1. Patient presents to the casualty with severe watery diarrhoea, fever and dehydration.

The stool sample should be collected and sent for culture.

a. What samples are collected for diagnosis? (2)
Freshly collected watery stool samples for acute cases and rectal swab is
collected for carriers and convalescent patients
b. How is the sample collected? (1)
The sample is collected in a sterile wide mouthed container with a screw cap
and transported immediately to the laboratory.
c. How is the sample transported to the laboratory? (2)
If delay in processing is expected stool sample or rectal swab needs to be
transported using transport media like Venkataraman Ramakrishnan (VR)
medium or Alkaline salt transport medium or Cary Blair medium or
autoclaved sea water

2. 21-year-old female patient presents with increased frequency of micturition, dysuria

and fever.
a. What is the sample collected? (1)
Mid-stream urine sample should be collected.
b. How is it collected? (2)
The patient is asked to collect urine sample in a sterile wide mouthed
container. The patient is asked to clean the perineal area using water and soap.
Then the patient is asked to void, the initial stream is discarded and the middle
of the stream is collected.
c. How is it transported to the laboratory? (1)
Transported immediately at room temperature in a tightly closed sterile
container.
d. How is the sample stored in case of delay in processing? (1)
The sample is stored in the refrigerator till its processed for a maximum of
24hrs.
Boric acid can also be added to store the sample for a maximum of 24 hrs.
3. 35-year-old male patient complains of pus like discharge from urethra.
a. What is the sample collected? (1)
Early morning urethral discharge is collected as soon as the patient gets up and
before he voids his first urine.
b. How is it collected and what precautions need to be taken? (2)
The sample is collected after cleaning the urethral meatus.The patient’s penis
tip is gently squeezed and the discharge is collected. Sample should be
collected directly onto the media and the slide for microscopic examination.
Precautions to be taken- sample should be collected using a dacron or rayon
swab not cotton swab. The sample should be inoculated immediately onto
culture media or transport media.
c. How is the sample transported? (2)
If there is delay in inoculating the sample, it should be transported in a
transport medium like Stuart’s medium or Amie’s medium.

4. 2-year-old child presents to the paediatric casualty with high grade fever and neck
stiffness.
a. What sample is collected for culture? (1)
Cerebrospinal fluid
b. How is it collected? (2)
The patient is made to lie on his side with his knees pulled upto his chin and
hands over his legs (foetal position), the area around the L3-L4 or L4-L5 is
cleaned using 70% alcohol and povidone iodine. A 22-gauge spinal tap needle
is inserted into the disc space between L3-L4 or L4-L5 and the CSF is
collected into sterile container.
c. How is the sample transported and stored in case of delay in processing? (2)
The sample should be transported immediately to the laboratory for
processing. The sample should not be refrigerated. If any delay in processing
is expected the sample is kept at 37C in the incubator.
er
5. 35-year-old male presents with fever of two days duration, running nose and dry
cough.
a. What is the sample collected for diagnosis? (1)
The patient has a probable upper respiratory tract infection. A nasopharyngeal
swab is to be collected in order to diagnose COVID 19 infection.
b. Explain the transportation of the sample in detail? (2)
The samples should be handled with utmost care. Triple layer packaging
required for transportation of the sample to the laboratory. The sample is first
pot in a plastic bag labelled with patient details, which is then put into a
secondary plastic receptacle. This is then put in a tertiary sample carrying box
with ice packs in order to maintain cold chain and then transported to the
laboratory after the box is tightly sealed.
c. Precautions to be taken during collection and handling of transport? (2)
The sample box should be tightly sealed. All samples and sample packaging
should be handled while wearing proper Personal protective equipment.
Sample should be collected by healthcare personnel wearing Full Personal
Protective gear.
Cold chain must be maintained throughout the sample transportation process
right from the collection of sample until the sample is processed.

6. 40-year-old male patient following RTA comes with injury to left leg. On
examination necrotic tissue is seen and crepitus is felt around the injury
a. What sample is collected for culture? (2)
The case is probably gas gangrene.
Sample should be sent for anaerobic culture hence the tissue around the wound
including necrotic material, pus exudate and a bit of the healthy tissue margin
should be collected and sent for culture in a tightly sealed container with very
minimal or no exposure to air.
b. How is it transported to the laboratory? (3)
The sample is transported in a tightly sealed container with minimal or no
exposure to air.
The sample can also be transported in a Robertsons cooked meat broth if
available. Swabs are not accepted for anaerobic culture.
7. An adolescent boy is suspected to have infective endocarditis.
a. What is the sample collected for culture? (1)
Blood sample is collected for culture
b. How is the sample collected and how many samples are required? (2)
Perform hand hygiene and use sterile gloves.
Apply tourniquet, palpate the vein and mark the area.
Use 70% alcohol to disinfect the site
Wait for 30 seconds (allow the skin to dry)
Use chlorhexidine or povidone Iodine to disinfect the site; from centre to
periphery
Wait for 1 minute
Using alcohol wipes, clean the top of the blood culture bottle
Collect blood aseptically and inject ino blood culture bottle without changing
needle.
3 sets of two samples each is collected for culture, which will provide a better
yield. The sets of samples is collected every one hour and sent for culture.
c. Care to be taken before and during collection of sample? (1)
Sample should be collected before administration of antibiotics.
Sample should be collected following all aseptic precautions.
At least 5-10 ml of blood should be inoculated in each culture bottle.
d. How is it transported to laboratory? (1)
It is transported immediately to the laboratory. If delay is expected then the
sample can be incubated at 37C.

8. A patient presents to dermatology OPD with ring worm infection

a. What is the sample collected? (1)
Skin scrapings are collected
b. How is the sample collected? (2)
The periphery and the centre of the lesion is scratched with a sterile scalpel’s
blunt end and the scrapings obtained are collected onto sterile parchment
paper or containers.
c. How is it transported to the laboratory? (2)
 The sample is transported to the laboratory at room temperature. Even if there
is delay in processing the sample is stored at room temperature until it is
processed.

-
9. A 5-year-old patient presents with symptoms of perianal itching.
a. What is the sample collected? (1)
Enterobius A perianal swab is collected using the NIH swab or the Scotch tape method.

crematode/ b. How is it collected? (2)

The sample is collected by pressing the scotchtape or the NIH swab onto the
perianal area of the child. The eggs of the parasite will stick to the adhesive
area of the swab or tape and it can be visualized under the microscope.
c. How is it transported to laboratory for diagnosis? (2)
The scotchtape collected should immediately be placed on a microscopic slide
after adding a drop of glycerine onto the slide to prevent drying of the eggs.
The NIH swab can be directly transported in its container, to the laboratory
where the sample will be mounted onto an examination slide.

-
10. A patient presents with a cystic lesion on the liver.
a. What is the sample collected? (1)
Could be a case of hydatid cyst. The cyst fluid is the sample collected for
examination.
b. How is it collected? (2)
The sample is collected surgically using the PAIR technique. Punctur , Aspiration &
Injection Respiration
,

c. Care to be taken during collection. (1)

Care should be taken to not spill the hydatid fluid into the body cavity as it
may result in an anaphylactic reaction.
d. How is it transported? (1)
It is transported in a sterile container immediately to the laboratory. There
should be no delay. A wet mount examination should be done to look for the
brood scolices and hydatid sand.
Spotters list
Batch : 2021
General Bacteriology
 GB1

A 35-year- old female came with complaints of

fever of 3 weeks duration. Physician advised a
microbiological testing & this was the media sent
from the lab.

1) Identify (1/2)
2) Mention its use (1/2)

3) Describe briefly the precautions taken

during collection and processing of sample
in this case(1)
 GB1

A 35-year-old female came with complaints of fever

of 3 weeks duration. Physician advised a
microbiological testing & this was the media sent
from the lab.

1) Identify (1/2)
2) Mention its use (1/2)
3) Describe briefly the precautions taken during
collection and processing of sample in this
case(1)
 GB2

A patient with history of RTA was admitted in

the surgical ward with myonecrosis sample of
muscle tissue taken from the wound was
inoculated on culture media & incubated in this

1. Identify (1/2)

2. Mention its use (1/2)

3. Name two bacteria grown by this method
and disease produced by each. (1)
 GB3

Throat swab from an unimmunized child with

throat pain & white membrane over the
tonsils is inoculated in this media

1. Identify (1)

2. Mention its use (1/2)

3. How is this media sterilized (1/2)
GB4

Pus sample from a diabetic individual

is inoculated on to this media.

1. Identify (1/2)

2. What type of media is this? (1/2)

3. Name two organisms that can be

grown in this media(1)
 GB5

Pus sample from a diabetic individual is

inoculated on to this media.

1. Identify (1/2)
2. What type of media is this? (1/2)

3. Name two organisms that can be grown in

this media(1)
 GB6

A patient with rice watery stool, came for stool culture.

The sample was inoculated on this media.

1. Identify (1)

2. What type of media ,does this belong to?(1/2)

3. What is it used for? (1/2)
 GB7

A 45-year-old man with chronic cough and weight

loss come to medicine OP. The physician advised
culture of sputum sample for identifying the
bacterial agent. The microbiologist inoculated the
sample on this media.

1. Identify (1/2)

2. What is it used for? (1/2)

3. Name two other methods for its diagnosis (1/2)

4. How long will it take for the bacteria to grow in

this media(1/2)
 GB8

Dressing & instrument are sterilized

using moist heat method of sterilization.
This is included in each cycle of
sterilization.

1. Identify (1)
2. Mention its use (1)
 GB9

A 40- year-old man with crush injury (L) forearm is

admitted in the surgery ward. Muscle tissue sent for

culture is inoculated in this media

1. Identify (1)

2. Mention its use (1/2)

3. List two bacteria that can be grown in this

media(1/2)
 GB10

1. How is it sterilized? (1)

2. How is it discarded? (1)
 GB11

1. What is it used for ? (1)

2. What percentage is used ? (1/2)

3. Mention its level of disinfection (1/2)

 GB12

1. What is it used for ? (1)

2. What percentage is used? (1/2)

3. Mention its level of disinfection (1/2)
 GB13

1. Mention any two uses of it ? (1)

2. What percentage is used? (1/2)

3. What is its spectrum of action?(1/2)

 GB14

Isolate from urine sample of a patient with UTI

1. Identify (1)

2. Mention another method that can be used for the

same(1/2)
3. Name one method to detect MIC (1/2)
 GB15

Isolate from pus sample of a patient with

diabetic foot

1. Identify (1)

2. What is the advantage of this method (1/2)

3. Mention one method to detect MIC(1/2)

 GB16

How are the following articles 1. Disposable plastic syringe (1/2)

sterilized? 2. Clinical thermometer (1/2)

3. LJ medium (1/2)

4. Scissors (1/2)
 GB17

How are the following articles discarded?

1. Soiled cotton swab (1/2)

2. Culture media (1/2)

3. IV set (1/2)
4. Blood (1/2)
Immunology
 -
IS1 CDPT) Antho
Lateral
e (1/2)
1. What is the route of administration?
Aspect

8 Sm , IM (Thugh)
2. What is the preservative used and what
Thimerosal (2-8
temperature should the vaccine be stored

at? (1/2)

3. Mention its schedule for children (1)

6 , 10 , 14-week

21 :

5 ,
sy
 ~
IS2 (a)
o Imb

>
-
ID , Delford
1. What is the route of administration (1/2)
2. What is its use? (1/2) -

-B
3. When is it administered ?(1/2) -
Birth
4. Name one condition where it is
contraindicated (1/2)

HIV ,
Immunodefig
-
 IS3

1. What type of immunity does it

provide? (1)

2. What is the schedule (1/2)

3. What are the other

alternatives available? (1/2)

LHBU ~
IS4 <surface ausgen)
-
ABSAg
1. What type of vaccine is this?
.

(1/2) 2 DNA

2. Mention the route of

administration? (1/2)
10 sa

3. Mention its schedule in

↑
0 .
1 . 6
month
children and adults (1)
40 , 6 , 10 ,
14
-
I week
 IS5

1. What is the route of administration?

(1/2)

2. What type of vaccine is this (1/2)

3. Mention its Schedule for post

exposure prophylaxis (1)

 ~
IS6 mont
1. What is the route of 1
0 .
5ml , SC , 9-12 , 15-18

administration and schedule ? (1)

2. Mention the strains used in this

vaccine ? (1) M- Edmonston Strain

M- Jeryl Lynn stain

R-Wistar RA27/3
IS7

1. Identify (1)

2. Mention two uses (1)

 IS8

1. Identify (1)

2. Mention its use (1/2)

3. What is the principle of this test ? (1/2)

SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY
 MB1

A sample of pus aspirated from a breast

abscess.

1. Identify with 2 reasons (1 )

2. Name two infections produced by this

organism (1)
 ~
MB2

A 4-year-old boy came with complaints of sore

throat & fever. Throat swab was taken and sent

to the lab
streptococed pyogen
↑> Gram seat
car
~ ,

.
1. Identify with 2 reasons (1) fewen
2. Name two infections produced by this

feer]
organism (1)
Pharygitsa
 ~
MB3
Unimmunized child with throat pain and

membrane over the tonsils came to paediatrics

OP. A throat swab was taken and sent for culture

1. Identify mentioning one of its characteristic

Gram t he Rod
,
features (1/2) Chinese letter Pattern
.

2. What is the special stain used to stain this

bacteria(1/2) Albert stair

3. What is the pathogenicity due to? (1/2)
dupthera Toxin
.

4. How will you prevent the infection? (1/2)

C Dipthere
.
.

DPT
 MB4

Pus sample from the foot of a patient with

multiple discharging sinuses and swelling of the

foot was sent to the lab

1. Identify (1)

2. Mention one of its characteristics (1/2)

3. Name the stain used to stain this

bacteria(1/2)
 MB5

Slit skin smear from a patient with

anaesthetic skin patches

1. Identify (1)

2. What is the decolorizer and what

percentage is used? (1)

A patient comes to the surgery OP with

complains of an abscess over buttocks

following injection. A smear was prepared from

the patient sample and stained.

1. Identify giving 2 reasons (1)

2. What contributes to pathogenesis? (1/2)

3. Name two other pathogenic organisms

belonging to same genera (1/2)

 -
SB1

Pus aspirate from a breast abscess.

staphylococcus aureus
1. Identify (1/2) blood
colonis on agan
yearwish
-
2. Name two characteristic features of this
- coagulate positive test
organism (1/2)
3. Name two infections produced by this
organism (1)
↓
skin abscesse ,
Osteomyelitis and

Septicemia
SB2

Sample taken from a patient with 45 % burns,

admitted in surgery ward, grew this organism

1. Identify (1/2)

2. Name two pigments produced by this

organism (1/2)
3. Name two infections produced by this
organism (1)
A 4 yrs old boy came with complaints of sore throat &

fever. Throat swab was taken and sent to the lab

1. Identify giving two reasons (1)

2. Mention one infection caused by this organism (1/2)

3. Name the two non suppurative complications of this

infection (1/2)
SB3
A 43 year old female patients is admitted with

symptoms of burning micturition and fever. Her

urine is sent for culture and sensitivity .It grew

the following

1. Identify , briefly describe its characteristics

on this medium (1)

2. Mention two other infections caused by this

organism (1)
Urine sample of a patient with UTI

1. Identify with example (1/2)

2. Mention two infections caused by this

organism (1/2)

3. What type of media is this? (1/2)

4. Name two organisms belonging to same

family? (1/2)
 SB4

Urine sample of a patient with loin pain and

increased frequency of micturition.

1. Identify (1/2)

2. Mention one infection produced by this

organism (1/2)
3. Mention the property exhibited by it on
blood agar and name one agent which inhibits
this property (1)
 SB5

A patient with step ladder pattern fever of 5

days duration gave sample for blood culture.

The subsequent growth was sub cultured onto

this media and this bacteria was isolated.

1. Identify the growth on the media (1)

2. What is the indicator used? (1/2)

3. What type of media is this? (1/2)

Virology
~
VO1

A 63 year old man was admitted in the medicine ward with

symptoms of severe Upper respiratory tract infection. He

had history of exposure to patient with similar symptoms.

His nasopharyngeal swab was sent for RTPCR test.

Influence viru

1. Identify giving two features (1)

sudden onset of fever , cough and myalgia
2. Name two antigenic variations of this virus (1/2)
Antigenic drift and antigen shiff
3. Name one vaccine available for human use (1/2)
Influenze Vaccine
~
VO2
A 23 year old male patient was admitted to
the medicine ward with symptoms of loss of
appetite , malaise and jaundice for 2 months
duration. He gave history of blood transfusion in
the past ./O/E he had icterus, tender
hepatomegaly .
- HBV
1. Name the virus causing these symptoms(1/2)
2. Name two serological markers seen in acute
infection (1) HBsAg , Egm arti-ABC
3. Name two other modes of its transmission
(1/4) Blood tranfusion Sexual consect
, ,

needle
staring
.
4.Which is the serological marker which is not
detectable in blood? (1/4)
HBeAg
VO3
A 23 year old male patient was admitted to the
medicine ward with symptoms of loss of appetite ,
malaise and jaundice for 2 months duration. He
gave history of blood transfusion in the past ./O/E
he had icterus, tender hepatomegaly .

1. Name the virus causing these symptoms(1/2)

2. Name two serological markers seen in acute
infection (1)
3. Name two other modes of its transmission (1/4)

4.Which is the serological marker which is not

detectable in blood? (1/4)
VO4
A 30 year old man was bought to the casualty with

difficulty in swallowing liquids , loss of appetite and

restlessness. His relatives informed that his

neighbor's dog had bit him few days back.

1. Identify giving two features (3/4)

2. Name the organ it affects (1/4)

3. Discuss briefly its post exposure prophylaxis (1)

VO5 A 30 year old truck driver with multiple sexual
exposures comes to the OPD with complaints of
unexplained fever and progressive loss of weight
and persistent diarrhoea for past 6 months
1. Identify the model (1/2)
2. What is the earliest serological marker to
diagnose this condition(1/2)
3. Name two methods to diagnose this infection
(1/2)
4. Name two opportunistic infections seen in this
disease (1/2)
VO6
A 30 year old truck driver with multiple sexual
exposures comes to the OPD with complaints of
unexplained fever and progressive loss of weight and
persistent diarrhoea for past 6 months
1. Identify the model (1/2)
2. What is the earliest serological marker to diagnose
this condition(1/2)
3. Name two methods to diagnose this infection (1/2)
4. Name two opportunistic infections seen in this
disease (1/2)
Mycology
 MY1

A 30- year-old lady with complaints of vaginal

discharge and itching. Vaginal secretion sent to

the lab for culture

1. Identify with 2 reasons (1)

2. Name TWO infections produced by this

organism (1)
 MY2

CSF sample from an HIV patient with

suspected meningitis.

1. Identify (1)

2. What type of stain is this(1/2)

3. Name two infections produced by

this organism (1/2)

 -
MY3

Isolated from the ear discharge of a patient

with otomycosis.

1. Identify (1/2) -
Aspergillus
2. List two of its characteristic features (1/2)
-

septate hypree
-

condiophores
3. Name two infections produced by this

organism (1)
-

otomycosis
-

aspergillome .
 ~
MY4

Tissue sample taken from the ethmoid

sinus of a diabetic patient.

mucous ,

1. Identify giving two features(1)

Acceptate hyphae Branching
, at Rt. angle
2. Name two infections produced by this
Rhino cerebel
organism (1) mysager

Preliminary mucor
mycosis
Tissue sample taken from the ethmoid

sinus of a diabetic patient.

-Rizopes
1. Identify giving two features(1)
Rhizoids , Aseptate
.

2. Name two infections produced by this

organism (1)
-

save-[
Parasitology
 -
PS1

An HIV positive patient with intractable diarrhea

for 1 month. Stool sample is sent to the

laboratory and examined

cryptosporidium speci , modified acid-
& Fast .
stain

1. Identify and name the stain used ?(1)

>
-
suphysic and (1-1)
2. What is the decolorizer used? (1/2)
3. What is its mode of transmission ? (1/2)
pec-oral rouse ,
via unfarmused
water
2
food
 -
PS2 (Jane)
-

An HIV positive patient with intractable

diarrhea for 1 month. stool sample is sent to

the laboratory and examined

1. Identify (1)
2. What is the decolorizer used ? (1/2)
3. Name the mode of transmission (1/2)
 PS3

A 40- year-old male with complaints of rigor and

chills. A peripheral blood smear was taken and

sent to the lab

1. Identify the stage of the parasites (1/2)

2. What is the infective form for Humans ?(1/2

3.What is its intermediate and definitive host (1)

 PS4

A 40- year-old male with complaints of rigor and

chills. A peripheral blood smear was taken and

sent to the lab

1. Identify the stage of the parasite (1/2)

2. What is the infective form for Humans? (1/2)

3.What is its intermediate and definitive host (1)

 ~
PS5

Microscopic examination of stool sample from

a patient with abdominal discomfort

Whip wor
-
1. Identify (1/2)
Basel staped ess Smooth
, shell

2. Mention two of its characteristics(1)

2.What is the habitat of adult worm (1/2)

large Intersive (cocums)

 PS6

Peripheral blood smear of a patient with

anemia, splenomegaly and pigmented skin

1. Identify giving two features (1 )

2. Name the infection produced by this

parasite (1/2)

3. Name the vector (1/2)

 PS7

A peripheral blood smear taken from a patient with

swelling of right lower leg and fever

1. Identify giving two features (1)

2. Name the intermediate and definitive host (1/2)

3. What is its mode of transmission?(1/2)

↑
 ~
PS8

Muscle biopsy from a patient with swelling on the

deltoid region. He is a non-vegetarian.

& Trichinella Spiralis
1. Identify (½)
espiral shaped Enupted Lava is
,

2. Mention its two characteristics (1) muscle

.

3. What is the habitat of adult worm (1/2)

small infestive

Muscle biopsy specimen

 -
PS9

This worm was seen on routine colonoscopy

1. Identify giving two characteristics

features (1)

2. What is the habitat of adult worm? (1)

 -
PS10

A 10-year-old girl come with complaints of

vague abdominal pain, nausea and

vomiting. Stool examination showed this.

Cambricoids-ora
SAscaris with thick

shey
1. Identify giving two features (1)

2. How is it transmitted (1/2)

I feconal stute
2. What is Loefflers syndrome? (1/2)
- A pansiest pulmonary
snjection caused by mopebic
of Ascais came. through
 Langs .

HIC Applied question

• You are working in an isolation ward and there has been a blood spill
on the floor. How will you manage the spill?