Light pink, flesh colour Mn2+ may be present
given salt or earthy colour

b.Noted the smell of the salt No characteristic smell NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
may be absent
c.Solubility Soluble in cold water

d.Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:

a) Gas evolved No gas evolved C2O42-, CH3COO-,

NH4+, Cl- may be
absent

b) Sublimation No sublimate formed NH4+, I- may be absent

c)Decrepitation No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2

may be absent
d)Colour of the Residue
Coloured salt becomes Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ may
brown or black on be present.
heating
3.Dil. H2SO4 test

Treated a pinch of salt with dil No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO-2
H2SO4 and warmed may be absent.
4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop of KMnO4 not decolourised Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42-,
dil.H2SO4 and a drop of Fe2+ absent
KMnO4 solution.
5. Conc.H2SO4
Treated a pinch of salt with No gas evolved SO42-, PO43- may be
conc. H2SO4 present

II. CONFIRMATORY TEST

6. Confirmatory test for
Sulphate (SO42-):
a) Barium Chloride Test:
To a part of an aqueous A white ppt. is formed Sulphate (SO42-)
solution of the salt add barium which is insoluble in dil confirmed
chloride solution HCl
One equation Pg 172
b) Lead acetate test
To a part of an aqueous A white ppt. is formed Sulphate (SO42-)
solution of the salt add lead which is insoluble in confirmed
acetate solution. excess of hot ammonium
acetate Solution
One equation Pg 173
7. Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas Zero group (NH4+)
conc. solution of NaOH evolved. absent.

8. Preparation of original
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
cold water obtained.

9. To a part of the O.S. added No ppt. formed Group I absent

1-2 mL of dil. HCl
10. Through the above No Black ppt. formed Group II absent
acidified solution pass H2S
gas.
11. To the O.S. added a pinch No ppt. formed Group III (Fe3+)
of solid ammonium chloride. absent
Boiled the solution, cooled it
and added excess of
ammonium hydroxide
solution.
12. Pass H2S gas into the A buff coloured ppt is Group IV present
above ammoniacal O.S. obtained. (Mn2+)
One equation Pg183
13. Confirmatory test for Mn2+
a) Sodium Hydroxide -Br2 Test
To the original solution added A white ppt is formed Mn2+ Confirmed
NaOH. Shake and add Br2 that turns black or brown
water to the white ppt
Three equations Pg 184
b. Lead Peroxide Test
To the Black ppt obtained Pink colour solution is Mn2+ Confirmed
Above add conc HNO3 and formed
lead peroxide. Boil, cool and
allow to settle.
Two equations Pg184
Result: The given salt contains acidic radical SO42- and basic
radical Mn2+.
 EXPERIMENT-VI
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination

a) Noted the colour of the given White in colour Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+
salt absent.

b) Noted the smell of the salt No characteristic smell NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
may be absent
c)Solubility Soluble in cold water

d)Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
a) Gas evolved No gas evolved C2O42-, CH3COO-,
NH4+, Cl- may be
absent
b) Sublimation No sublimate formed NH4+, I- may be absent

c)Decrepitation No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2

may be absent

d) Colour of the Residue Turns yellow on Zn2+ may be present.

heating and becomes
white on cooling
3.Dil. H2SO4 test
Treated a pinch of salt with dil Colourless, odourless CO32-may be present.
H2SO4 and warmed gas evolved with brisk
Two equationsPg 161 effervescence which
turns lime water milky
(CO2 gas)
4. KMnO4 Test
KMnO4 not Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42-, Fe2+
decolourised absent
To a pinch of salt add a drop of
dil.H2SO4 and a drop of
KMnO4 solution.
5. Conc.H2SO4
This test was not carried out as
the salt reacted with dil. H2SO4
II. CONFIRMATORY TEST
6. Confirmatory test for
carbonate ion (CO32-):
Shook a pinch of salt O.S prepared Label as O.S
with hot water.

a) Dilute HCl test –

To the salt add dilute HCl Brisk effervescence Carbonate confirmed
and evolution of (CO32- )
colourless and
odourless gas which
Two equations Pg166 turns limewater milky.
b) Magnesium sulphate test-
To a portion of O.S. add A white ppt. is formed Carbonate confirmed
magnesium sulphate solution (CO32- )
One equation Pg167
7. Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas Zero group (NH4+)
conc. solution of NaOH evolved. absent.

8. Preparation of original
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
cold water obtained.
9. To a part of the O.S. added No ppt. formed Group I absent
1-2 mL of dil. HCl
10. Through the above acidified No Black ppt. formed Group II absent
solution pass H2S gas.
11. To the O.S. added a pinch No ppt. formed Group III (Fe3+) absent
of solid ammonium chloride.
Boiled the solution, cooled it
and added excess of ammonium
hydroxide solution.

12. Through a part of the A dull white coloured Group IV present

ammoniacal original solution ppt is obtained. (Zn2+)
 pass H2S gas from Kipp’s
apparatus.
One equation Pg 183
13. Confirmatory test for
Zn2+ ion
Filter the ppt and wash it with
water.
a.Sodium Hydroxide test:
To one part of O.S, add NaOH White precipitate is Zn2+ Confirmed
sol. Dropwise. formed.
Add more NaOH White precipitate is
dissolved.
Three equations Pg 184
b.Potassium ferrocyanide test:
To another part, add potassium White or bluish white Zn2+ Confirmed
ferrocyanide solution. ppt is formed.
One equation Pg 184

Result- The given salt contains acidic radical CO32- and basic radical Zn2+.

EXPERIMENT-VII

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination
a) Noted the colour of the given Greenish in colour Ni2+ may be present.
salt

b) Noted the smell of the salt No characteristic smell NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
may be absent
c)Solubility Soluble in hot water

d)Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test
Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry
test tube and noted the following:
a)Gas evolved
Evolution of gas with Cl- may be present
pungent smell, white
fumes with ammonia
and white precipitate
with silver nitrate
solution (HCl gas).
b) Sublimation No sublimate NH4+, I- may be absent.

c)Decrepitation No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2

may be absent

d)Residue

3.Dil. H2SO4 test No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-

Treated a pinch of salt with dil may be absent.
H2SO4 and warmed

4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop of KMnO4 decolourised
dil.H2SO4 and a drop of KMnO4 in cold with the Cl- may be present
solution. evolution of Chlorine.
Three equations Pg 162
5. Conc.H2SO4
Treated a pinch of salt with conc. Colourless gas with Cl- may be present
H2SO4 pungent smell, white
fumes with aqueous
ammonia (NH4OH),
white ppt. with
One equation Pg 163 AgNO3) solution.

II. CONFIRMATORY TEST

6. Confirmatory test for chloride:
a.Silver nitrate test
Acidify a portion of aqueous A white ppt. is formed Chloride (Cl-)
solution with dil. HNO3. Boil for which is soluble in confirmed
some time, cool and add silver excess ammonium
nitrate solution. hydroxide
Two equations Pg 170
b) Manganese dioxide test
Heat a pinch of salt with a small Evolution of greenish Chloride (Cl-)
quantity of manganese dioxide yellow gas having a confirmed
and conc. H2SO4 pungent irritating
smell. It turns moist
one equation Pg 170 starch-iodide paper
blue
c)Chromyl chloride test A yellow ppt. is Chloride (Cl-)
Mix a small quantity of the salt formed confirmed
with a small quantity of
powdered potassium dichromate.
Take the mixture in a test tube
and add conc. H2SO4.
Heat the tube and pass the red
vapours evolved into NaOH
solution. To the yellow solution
obtained, add dil. acetic acid and
lead acetate solution.
three equations Pg 170
7. Heated a pinch of salt with No ammoniacal odour Zero group (NH4+)
conc. solution of NaOH evolved. absent.

8. Preparation of original solution

(O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
cold water obtained.

9. To a part of the O.S. added 1-2 No ppt. formed Group I (Pb2+) absent
mL of dil. HCl
10. Through the above acidified No Black ppt. formed Group II (Cu2+) absent
solution pass H2S gas through the
Kipps apparatus.
11. To the O.S. add 4 to 5 drops No ppt. is formed Group III (Fe3+ and
of conc. nitric acid. Boil the Al3+) absent
solution for some time. Added a
pinch of solid ammonium
chloride. Boil the solution, cooled
it and added excess of
ammonium hydroxide solution.
 12. Through a part of the Black ppt is formed Group IV (Ni2+, Co2+)
ammoniacal original solution present
pass H2S gas from Kipp’s
apparatus.
One equation Pg183

13. Confirmatory test for

Ni2+ ion
Filter the ppt and wash it with
water.
a.Dimethyl glyoxime test:-
To one part of original solution Bright rose red Ni2+ Confirmed
add ammonium hydroxide precipitate is formed.
solution and few drops of
dimethyl glyoxime. .
One equation Pg 183
b.Sodium hydroxide bromine
test–
To another part add sodium Black ppt formed Ni2+ Confirmed
hydroxide (in excess) and
bromine water. Boil.
Three equations Pg 183

Result- The given salt contains acidic radical is Cl- and basic radical is Ni2+.

EXPERIMENT- VIII

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination

a) Noted the colour of the given salt White in colour Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+,
Co2+, Ni2+ absent.
b) Noted the smell of the salt No characteristic
smell NH4+, S2-,
CH3COO- may
be absent
c)Solubility Soluble in cold
water
d)Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube
and noted the following:
a) Gas evolved Reddish brown gas NO2- or NO3-
evolved, turns may be present.
ferrous sulphate
solution black.
b) Sublimation No sublimate NH4+ may be
formed absent

c)Decrepitation Crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or

Ba(NO3)2 may be
present

d)Residue White residue, Ba2+, Mg2+, Al3+

glows on heating may be present.
3.Dil. H2SO4 test
Treated a pinch of salt with dil H2SO4 and No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32-,
warmed NO2- may be
absent.

4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop of dil.H2SO4 Pink colour was not Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42-
and a drop of KMnO4 solution. discharged. may be absent

5. Conc.H2SO4
Heated a pinch of salt with conc. H2SO4 A reddish-brown NO3- may be
and added to it a paper pellet gas with pungent present.
i) KNO3 + H2SO4 → KHSO4+HNO3 smell, turns FeSO4
ii) 4HNO3+C→4NO2+CO2+2H2O solution black

II. CONFIRMATORY TEST

6. Confirmatory test for nitrate (NO3-):
a. Copper chips test –
Heated a pinch of the salt with conc. Reddish brown gas Nitrate (NO3-)
sulphuric acid and a few copper chips evolved confirmed
i)2KNO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 +2HNO3
ii) 4HNO3+Cu→ Cu(NO3)2+ 2NO2 + 2H2O
b.Ring test –
To 2-3 mL of the salt solution, add freshly A brown ring is Nitrate (NO3-)
prepared ferrous sulphate solution. Now obtained at the confirmed.
added conc. sulphuric acid along the sides junction of the two
of the test tube. liquids.
i) KNO3 + H2SO4 → KHSO4+HNO3
ii) 6FeSO4+3H2SO4+2HNO3→
3FeSO4+4H2O+2NO
iii)FeSO4+NO+5H2O→[Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
Brown ring
7. Heated a pinch of salt with conc. No ammoniacal Zero group
solution of NaOH odour evolved. (NH4+) absent.

8. Preparation of original solution (O.S.)

Shook a pinch of the salt with cold water Clear solution is Labelled it as
obtained. O.S.

9. To a part of the O.S. added 1-2 mL of No ppt. formed Group I (Pb2+)

dil. HCl absent

10. Through the above acidified solution No Black ppt. Group II (Cu2+)
pass H2S gas. formed absent

11. To the O.S. added a pinch of solid No ppt. is formed Group III (Fe3+
ammonium chloride. Boil the solution, and Al3+) absent
cooled it and added excess of ammonium
hydroxide solution.
12. Through a part of the ammoniacal No ppt is formed Group IV (Ni2+,
original solution pass H2S gas from Kipp’s Mn2+, Zn2+)
apparatus. absent

13. To the O.S add 2–3 g of solid NH4Cl, White precipitate is Group V (Ba2+,
boil, cool and add NH4OH till the solution formed. Sr2+, Ca2+) is
smells of ammonia. Then add (NH4)2CO3 present
solution.
one equation Pg 185
i) Filter and wash the precipitate with
water.
ii) Dissolve the precipitate in hot dilute Solution obtained
acetic acid.
one equation Pg 185

14. Confirmatory test for Barium (Ba2+)

ion-
a. Potassium chromate test:
To one part of the solution, add a few drops Yellow precipitate Ba2+ is confirmed
of potassium chromate solution. is formed
one equation Pg 185

b.Flame Test
Perform the flame test with the salt. Grassy green flame Ba2+ ion
On a watch glass take some salt and add on prolonged confirmed
little Conc. HCl. Make a paste. Take the heating
paste on a glass rod and put it in the non-
luminous part of the Bunsen burner flame.
Result- The given salt contains acidic radical is NO3- and basic radical is Ba2+.

EXPERIMENT- IX
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination

a) Colour of salt White Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+

Mn2+, Co2+, absent.

b) Smell of the salt No specific colour NH4+, CH3COO-, S2-

absent
c)Solubility Soluble in cold water

d)Nature Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of salt in a dry test
tube and noted the following: Evolution of gas with
a) Gas evolved pungent smell, white Cl- may be present
 fumes with ammonia
and white precipitate
with silver nitrate
solution (HCl gas).

b) Sublimation No sublimate NH4+, I- may be absent

c) Decrepitation
No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2
may be present

d) Residue White residue, glows Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+,

on heating Al3+ may be present
3.Dil. H2SO4 test
Treated a pinch of salt with dil No gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-
H2SO4 and warmed absent.
4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop of Pink colour of KMnO4 - - - 2-
dil.H2SO4 and a drop of KMnO4 was decolourised with I Cl , Br , I , C2O4
solution. the evolution of Cl2 may be present
Three equations Pg162.
5. Conc.H2SO4 Colourless gas with Cl- may be present
Treated a pinch of salt with conc. pungent smell, white
H2SO4 fumes with aqueous
One equation Pg163 ammonia (NH4OH),
white ppt. with
AgNO3 solution.
II. CONFIRMATORY TEST
6. Confirmatory test for chloride
ion:
a.Silver nitrate test Evolution of greenish Chloride (Cl-)
Acidify a portion of aqueous yellow gas having a confirmed
solution with dil. HNO3. Boil for pungent irritating
some time, cool and add silver smell. It turns moist
nitrate solution. starch-iodide paper
Two equations Pg170 blue

b) Manganese dioxide test Evolution of violet Chloride (Cl-)

Heat a pinch of salt with a small vapours of iodine confirmed
quantity of manganese dioxide which turns starch
and conc. H2SO4 paper blue.
one equation Pg170
c)Chromyl chloride test A yellow ppt. is Chloride (Cl-)
Mix a small quantity of the salt formed confirmed
with a small quantity of powdered
potassium dichromate. Take the
mixture in a test tube and add
conc. H2SO4.
Heat the tube and pass the red
vapours evolved into NaOH
solution. To the yellow solution
obtained, add dil. acetic acid and
lead acetate solution.
Three equations Pg 170
7. Heated pinch of salt with conc. No ammoniacal odour Group zero (NH4+)
NaOH solution evolved. absent

8. Preparation of original solution

(O.S.) Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
Shook a pinch of the salt with obtained.
cold water
9. To a part of the O.S. added 1-2 No ppt obtained Group I (Pb2+) absent
mL of dil HCl

10. Through a part of the above No Black ppt. formed Group II (Cu2+) absent
solution pass H2S gas
11. To a part of the O.S. added No reddish-brown ppt. Group III (Fe3+, Al3+)
NH4Cl. Boiled, cooled and added is obtained absent
excess of NH4OH solution

12. Through a part of the above No ppt obtained Group IV (Zn2+, Ni2+
solution passed H2S gas. Mn2+, Co2+) present.

13. To the O.S. added NH4Cl, White ppt obtained Group V present
boiled, cooled and added NH4OH (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+) may
till the solution smelled of be present
ammonia, then added (NH4)2CO3
solution
One equation Pg 185
14. Confirmatory test for Sr2+:
Filtered and washed the ppt with
water Dissolved the ppt in hot
dilute acetic acid.
One equation Pg 185
a.Ammonium sulphate test White ppt formed Sr2+ confirmed
To the above solution add 1mL of
ammonium sulphate solution and
warmed.
One equation Pg 185
b.Flame Test Crimson red flame Sr2+ confirmed
Perform the flame test with the
original salt. Prepare a paste of the
mixture with conc. HCl on a clean
watch glass. Place small amount
of this paste on a clean glass rod
and introduce it to the flame.

RESULT : The given salt contains Acidic Radical is Cl- and Basic Radical is
Sr2+.

EXPERIMENT-X

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination

a.Noted the colour of the given White in colour Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+,
salt Ni2+ absent.

b) Noted the smell of the salt No characteristic NH4+, S2-, CH3COO- may
smell be absent

c)Solubility Partially soluble in

warm water
d)Nature of the salt Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
a) Gas evolved No gas evolved CO32- or C2O42- may be
absent
b) Sublimation No sublimate NH4+, I- may be absent

c)Decrepitation No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2

may be present

d)Residue Salt swells up into a PO43- may be present

voluminous mass
3.Dil. H2SO4 test
Treated a pinch of salt with dil No gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-
H2SO4 and warmed may be absent.

4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop of Pink colour of Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42- may be
dil.H2SO4 and a drop of KMnO4 was not absent
KMnO4 solution. discharged

5. Conc.H2SO4
Treated a pinch of salt with No gas evolved Cl-, Br -, I-, C2O42-,
conc. H2SO4 CH3COO- may be absent

II. CONFIRMATORY TEST

6. Confirmatory test for

phosphate (PO43-):
a. Ammonium molybdate Test-
To the O.S. add concentrated A deep yellow ppt. or Phosphate (PO43-)
nitric acid and boil. Add colouration is confirmed
ammonium molybdate solution obtained.
in excess and again boil
Four equation Pg 173
7. Heated a pinch of salt with No ammoniacal odour Zero group (NH4+ )
conc. solution of NaOH evolved absent.

8. Preparation of original
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Clear solution is Labelled it as O.S.
hot water. obtained.
9. To a part of the O.S. added No ppt. formed Group I (Pb2+) absent
1-2 mL of dil. HCl
10. Through the above No Black ppt. formed Group II (Cu2+) absent
acidified solution pass H2S gas.
11. To the O.S. added a pinch No ppt. is formed Group III (Fe3+ and Al3+)
of solid ammonium chloride. absent
Boil the solution, cooled it and
added excess of ammonium
hydroxide solution.
12. Through a part of the No ppt is formed Group IV (Ni2+, Mn2+,
ammoniacal original solution Zn 2+) absent
pass H2S gas from kipps
apparatus.
13. To the O.S add 2–3 g of White precipitate is Group V (Ba2+, Sr2+,
solid NH4Cl, boil, cool and add formed. Ca2+) is present
NH4OH till the solution smells
of ammonia. Then add
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
One equation Pg 185
Filter and wash the precipitate
with water.
Dissolve the precipitate in hot
dilute acetic acid.
One equation Pg 186
14. Confirmatory test for
Calcium (Ca2+) ion-
a. Ammonium oxalate test –To White precipitate is Ca2+ is confirmed
the third portion of the solution formed
add 1-2 mL of ammonium
oxalate solution. Add a little
ammonium hydroxide to it and
scratch the sides.
One equation Pg 185
b.Flame test:
Perform the flame test with the Brick red flame Ca2+ ion confirmed
original salt. Prepare a paste of
the mixture with conc. HCl on
a clean watch glass. Place
small amount of this paste on a
clean glass rod and introduce it
to the flame.

Result- The given salt contains acidic radical Phosphate (PO43-) and basic
radical Ca2+.
 EXPERIMENT- XI
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I.PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION
1.Physical Examination

a) Colour of the salt White Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+

Mn2+, Co2+, absent.

b) Smell of the salt No specific odour NH4+, CH3COO-, S2-

absent
c)Solubility Soluble in cold water

d)Nature Crystalline

2. Dry Heating Test

Heated a pinch of the salt in
a dry test tube and noted the
following:
a) Gas evolved Reddish Brown turns Br- may be present
starch paper orange
yellow
b) Sublimation No sublimate formed NH4+, I- absent

c) Decrepitation No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2

observed may be present

d) Colour of the Residue White residue, glows on Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
heating Al3+may be present

3.Dil. H2SO4 test

Treated a pinch of salt with
dil H2SO4 and warmed No gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-
absent.
4. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of salt add a drop Pink colour of KMnO4
of dil.H2SO4 and a drop of was discharged in cold Br- may be present
KMnO4 solution. with evolution of
Three equations Pg 162 bromine.
5. Conc.H2SO4 Reddish Brown vapours Br - may be present
Treated a pinch of salt with with pungent smell,
conc. H2SO4 turns starch paper
Two equations Pg 163 yellow. It does not turn
FeSO4 solution black.
II. CONFIRMATORY
TEST
6. Confirmatory test for
Bromide (Br-)ion:
a. Silver Nitrate Test
Acidify a portion of aqueous A light yellow ppt is Br- confirmed
solution (or Na2CO3 extract) obtained which is
with dil. HNO3. Boil, cooled partially soluble in
and added AgNO3 solution NH4OH
One equation Pg171
b.Manganese Dioxide Test Evolution of yellowish- Br- confirmed
Heated a small quantity of brown vapours of
the salt with solid MnO2 and bromine which turns
conc. H2SO4 starch paper yellow
One equation Pg171
7. Heated a pinch of salt No ammonia gas Group zero absent
with conc. NaOH evolved
8. Preparation of original Solution obtained Labelled it as O.S.
solution (O.S.)
Shook a pinch of salt with
water.
9. To a part of the O.S. No white ppt obtained Group I (Pb2+) absent
added 1-2 mL of dil HCl

10. Through a part of the No black ppt obtained Group II (Cu2+) absent
above solution passed H2S
gas
11. To a part of the O.S. No reddish-brown ppt Group III (Fe3+, Al3+)
added NH4Cl. Boiled, cooled obtained absent
and then added NH4OH in
excess
12. Through a part of the No ppt obtained Group IV (CO2+, Ni2+,
above solution passed H2S Mn2+, Zn 2+) absent.
gas

13. To the O.S. added solid No white ppt obtained Group V (Ba2+, Sr2+,
NH4Cl, boiled, cooled and Ca2+) absent
added NH4OH till the
solution smelled of
ammonia, then added
(NH4)2CO3 solution
14. Confirmatory test for
Magnesium (Mg2+) ion:
a. Ammonium phosphate White ppt formed Mg2+ (Group VI)
test. confirmed
To a part of the O.S added
NH4OH in slight excess.
Then added ammonium
phosphate solution and
rubbed the sides to test tube
with a glass rod
One equation Pg 186
RESULT : The given salt contains Acidic Radical Br- and Basic Radical Mg2+.

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