Reviewer

 Care for your soul (true self)

Lesson 1: PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE B. Plato
SELF  He is a student of Socrates, he followed
the idea of Socrates in “knowing
Philosophy is often called the mother of all
thyself”
disciplines simply because all fields of study
 Father of Academy
began as philosophical discourse.
 He also wrote several literatures that
tackles politics, human nature and
established the idea of virtue and
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? intelligence
-Study of acquiring knowledge through rational  “A person who is a follower of truth and
thinking and inquiries that involves in answering wisdom will not be tempted by vices
questions regarding the nature and existence of and will always be
man and the world we live in. correct/moral/ethical”

-The love of learning Ethics – Discipline concerned with what is

morally good and bad and morally right and
-Seek of truth wrong.
WHAT IS SELF? Utilitarianism – general good
- Defined as “a unified human being, essentially  He believed that the soul is divided into
connected to consciousness, awareness and 3 different part that has different views,
agency. leading to different behaviors.
Appetitive Soul – part of the person
PHILOSOPHERS
driven by desire and need to satisfy
A. Socrates oneself. The satisfaction involves
 First martyr of education, knowledge, physical needs, pleasures and desire,
and philosophy. objects and situation.
 His philosophy underlies in the Spirited Soul – Courageous part of a
importance of the notion “knowing person. One who want to do something
oneself” or to right the wrongs that they observe.
 Knowing ourselves, lies in our own Competitiveness drives one to expect
abilities, and wisdom. Understanding positive results and winnings
ourselves is through internal Rational Soul – The Drive of our Lives.
questioning or introspection. The part that thinks and plan for the
 “by fully knowing oneself a person will future. It decides what to do, when to do
be able to achieve happiness” it and the possible results one could
 He was charged with corruption of have depending on their actions.
minors and died as a martyr that fought
against ignorance and narrow-
mindedness.
 He believed there was definite “right”
and wrong.
C. St. Augustine led to the development of governance,
 He follows the idea that God politics and economic system.
encompasses us all, that everything will  “Tabula Rasa” means blank slate
be better if we are with God.  He stated that a person is born with
 His idea of a man and how to knowing nothing and that is susceptible
understand who we are as a person is to stimulation and accumulation of
related to our understanding of who we learning from the experiences, failures,
are and how we question ourselves. references and observation of the person
 Relates our existence to God being
modelled in his likeness though being
alive means that we are still far from F. David Hume
god and has yet to be truly with him.  A Scottish Philosopher
 He emphasized that we may not be able  He focused his work in the field of
to give our agreement to everything empiricism, skepticism, and
other people tell us, but we can still naturalism.
agree to those who we are from our  There is no permanent self because
own perception. impressions of things are based from our
experience where we can create our
ideas and knowledge.
D. Rene Descartes  Self is accumulation of different
 French Philosopher known to be the impression
“Father of Modern Philosophy”
because of his radical use of systematic
and early scientific method to aid his G. Immanuel Kant
ideas and assumption  A German Philosopher known for his
 He believed in modern dualism works on empiricism and rationalism.
 Known to be the proponent of the  He emphasizes that a person who fully
“Methodical Doubt” doubting, asking understand the self has a certain level of
questions are part of one’s existence. consciousness or sense that uses our
 He is known for the statement “cogito intuition which synthesizes all the
ergo sum” experience, impression and perception
 According to him, a person is comprised of ourselves will pave the way to define
of mind and body. The body and its and know who we really are.
perception cannot fully be trusted or can  “Transcendental Apperception” is an
easily be deceived. essence of our consciousness that
 He believes that we should focus on the provides basis for understanding and
mind in order to perceive as who we are establishing the notion of self by
or the essence of our existence because synthesizing one’s accumulation of
we cannot always trust our senses. experience, intuition and imagination.

E. John Locke H. Sigmund Freud

 English Philosopher and Physician  An Austrian Psychologist and
 “Father of Classical Liberation” Physician.
 His work paved the way to several  “The Father of Psychoanalysis”
revolutions to fight the absolute powers  He believed that man has different
of monarchs and rulers of his time that constructs of personality.
  Freud is well known for his work on professional and several techniques in
human nature and the unconscious. order to make some memories resurface.
 He conceptualized different level of
consciousness that provides an idea how
a person develops a sense of self. I. Gilbert Ryle
 He believed that we are by-product of  He used behavioristic approach to itself.
our experience in the past and that are  Self is the behavior presented by the
actions are driven by the idea of person.
avoiding pain.  He does not believe that the mind and
body are two separate entities which is
3 components of Personality according to
said to be evident in the unexplainable
Freud
phenomenon or abilities of the mind
ID – the child aspect of a person; where the soul is considered.
attention is on satisfaction of one’s  He explained that the self is exemplified
needs and self - gratification. Driven by in his “ghost machine” view behavior
pleasure principle. of man is represented by the ghost in the
Super Ego – the conscience of one’s said machine.
personality. Has the inclination to
uphold justice and do what is morally
right and socially acceptable actions. J. Paul Churchland
Involved in the notion of right or wrong  A Canadian Philosopher, he’s focused
that is imparted to us by our parents or on idea that people should improve our
people that took care for us during association and use of worth in
childhood. identifying the self.
Ego – Police or the mediator between id  The self is defined by the movement of
and super ego. Operates within the our brain. A constant movement of the
boundaries of reality, primary function brain can be the basis of who the person
is to maintain the impulses of the id to is.
an acceptable degree.  He focused on the “eliminative
materialism” and understanding the
different neural pathways, how they
INTRODUCED THE LEVEL OF work, and what implications are those
CONCIOUSNESS movement to people is measurable
classification on one’s behavior.
1. Conscious – where minority of our
memory are being stored and the
memories that are in the conscious is
K. Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty
easier to be tapped or access.
 A French Philosopher, known for his
2. Pre – Conscious – the middle part of the
works on existentialism and
entirety pf our consciousness; the
phenomenology.
memories stored in this area can still be
 Coined the idea of phenomenology of
accessed but with a little difficulty.
perception which is divided into three
3. Unconscious – This area where majority
division
of our memories since childhood are
 He regarded that the body and mind are
restored. It is difficult to tap the
not separate entities but rather those two
memories. It would need a trained
components is one and the same.
  He follows the ideas of Gestalt  Self – develop through interacting and
Psychology. reflecting on that interaction.
 The perception guides our action based
Social Interaction = Socialization
on our experiences.

Characteristic of Sociology
L. Thomas Aquinas
 The most eminent 13th century scholar  It is Neutral
and stalwart of the medieval philosophy,  Concerned with the study of human
appended something to this Christian social life
View.  It is Science
 Man is composed of two parts: Matter of
Hyle in Greek, refers to the “common
stuff that makes up everything in the
Social Change Agents
universe” and form or morphe in greek
refers to the “essence of a substance Family
thing” Peer/Friends
 The body of human person is something Religion
that he shares even with animals.
 The cells in man’s body are akin to the Areas of Sociology according to HAUSER
cells of any other living, organic being Social Organization
in the world Social Psychology
 “The soul is what animates the body; it Social Change
is what make us humans. Human Ecology
Population Studies
Sociological Theory
Applied Sociology
Lesson 1: SOCIOLOGY
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY FORRUNNING OF SOCIOLOGY
 Study of human social relationship and Henri de Saint – Simon (1760 – 1825)
institution.
 Came from the greek words socius  Historic founder of French Socialism
(Association/group) and logos (study)  He insisted on the necessity of new and
 Science that deals with the study of positive reorganization of society
society and the societal interaction Industrial chiefs should control society
taking place.  The social aim was to produce things
useful to life
Call for “Society of Science” Influenced his
THEORY OF SELF
disciple August Comte
 Two parts of Self: Self- Awareness and
Self- image our body are biologically,
but the self is something that emerges
through social interaction
 Self – develop as we grow
Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903) Self - Efficacy –Beliefs about their capabilities
to produce designated performance assigned to
 Synthetic Philosophy – Encompasses them. Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the
realms of Physical, Psychological, ability to exert control over one's own
Biological, Sociological, and Ethical. motivation, behavior, and social environment.
MORAL PHILOSOPHY 4 main sources of Efficacy
(page 12 to 13 of IM) Mastery Experience – Through
Social Statistic perseverant effort
Moral Dictum Vicarious Experience – Provide by
Scientific Position social models
Social Statistics Social Persuasion – persuaded verbally
by people around the,
Principle of Ethics – Basic Law of Ethics and Psychological Responses – People rely
Morality partly on their somatic and emotional
states In judging their capabilities
 He coined “Survival of the Fittest”
 He argued that human societies ho
through an evolutionary process
Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)

 Theory of Self-Estrangement or Self-

David Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) Alienation “The Alienation of man’s
essence, man’s loss of objectivity and
 French Sociologist
his loss of realness as self-discovery,
 Cited as the Principal of Modern Social manifestation of his nature,
Science objectification and realization”
 Established Academic discipline with  Social Conditions and society itself were
Marx and Webber based on economic factors
 He focused on characteristic of social  Conflict and political revolution is
groups, the cohesion and non - cohesion inevitable to overthrow capitalism and
of religious groups. to improve social condition.
 Classic study of suicide as it was  “Social conflict Paradigm”
influences by certain social forces.
Language – a social product that structures and
shapes our experience daily. August Comte (1796 -1857)

 French Philosopher and Writer

 Advocate the idea of Positivism
Albert Bandura (1925)
 Father of the “Science of Sociology”
 Social Learning Theory – attempts to and the “Religion of Humanity”
explain socialization and its effect on the
development of the self it looks at the
individual learning process, the
formation of self, and influence of
society in socializing individual.
 ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology
- 'anthropos' - human beings
Max Weber (1864 – 1920)
- 'lohiya' – history
 German Sociologist, historian, Jurist and - evolutionary history of human beings
Political Economist - systematic study of humanity
 Capitalism developed out of protestant - scientific study of humanity, concerned with
ethic human behavior, human biology, and societies,
 Dwelt on the significance of subjective in both the present and past, including past
meanings people give to their human species
interactions with other. - also deals with society
 Iron Cage – as the religion become
peripheral, capitalism decoupled from - anthropological approach both starts and
its roots and established itself as the finishes with the group
dominant force in society. - humans a have a unique relationsip with other
 “Exercise Self-Help Imagination” members of their species, both communicatively
 Coined “Verstehen” and socially there is no stimulus without a
response, and there is no response without
stimulus
George Herbert Mead (1863 – 1931)
~"Man by nature is a social animal" - Aristotle
 American Philosopher and Social
Theorist
 Symbolic interactions perspective 4-field approach in Anthropology
 Self-awareness and Self-Image
Archaeology - archaeology of the self is the
 One of the several distinguished
exploration of gender, race, class, sexual
pragmatist
orientation, and religion that are living within us
(Ruiz, 2020)

Lewis Morgan (1818 – 1881) Linguistics - language changes every cultural

value that is being traditionalized by a certain
 American Ethnologist and a principal community society
founder of scientific anthropology.
 He wanted to provide evidence for Physical or Biological - deals with the evolution
monogenesis, the theory that all human of humans, their variability, and adaptations to
beings descended from a common environmental stresses. Using an evolutionary
source. perspective, we examine not only the physical
 The structure of the family and social form of humans - the bones, muscles, and organs
institutions develops and change - but also how it functions to allow survival and
according to a specific sequence reproduction.
 Theory of Social Evolution – kinship Margaret Mead - 'human civilization began
Relations as a basic part of Society. when man started to care for others other than
himself.'
Cultural - a major division of anthropology that
deals with the study of culture in all of its
aspects and that uses the methods, concepts, and "The Impact of the Concept of Culture
data of archaeology, ethnography and ethnology, on the Concept of Man," The Interpretation of
folklore, and linguistics in its descriptions and Cultures. (1966)
analyses of the diverse peoples of the world.
> Look for what makes people/cultures
Anthropological Perspectives of the Self different, not the same; it is more effective to
analyze human nature by noting the difference
Marcel Mauss - father of french anthropology
between cultures that arise over time and space
- made 'The Gift, Forms, and Functions of
than to try to form vague notions of universals
exchange in Archaeic societies' -1954
- 'there is the giver and the receiver in our > Culture reveals the link between what
society' man is capable of and how he actually behaves,
- every self has two faces: which in turn helps define human nature.
1. Moi - person's basic identity > Culture is the "accumulated totality" of
symbolic patterns that appear in different
2. Personne - social concepts of what it means
societies.
to be who he is.

Clifford Geertz - strong supporter of symbolic PSYCHOLOGY

anthropology
Psychology - derived from two greek words,
Symbolic Anthropology psyche meaning soul/mind; and logos meaning
study ~ study of soul/mind (old definition)

> How humans use symbols to - study of behavior (new definition)

communicate.
- primarily studies WHO and WHAT we are,
WHY we act and think in a particular manner
> Study of cultural symbols and how and what is our potential as an individual.
those symbols can be used to gain a better
understanding of a particular society. - focused on the individual, cognitive functions
and other possible factors that affect the
individual.
> Thick Description - term Geertz used
meaning a detailed account of field experiences
in which the researcher makes explicit subjective Who am I?
explanation and meanings provided by the
people engaged in the behavior making the data > "Self" is the "sense of personal
a greater value for studies. identity and of who we are as individuals
(Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)

- basically cultural immersion. > Identity - concept of an individual

about himself and often referred to as "self-
- "a system of inherited conceptions expressed in identity"
symbolic forms by means of which men
communicate, perpetuate, and develop their > Self-identity - is the belief of what the
knowledge about and attitudes towards life" individuals thinks and feels about him. Can also
be influenced by how others perceive and
individual.
 > Self-development is a continuous - The "I Self" reflects what people see or
process throughout the lifespan; one's sense of perceive themselves doing in the physical world
self may change, at least somewhat, throughout (e.g., recognizing that one is walking, eating,
one's life. writing), in other words, the one who acts and
decides.
> Self-representation has important
implications for socio-emotional (how you deal - "Me Self" is a more subjective and
with people and your emotional stability) psychological phenomenon, referring to
functioning throughout the lifespan. individual's reflections about themselves (e.g.
characterizing oneself as athletic, smart,
Thomas Aquinas - he perceives that man is co-
cooperative)
created in the image of God

> Self-Schema
Psychological Perspectives of the Self
- is our organized system or colletion of
William James
knowledge about who we are (associating
-conceptualized the self as having 2 yourself with others)
aspects - the "I" and the "me"
- "I" is the response of an individual to
a. When someone states your first name
the attitudes of others, while the "me" is the
even if they're not talking about you, your
organized set of attitudes of others which an
attention is drawn to them.
individual assumes.
b. If you have provincial language and
- "I" is the thinking, acting, feeling self.
you hear someone using it, it catches your
While the "me" is the physical characteristics an
attention.
as well psychological capability that makes who
you are. c. If you consider yourself a book-lover,
a bookstore may always entice you out of all
other stores in a mall.
> Attitudinal Change
- "The greatest discovery of my
> Experiences of the Self
generation is that human beings can alter their
lives by altering their attitudes of the mind". He - The Self-concept includes two
meant that with just the simple change of different experiences of the self:
attitude anyone even you can change your life
for better or for worse." He meant that with just
the simple change of attitude, anyone, even you, 1. The Existential self - the concept that you are
can change your life for better or for worse. unique/different from others. (Subjective; I)
2. The Categorical self - concept (and the
concept of others) tends to focus on his or her
Carl Rogers
own visible characteristics. (Objective; Me)
- "I" as the one who acts and decides
while the "me" is what you think or feel about
yourself as an object.
> Composition of Self-Concept - Once you are self-actualized, you've
met your full potential as an individual.
1. Self-Image (Real Self) - who you are
at the moment (e.g. - as a student you are
interested in basketball but academically
Characteristics of Self-Actualized People
challenged in most of your subjects), Self-image
includes: Physical description, Social Roles, Efficient perceptions of reality
Personal traits, existential statements
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and
2. Ideal Self - who you like to be. It is nature
an idealized image that we have developed over
time, based on what we have learned and Spontaneity
experienced. Could include components of what Task Centering
our parents have taught us, what we admire in
others, what our society promotes, and what we Autonomy
think is in our best interest.
Continued freshness of Appreciation
3. Ought Self (Self-Esteem/Self-Worth)
Fellowship with humanity
- who you think you should be. Our group
identity and self-awareness also has a great Profound interpersonal relationships
impact on our Self-Esteem, one of the common
concepts associated with the "self". It is defined Comfort with solitude
as our own positive and negative perception or Non-hostile sense of humor
evaluation of ourselves.
Peak experiences

Maslow's Theory (Abraham Maslow)

Leon Festinger
- Abraham Maslow is considered the
father of the humanistic movement. He observed - American Cognitive Psychologist
the lives of (purportedly) healthy and creative
- developed the Social Comparison Theory
people to develop his theory.
- We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness
of our behaviors, as well as our social status but
Hierarchy of Needs - the motivational comparing aspects of ourselves with other
component of Maslow's Theory, in which our people.
innate needs, which motivate our actions, are
hierarchically arranged.
> Social Comparison Theory
Types of Social Comparison:
> Self-Actualization
1. Downward Social Comparison - is the more
- refers to the need for personal growth
common type of comparing ourselves with
and development throughout one's life.
others. We create a positive self-concept by
- It is the highest level of Maslow's comparing ourselves with those who are worse
hierarchy of needs, which was developed by off than us. By having the advantage, we can
psychologist Abraham Maslow. raise our self-esteem.
2. Upward Social Comparison - comparing Carl Jung
ourselves with those who are better off than us.
- swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple,
While it can be a form of motivation for some, a
believed that we are one of two personality
lot of those who do this actually felt lower self-
types:
esteem as they highlight more of their weakness
or inequities.

1. Introvert: shy, self-centered person whose

attention is focused inward.
Social Comparison entails Self-Evaluation
Maintenance Theory 2. Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose
attention is directed outward.
> Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory - In
this theory, we can feel threatened when
someone out-performs us, especially when that
person is close to us (i.e., a family or a friend). Sigmund Freud
In this case, we usually react in 3 ways: - was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis.

1. We distance ourselves from that - provided not only a revolutionary way of

person or redefine our relationship with them. understanding human personality but also how
society affect our psychology.
2. Reconsider the importance of the
aspect or skill in which you were outperformed.
3. Strengthen or resolve to improve that > Elements of Personality
certain aspect of ourselves. Id - the child in you, is illogical and can
simultaneously entertain incompatible ideas,
cannot distinguish between good and evil.
Carver and Sheier
Ego - the adult in you, decision-making of
- identified 2 types of self that we can be aware personality.
of:
Superego - the parent in you, demand for
1. The Private Self - your internal standards and perfection.
private thoughts and feelings.
2. The Public Self - public image commonly
geared toward having a good presentation of > Conflict - may produce frustration.
yourself to others. - defined as "the simultaneous occurrence of two
mutually antagonistic or impulses"

> Self-Consciousness
- is when self-awareness can be too much that > Defense Mechanism - tactic developed by ego
we are concerned about being observed and to protect against anxiety.
criticized by others. - thought to safeguard mind against feelings and
thoughts too difficult for the mind to cope with.
a. Repression - removal of threatening thoughts
from awareness; refusal to think about
something we think is unpleasant.
b. Projection - process of shifting the
responsibility for an act or thought from oneself
to an outside agency or to another person.
c. Denial - refusal to recognize a threatening
situation or thought
d. Regression - the return to a less mature,
anxiety reducing behaviour;
e. Reaction Formation - expression of the
opposite of disturbing ideas
f. Displacement - substituting a less threatening
object for impulses
g. Sublimation - the channeling of impulses to
socially acceptable outlets.
h. Rationalization - is a device whereby the
individual provides plausible reasons for his
behavior rather than the actual reasons which are
too painful to acknowledge.
i. Fantasy - is a mental mechanism whereby a
person substitutes imaginary satisfactions for
real satisfactions.