Second Part of The Course
Second Part of The Course
Second Part of The Course
8-1 A versus An
(a) I have a pencil. - A and An are used in front of a singular
(b) I live in an apartment. noun (e.g. pencil, apartment). They mean
(c) I have a small ‘’one’’.
apartment. - If a singular noun is modified by an adjective
(d) I live in an old building (e.g. small, old), a or an comes in front of
the adjective, as in ( c ) and ( d).
- A is used in front of words that begin with a
consonant (a, c, f, g etc) : a boy, a bad day,
a cute baby …
- An is used in front of words that begin with
the vowel a,e, i, and o : an apartment, an
elephant, an empty room …
(e) I have an umbrella For words that begin with the letter U :
(f) I saw an ugly picture (1)An is used if the U is a vowel sound, as in an
(g) I attend a university umbrella, an uncle, an unusual day.
(h) I had a unique (2)A is used if the U is a consonant sound, as in
experience a university, a unit, a usual event.
(i) He will arrive in an hour Fot words that begin with the letter H :
(j) New Year’s Day is a holiday. (1) An is used if the h is silent : an hour, an honor, an
honest person.
(2) A is used if the h is pronounced : a holiday, a hotel, a
high grade.
EXERCISE 3 : Check (√) the sentences. Correct the sentences with errors. Use
some with the noncount nouns.
1. ----- I bought one chair for my apartment. √
2. ----- I bought one furniture for my department
------------------------------------------------.
3. ----- I bought four chairs for my apartment
-----------------------------------------------------.
4. ----- I bought four furnitures for my aprtment
---------------------------------------------------.
5. ----- I bought a chair for my single room
----------------------------------------------------------.
6. ----- I bought a furniture for my apartment
------------------------------------------------------.
7. ----- I bought some chairs for my apartment
----------------------------------------------------.
8. ----- I bought some furnitures for my apartment
------------------------------------------------.
(b) A lot of a lot of furniture A lot of is used with both count and
chairs noncount
(c) Many chairs Much furniture Many is used with count nouns
Much is used with noncount nouns
(d) A few chairs A little A few is used with count nouns
furniture A little is used with noncount nouns
EXERCISE 5 : Work with a partner. Take turns completing the questions with
how many or how much :
How ……….. does Mr. Miller have ?
a. Son, b. child, c. work, d. car, e. stuff, f. experience,
g. money, h. information, i. time.
1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?
2. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?
3. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?
Questions :
1. Read the passage and underline the adjective clauses.
2. Write a paragraph about a person you know and something or unusual
about his/her life. Try to use a few adjective clauses in your paragraph.
Sample beginnings :
I have a friend who ---- I’ve heard of a movie star who --------
I know a person who ---- Somebody told me about a woman who
------
EXERCISE 1 : Check (√) the completions that are true for you.
I have a friend who …
1. ------ lives near me. 3. ------ likes to do exciting
things.
2. ------ is interested in soccer. 4. ----- is studying to be
astronaut.
GRAMMAR
(1) I met a man = an independent A clause is a structure that has a
clause ; it is a complete sentence. subject and a verb. There are two kinds
(2) He lives in Chicago= an of clauses : independent and
independent clause ; it is a complete dependent.
sentence. a) An independent clause is a main
(3) Who lives in Chicago= a clause and can stand alone as a
dependent clause ; it is not a sentence, as in (1) and (2).
complete sentence. b) A dependent clause, as in (3),
(4) I met a man who lives in cannot stand alone as a sentence. It
Chicago= an independent clause + must be connected to an independent
a dependent clause ; a complete clause, as in (4)
sentence.
EXERCISE 2 : Complete the sentences with the correct words from the list.
Underline the word that follows doctor in each.
A dermatologist An orthopedist A pediatrician A surgeon
1. ------------------------------ is a doctor who performs operations.
2. ------------------------------ is a doctor that treats skin problems.
3. ------------------------------ is a doctor who treats bone injuries.
4. ------------------------------ is a doctor that treats children.
EXERCISE 3 : Circle the two sentences that express the ideas in the given
sentence.
1. The librarian who helped me with my research lives near my
parents.
a. The librarian lives near my parents.
b. I live near my parents.
c. The librarian helped my parents.
d. The librarian helped me.
2. The veterinarian that took care of my daughter’s goat was very
gentle.
a. The veterinarian took care of my goat.
b. The goat was gentle.
c. The veterinarian treated my daughter’s goat.
d. The veterinarian was gentle.
EXERCISE 4 : Combine each pair of sentences to adjective clause. Use who and
that.
1. The hotel clerk speaks several languages. a. He gave us our room keys.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
2. The manager hired me. b. He has less experience than
I do.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
3. I like the manager. C. he works in the office next to
mine
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. My mother is a person. d. She wakes up every morning with a positive
attitude.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. A person is lucky. e. The person wakes up with positive attitude every
day.
Read the passage below and then agree or desagree with the
statements.
Grammar
-The verbs in the above list are followed by gerunds. The list also contains
phrasal verbs (e.g : put off) that are followed by gerunds.
-The verbs in the list are not followed by to+the simple form of a
verb(infinitive).
Incorrect : I enjoy to walk in the park.
Incorrect : Bob finished to stody.
Incorrect : I’m thinking to go to Wawaii.
-The negative form of gerund is : not + gerund. e.g : I considered not
going to class.
EXERCISE 2 : Complete each sentence with the correct form of a verb from the
list below.
1. The boys own a bakery. They work seven days a week and they are very tired.
They are thinking about …
a. …………………............ fewer hours a day.
b. ………………………Their shop for a fewer weeks and going on vaccation.
c. ………………………. More workers for their shop.
2. Joseph wants to live a healthier life. He made several New Year’s revolutions.
For example, he has quit …
a. …………………….. cigars.
b. …………………….. high-fat food.
c. ………………………. Until noon on weekends.
3. Martina is a procrastinator. She puts off …
a. ………………………… her bill.
b. ………………………… her assignments to her teacher.
c. ………………………… her apartment.
11-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go shopping Go is followed by a gerund in certain
yesterday ? idiomatic expressions about activities.
(b) I went swimming last week. Note : There is no to between go and
(c) Bob hasn’t gone fishing in the gerund.
year Incorrect : Did you go to shopping ?
EXERCISE 3 : Interwiew your classmates. Try to find someone who has done each
activity. Make a question for each item before you beging the interwiew.
Find someone who …
1. has gone skydiving before → have you gone skydiving ?
2. likes to go waterskiing → Do you like to go waterskiing ?
3. likes to go bowling.
4. goes dancing on weekends.
5. goes jogging for exercise.
6. goes fishing in the winter.
7. goes camping in the summer.
8. likes to go snow skiing.
9. dislikes to go pickpocketing on the roads.
10.likes to go swimming in the pool.
Note : A phrase is a group of related words. It does not contain a subject and a
verb.
A clause is a group of related words. It contains a subject and a verb.
1. Where are the Smiths living ? 4. We know that they moved a month ago.
2. I dont’t know where the Smiths are living. 5. Are they coming back ?
3. We don’t know what city they moved to. 6. I don’t know if he is coming back.
(c) Is Thea at hom ? I don’t know if The ais - When a yes/no question is
(d) Does the bus stop here at home. changed to a noun clause, If is
(e) Did Aicha go to Do you know if the bus usually used to introduce the
Macenta ? stop here ? clause.
I wonder if Aicha went
to Macenta.
EXERCISE 3 : Underline and identify the subject (S) and verb (V) of Speaker A’s
question. Complete Speaker’s response with a noun clause.
8. ‘’ Cats are fun to watch, ‘’ Jane - Notice that a comma (not a period) is
said. used at the end of the QUOTED SENTENCE
9. ‘’Do you have a cat ? Mike asked. because Jane said comes after the
quote.
- Notice also that a question mark (not a
comma) is used at the end of the quoted
question.
PRACTICE1 : Make sentences in which you quote the speaker’s exact words.
Use said or asked. Punctuate carefully. Number 1. Is an example.
Notice : Quoted Speech is also called Direct Speech. Reported Speech is also
called Indirect Speech.
Practice 2 : Change the verbs and pronouns from quoted speech to reported
speech.
a. Mrs Sandouno said, ‘’ I need a help with my rice bag.’’
………………………………………………………………………………..……………………..
b. Miss Binta said, ‘’ I have two marker pens.’’
………………………………………………………………………………………...……………..
c. Mr Gomou asked, ‘’ Can you show me the way to the bank ?’’
…………………………………………………………………………………………...…………..
d. Souleymane said, ‘’ I’m going to visit my brother.’’
………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
e. Seydouba said to me, ‘’ I will call you.’’
……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
f. Thierno said to us, ‘’ I didn’t see you to school last Friday.’’
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
g. Alpha said, ‘’ I went to school yesterday.’’
………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
h. Josephine asked, ‘’ shall we play tomorrow ?’’
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……
EXERCISE : Change the quoted speech to reported speech. Change the verb in
quoted speech to a past form in reported speech if possible. (1. Is an example).
1. Jim said, ‘’ I’m sleepy’’. → Jim said (that) he was sleepy
2. Diaby said, ‘’ I don’t like chocolate.’’ →
…………………………………………………..
3. Kandja said, ‘’ I’m planning to take a trip with my family.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mr Touray said, ‘’ I’m going to go to Chicago.’’ → ……………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Halimatou said, ‘’ I will be at your house at ten.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
6. Sandaly stated, ‘’ I have already eaten lunch.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
7. Sangare wonded, ‘’ Would your father accept that ?’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Yansane said, ‘’ My brother didn’t take his car.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………….......