CHAPTER 1 3.

Hidden Area/Façade (Known to Self, Not

Known to Others) -This is the part that you
The SELF: ITS NATURE AND keep private or do not share with others
SIGNIFICANCE intentionally.
What is self? This refers to the individual’s - It includes your secrets, fears, and thoughts,
perception and understanding of who we are. or feelings you choose to keep to yourself.
It encompasses our unique combination of
traits, beliefs, values, and experiences. 4Unknown Area (Not Known to Self or
Others) – This quadrant represents aspects
Factor Behind the lack of a university of yourself that are hidden both from you and
accepted definition of the self other.
-Subjectivity, -It includes Undiscovered talents, repressed
- Multi discriplinary, memories, or deeply buried emotions.

- Cultural and Historical Variable

- Evolving Understanding
- Philosophical and Metaphysical Complexity
- Individual Variation
- Interdisciplinary overlaps
What is Inner Conflict – This is when you find
yourself in contradiction with your own desire,
troughs, decision, or goals.
Metamorphosis – It is a process of change.
Change that leads us to happiness and self-
determination.
Self as your Summation – The self is like a
sum of your life experiences.
It’s the unique identity that’s formed as you go
through different situations. Challenges, and
moments in life.
Self-Determination and Life Goals - Self-
Determination or the ability to make choices
that align with who you are, is key to finding
meaning in life.
The Johari Window Model is a psychological
tool developed by Joseph Luft and Harry
Ingham in 1955 at the University of California
Los Angeles (UCLA).
The Four Quadrants/Panes
1.Open Area/Arena - This is the part of you
that both you and others are aware of.
- It includes your thoughts, feelings, behavior,
and experience that you openly share with
others.
2.Blind Area -This represent information
about your self that others see or perceive
but you are not aware of.
CHAPTER 2 - The conscious awareness that thinks,
meditates, weighs choices and assesses
The Self: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
situations in our lives.
- Makes rational and logical choices that are
1.Socrates (470-399 BC)
- Classical Greek philosopher in our best interest.
-Pioneer in Western Moral Philosophy Saint Augustine of Hippo (AD 354 - 430)
-Introduced the Sarcastic Questioning -Christian theologian and philosopher.
Socratic Questioning What is the Socratic -Significant contributions to Western
Questioning? Christianity through writings like The City of
God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions
-A method of asking thought-provoking, open-
ended questions that encourage deeper Source of Human Unhappiness - Sin
- Augustine believed sin was the root cause
understanding, self-reflection, and the
discovery of truth or contradictions in one's
of human unhappiness.
- Sin impairs free will and hinders moral
own thinking. Goal of the Socratic
Questioning + "Know thyself" emphasizes the
importance of self-examination. choices and true happiness.
-True wisdom comes from acknowledging Concept of Individual Identity
ignorance and engaging in a constant
dialogue with our self and soul. Augustine introduced the idea of individual

-Knowing that one knows nothing leads to

identity.

learning and discovering the truth. Each person possesses a unique self.

Plato (424-347 BC) Achieving a clear sense of identity is a

- Classical Greek philosopher

crucial aspect of human existence.

- Founder of the Academy in Athens, the first

Two-fold Process of Identity Formation

Institution of higher learning in the Western Identity formation involves self-presentation

world. and self-realization.

- Influential figure in Western philosophy and It starts with self-presentation, where

the founder of Western spirituality. individuals project an image of themselves to
the world.
Plato's Theory of the Soul Plato proposed
that the 'psyche' or the 'mind' consists of This image gradually leads to self-realization,
three distinct elements. a deeper understanding of one's true self.

Elements of the Soul: Struggles and Happiness in God's Love

1.The Appetites Augustine emphasized that individuals

transform and find happiness through
-Involves pleasurable desires. struggles involving both body and soul.
- Provides physical pleasure and He believed that ultimate happiness could be
physiological comfort. found in God's love, and the journey toward
this love was an integral part of self-
2. The Spirited
- Part of us that is agitated most of the time. •
realization.
Mind-Body Relationship
Highly spirited and motivated to surpass and
conquer life challenges. Both the mind and the body play essential
- Seeks triumph, honor, greatness, and
roles in shaping a person, but Augustine
placed greater emphasis on the significance
affirmation. of the mind.
3. The Mind
 He saw the mind as the higher, rational Personal identity or the self is rooted in
faculty that guides our actions. consciousness. Awareness of thoughts and
experiences defines our identity.
Cartesian Philosophy - Mental Acts and
Physical Acts The Brain and Consciousness
Mental acts determine physical acts. This Consciousness associated with the brain.
means that our thoughts and mental Brain houses consciousness, and it is within
processes have a direct influence on our the realm of consciousness the our identity
actions in the physical world. resides.
The Role of Cognition in Knowledge The Quest for Understanding and Immortality
Acquisition
Life is a journey to understand what lies
Cognition as active knowledge acquisition. beyond death.
Involves mental faculties (imagination, Pursuit of immortality and questions about
intellect, perception, memory) working the afterlife. - He grappled with questions
together to gather and process information. about the afterlife and the continuity of th self.
The Mind as the "Intellectual Substance" Moral Responsibility and Conscious Acts +
Mind described as the "intellectual Accountability tied to conscious actions.
substance" that possesses a will.
Moral responsibility requires awareness of
The mind is the thinking, conscious entity one's actions.
within an individual.
David Hume (1711-1776)
The Mind-Body Relationship
Prominent Scottish philosopher from the 18th
Descartes pondered the relationship century.
between mind and body.
Contributions to philosophy on human
His exploration led to his famous statement nature, role of passion, and the nature of the
"Cogito, ergo sum" which translates to "I self.
think, therefore I am" - the foundation of self.
Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity
The idea of being human brings about an The Primacy of Passion over Reason
awareness of the self, which can lead to the Passion as the driving force behind human
development of a unique identity. actions.
Being self-conscious, in his view, was Emotional and instinctual responses override
essential for the formation of personal
rational thinking.
identity.
Impressions and Ideas + Impressions are the
The "Thinking Thing" and Personal Identity
The essence of self as a "thinking thing," immediate sensory experiences or emotions
engaged in various mental operations. we feel.

This thinking aspect is what defines us as Ideas are the recollections and reflections of
humans and gives us a distinct persona. those impressions.
The Theory of Mind and the Tabula Rasa All thoughts and beliefs could be traced back
"Tabula Rasa" or the blank slate. to impressions.
Human mind at birth is like an empty sheet of The Elusive Nature of the Self
paper, devoid of innate ideas.
Self and mind as a bundle of perceptions
Knowledge acquired through sensory and impressions.
experiences and reflections.
Personal Identity in Consciousness
 No enduring, unchanging self; instead, the It operates in the conscious and
self is a collection of everchanging thoughts preconscious mind Balances the id's
and experiences. demands for pleasure with the superego's
calls for restraint.
3. The Superego (Morality Principle)
Consciousness as the Activator
Embodies societal norms, moral values, and
Self and mind are active when conscious.
conscience.
Self emerges when we are aware of our
Strives for moral and ethical behavior, often
thoughts and experiences.
conflicting with the id's desires.
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Balancing Conflicting Forces
Prominent Prussian philosopher.
The ego plays a crucial role in balancing
Made significant contributions to Modern ongoing conflicts between the id and
Western Philosophy, particularly in areas superego.
related to the nature of human experiences
Seeks compromises that satisfy both desires
and the self.
and societal expectations.
Human Mind and the Creation of Experiences
Gilbert Ryle (1900 - 1976)
Human mind actively constructs experiences.
British philosopher
Human experiences are unique to each
individual, but with shared abstract structures Known for challenging traditional mind-body
due to human nature. dualism and his concept of "the ghost in the
machine."
Formation of Persona through Experiences
Neural Networks and Consciousness
Persona or sense of self, is formed through
the logical effects of certain causes within our Human consciousness can be understood
unique human experiences. through the study of neural networks in the
brain.
These experiences contribute to individuality
and self-understanding. The brain's thalamus, a hub for neural
communication plays a central role in the
The Inner and Outer Self
generation of consciousness.
Kant distinguished between Two Aspects of
Empirical Evidence and Understanding
the Self:
Emotions
1. Inner self - is associated with intellect and
Emphasizes the importance of empirical
the psychological state of an individual.
evidence to understand brain and body
2. Outer self - is related to the senses and the functions.
physical body.
Argues that by studying of neural basis of
Tripartite Structure of the Mind emotions and sentiments, we can gain a
clearer understanding of ourselves.
1. The Id (Pleasure Principle) • Represents
primitive, instinctual desires and drives. Precise Terminology for Emotions

Seeks immediate pleasure and gratification Churchland suggests that many people may
without consideration of consequences. lack precise terminology to describe the exact
emotions and sentiments they are
2. The Ego (Reality Principle) experiencing.
Mediator between the id and superego.
 This can lead to confusion in how we Distinction between "I can" and "I think that"
understand and communicate our internal in consciousness.
states.
Consciousness is primarily a matter of "I
Enhancing Self-Understanding can," highlighting the importance of action in
the formation of self-perception and self-
Aims to enhance self-understanding by
concept.
providing a scientific framework.
By demystifying the mind, he seeks to help
individuals gain a clearer insight into their
own inner workings.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
French philosopher known for his book
"Phénoménologie de La Perception" (1945).
In this book, he expounded his thesis. on 'The
Primacy of Perception" where he revealed
how the body is central to one's perception.
Existentialism and the Primacy of Perception
Perception is the primary determinant of
one's consciousness.
How we perceive the world around us is
fundamental to our existence and
understanding of reality.
The Role of the Body
The body is an integral part of our
consciousness, not just a tool for interaction
with the environment.
Bodily experiences inform our perception of
the world.
Prejudice and Perception
Prejudices, beliefs, and prior experiences
shape the way we perceive the world.
Preconceived notions shape interpretation of
sensory information and construct our reality.
Harmony Between Intention and Performance
In "The Primacy of Perception," Merleau-
Ponty asserted that there is harmony
between what we intend or aim for and what
is given to us in perception.
Intentions and actions are aligned with the
sensory experiences of the
"I Can" vs. "I Think That"
 The Main Ideas Hinduism Involves:
1.The concept of God (Brahman, which is
CHAPTER 3 Concept of self: Eastern the most supreme.
Philosophy
2.There is reincarnation where is
Eastern view - Tend to focus on collective soul passes through different
existence and unity. physical bodies as it is destained to
Western view - Individualism is often undergo what it deserves in
emphasized. accordance with karma;
3.The atman or the soul that is also
Individualism -Is asocial and political Brahman;
philosophy that emphasizes the importance 4.The world we are living in is
of individual rights, freedom, and autonomy. comprised of varied levels of
Collectivism - is a social and political ideology existence; and
that emphasizes the significance of the 5.The paths to salvation which are
collective or group over individual interests. all similar to other doctrines which
evidently lead to the same goal.
Buddhism
TAOISM
- Siddharta Gautama Buddha
“Knowing others is wisdom.
developed a doctrine called Anatta, Knowing self is enlightenment”
often defined as 'no-self’
- LAO TZU
- The reality of dukkha or suffering and
annica or impermanence is the truth For Lao Tzu
about this existence.
- Buddha explained that there is no
- Understanding others requires
force but mastering the self
unchanging self.
requires power and strength.

Buddhist's principle points onto the ego as - The world and this life are good as
the expression of the five (5) components there are the elements guiding us to
called the 'skandas' which make up a experience harmony through the 'Dao’.
person. These are:
1.RUPA – Form comprises the body and the - The Taoist Bible called the Tao Te
some organs; Ching gives and explains processes
on how to live a good life through the
2.VEDENA – Sensation which are the 'Dao' or the 'Way' of the World which is
processes created by the senses in contact the path to happiness and harmony
with the external environment.
3.SANNA – Perception which is recognition of Confucianism
object according to one’s senses.
-Personality is seen as a product of
4.SANKHARA – Mental or our predisposition, upbringing and environment.
tendencies, traits, habits; and
-This shows that the individual is a social
5.VINNANA – Consciousness which is
being which makes us ‘social animals’.
awareness about a stimulus from the internal
or external environment. -In this Doctrine, it is believed that every
HINDUISM person is born with four beginnings which
lead to the formation of a ‘self’.
Upanishads - are a collection of ancient
Indian texts that are considered the -It includes the following component which
philosophical and spiritual essence of the are the perfection of virtues that are found
Vedas, which are the oldest sacred scriptures innately in the heart of every human.
of Hinduism
The Four Beginnings:
1.Heart of Compassion or ren;
1.Heart of Righteousness or yi;
1.Heart of Propriety or li; and
1.Heart of Wisdom or zhi;
CHAPTER 4 The Self in the Allied Sciences expectations. The "I" is the self as the
subject, the doer, or the initiator of actions.
Sociology – is the scientific study of society,
including patterns of social relationships, The "ME" The "Me" represents the socialized
social interaction, and culture. aspect of the self.
The "Me" is the self as the object, the one
being observed or evaluated by others. It is
Self-Concept in Sociology – refers to how we
concerned with conforming to social norms
perceive ourselves within the larger society
and meeting the expectations of others.
and how our Interaction with significant others
shape our understanding of our true/genuine Rosenberg (1979) Rosenberg argues that
in the realm of the collective whole. when people think about themselves, they
don't just consider their personal
Scientist - Several scientists who have
characteristics and feelings.
shared valuable insights regarding the
concept of self in the field of sociology. They also take into account their roles,
responsibilities, and contributions within their
Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead
community or society.
Both, American sociologists who made
In other words, how individuals perceive
significant contribution to the field of
themselves is closely tied to the functions
sociology, particularly in the areas of social
they perform in their social environment.
psychology and symbolic interactionism.
Gecas and Burke (1995) An individual's
Charles Horton Cooley (1864 - 1929) –
sense of self, or self-concept, is not a singular
Cooley is best known for his concept of the
entity but rather a complex combination of
“Looking Glass Self” which is a theory of how
various components, including identities,
our self-concept and self-identity are formed
attitudes, beliefs, values, motives, and
through social interaction.
experiences.
This process involves three main component:
These elements are shaped by an individual's
-Imagining how we appear to others, interactions with their communities and the
institutions they are part of and define/shape
-Imagining how others judge us, and a person's character and identity.
-Developing feeling about ourselves based on In a Sociological Perspective: The 'self'
these perceptions. basically is considered as a product of social
“How we see ourselves does not come from interaction through the utilization of language.
who we really are, but rather from how we Such is the insight in the symbolic
believe others see us.” interactionism theory of Mead.

—CHARLES HORTON COOLEY Symbols of language allow communication

and interaction which determines your place
Goerge Herbert Mead (1863 - 1931) – Mead in the group and even in the community.
is known-* for his work on symbolic
interactions, a perspective that fucuses on This is a requisite in gaining positive
the role of symbols and social interactions in responses from identity groups as well as a
shaping human behavior and society. This higher degree of self-esteem, belongingness
process involves THE “I” and the “Me”. and affirmation as part of the 'in-group.'

The "I" The "I" represents the spontaneous, Self-concept consists of different parts:
impulsive, and creative aspect of the self. It is Perceived Ideal Self - it is how we want to be.
the part of you that reacts to situations and Limited Self - which is shaped by the opinions
experiences in the moment without much and judgments of significant other.
thought or consideration of social norms or
Self-Concept in ANTHROPOLOGY Michael Lewis (1990) Suggested the two
aspects of self-concept:
ANTHROPOLOGY - is the study of humans
and human societies, including their cultures, 1. Existential Self: This is the most basic part
behaviors, and evolution. of your self-concept. It's highly distinct and
involves your awareness of your existence as
SELF-CONCEPT IN ANTHROPOLOGY
a unique individual.
Self-concept is not just about how we see
2. Categorical Self: This part involves viewing
ourselves, but it's deeply tied to the cultural
yourself as an object with properties. This
practices and societal norms that surround
includes aspects like your age, gender, size,
us.
or skills. You're not only aware of these traits
Our identity is, in many ways, a product of the but also of how others evaluate you based on
culture we belong to and the society we are a them.
part of.
Carl Rogers (1959) Outlined three
In Anthropological Perspective: components of self-concept:

-How we behave and who we become is 1. Self-Image: This is how you view yourself,
heavily influenced by the cultural and social influenced by external factors like the
demands of our environment. expectations of significant others.

-Our self-concept can vary greatly from one 2. Self-Esteem or Self-Worth: This relates to
culture to another. the value you assign to yourself.

-Our sense of self is, in a way, shaped by the 3. Ideal Self: This is what you desire or
universe of culture we belong to. expect yourself to be.

SCHEMA (plural: SCHEМАТА)

Refers to a mental framework or concept that
helps a person organize and interpret
information. Schemata are cognitive
structures that represent knowledge about a
concept, object, event, or situation.
Erik Erikson - a prominent psychologist and
anthropologist, emphasized that identity is
unique and distinctly different for each
individual.
Self-Concept in PSYCOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY - It is the scientific study of
the mind and behavior.
SELF-CONCEPT IN PSYCHOLOGY the 'self'
pertains to how we create a mental image or
schema of ourselves. This self- awareness is
akin to having a personal conception of who
we are.
Erik Erikson He proposed a psycho-social
theory of development. He suggested that
forming an identity is a crucial goal leading to
self-realization
CHAPTER 5 Physical self: Image Matter
What is Physical Development?
It's about recognizing how our physical
growth and changes impact our self-
perception, our interactions with others, and
our overall identity. It's all intertwined, our
bodies and minds in constant dialogue.
Why does image matter?
Our personality as well as our identity is not
only influenced by internal factors such as
one's brain and emotions but is influenced as
well by our physique.
The Biopsychosocial (BPS) Model of Health This
Our image reflects our lifestyle and the kind theory shows how these three elements influence
of lives we lead. It is important to remember and affect the overall physical image and
that what we see may not necessarily be condition of an individual.
accurate. Genetics and Socio-Economic Status: Our
Everyday interaction with people results in genetic makeup can influence our physical
characteristics, such as being naturally strong or
their observation and formation of opinions
having a predisposition to certain health
about our attitude, behavior, practices,
conditions. These genetics might also impact our
mannerisms, etc. metabolism and ability to maintain a healthy body.
Evidently, human life and behavior has However, our socio-economic status, and the
family we're born into, can also be a significant
deteriorated and many suffer from
factor. The
counterproductive behavior
Psychological Factors: Our mindset, thoughts,
Young people now have become more and beliefs about health also play a crucial role. If
susceptible to stress and have become someone has a strong interest in health and
physically weaker with the onset and fitness, they might adopt practices that make
utilization of technology them a "health buff."
Counterproductive Behavior Health Buff - is a person who is enthusiastic about
maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle. They
refers to actions or behaviors that hinder an typically engage in regular exercise, eat a
individual's or an organization's goals, balanced and nutritious diet, and prioritize their
productivity, or effectiveness. physical and mental well-being.
The Dynamics of Physical Health Couch Potato - is a term used to describe
someone who leads a sedentary or inactive
The Biopsychosocial (BPS) Model of Health lifestyle, often spending a significant amount of
According to the Biopsychosocial Model of time sitting on the couch or in front of the TV.
Health (BPS) physical weakness is caused by
a complex interaction of: The Biopsychosocial (BPS) Model of Health
Attitudes, Interests, and Hobbies: Our attitude
Biological (like viruses, bacteria and the like); towards our physical image manifests in our
interests and hobbies.
Psychological (thoughts, emotions and
behavior); and Societal Pressures to Conform Physical
Standards: It's a crucial aspect to consider
Sociocultural factors (socio-economic, socio- because society often imposes certain standar
environmental, and cultural). beauty and fitness, which can create pressure to
conform.
 "Crowning Glory" Hair is often referred to as
our 'crowning glory' because it plays a
Promoting Physical Image
significant role in enhancing a person's
Personal Hygiene The physical self is a appearance and self- esteem. The phrase
significant component of one's image and suggests that well-maintained and attractive
personality. Being clean and hygienic creates hair can be a source of pride and confidence.
a good image and allows one to feel good In many cultures, healthy and well-styled hair
about the 'self.' is considered a symbol of beauty and vitality,
and it can influence how people perceive and
Skin • The skin plays a major role in one's
present themselves.
appearance. It creates an impression that
implicates certain attitudes and habits. Aside
from functioning as an outer covering, the
It is not necessary to be following the hype in
skin maintains body temperature as it
fashion but the requirement to be neat and
contains the nerve endings that feed the
well-groomed at all times.
nervous system with the stimulus from the
external environment. Taking care of the hair entails simple habits
and practices which includes the following
Taking care of the skin entails the following:
daily routine:
1. Taking a regular bath or shower
1. Brush or comb hair at least twice a day to
2. Applying deodorant maintain hair and shine as it releases natural
oil from the roots.
3. Avoiding oily food
2. Wash hair everyday with gentle soap and
4. Preventing acne by facial cleaning
shampoo to prevent dryness.
5. Sleeping at least 7-8 hours per day
3. Use enough hair conditioner.
6. Drinking 8 glasses of water each day
4. Have an intensive treatment at least once
7. Avoiding too much exposure to sunlight a week.
8. Using waterproof sunscreen with 15 SPF 5. Use your own comb or brush to prevent
or higher getting parasites from others.
9. Avoiding sunlight at 10-2'o'clock pm 6. Color/perm/rebond hair with salon
assistance for extreme care.
10. Taking vitamin C (anti-oxidant)
7. Iron/blower hair occasionally only during
11. Avoiding cigarettes significant events.
12. Taking Vitamin E 8. Trim hair at least once a month to get rid of
13. Moderate use of cosmetics split ends.

14. Avoiding harsh substances Teeth

15. Using facial cream/lotion to hydrate the The teeth affect our appearance and our
skin image.

Hair The hair follicle and root are embedded Decaying teeth turn off people as it results to
in the skin. It is basically made of dead cells. 'foul breath'.
As new ones are formed old ones are pushed Gaps in our teeth result in speech problems.
outward through the surface of the skin and
die. It is often referred as one's 'crowning Indeed our teeth contribute a lot to our
glory' appearance and appeal. Smiling entails a
good set of teeth.
Here are some ways to maintain and show
that contagious smile.
1. Maintain a regular oral care.
2. Brush teeth after meal and before bed
time.
3. Use a mouthwash.
4. Use floss on hard-to-reach spots.
5. Maintain a healthy diet especially veggies
and fruits.
6. Avoid sugar.
7. Have a regular dental check up.
8. Avoid cigarettes.