Second Part of The Course

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Department : Electrical Engineering

Level : 1st year


Course type : Basic English

Chapter 8 : COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES


EXERCISE 1 : Check (√) all the items you have with you right now. Do you know
why some have a before them and others have an ?
1. ----- a pen
2. ----- an eraser
3. ----- a notebook
4. ----- An umbrella
5. ----- an interesting book
6. ----- a university

8-1 A versus An
(a) I have a pencil. - A and An are used in front of a singular
(b) I live in an apartment. noun (e.g. pencil, apartment). They mean
(c) I have a small ‘’one’’.
apartment. - If a singular noun is modified by an adjective
(d) I live in an old building (e.g. small, old), a or an comes in front of
the adjective, as in ( c ) and ( d).
- A is used in front of words that begin with a
consonant (a, c, f, g etc) : a boy, a bad day,
a cute baby …
- An is used in front of words that begin with
the vowel a,e, i, and o : an apartment, an
elephant, an empty room …

(e) I have an umbrella For words that begin with the letter U :
(f) I saw an ugly picture (1)An is used if the U is a vowel sound, as in an
(g) I attend a university umbrella, an uncle, an unusual day.
(h) I had a unique (2)A is used if the U is a consonant sound, as in
experience a university, a unit, a usual event.
(i) He will arrive in an hour Fot words that begin with the letter H :
(j) New Year’s Day is a holiday. (1) An is used if the h is silent : an hour, an honor, an
honest person.
(2) A is used if the h is pronounced : a holiday, a hotel, a
high grade.

EXERCISE 2 : Add a or an to these words.


1. ----- mistake 10. ----- urgent message
2. ----- abbreviation 11. ----- universal problem
3. ----- dream 12. ----- unhappy child
4. ----- interesting dream 13. ----- hour or two
5. ----- empty box 14. ----- hole in the ground
6. ----- uniform 15. ----- handsome man
7. ----- box 16. ----- hill
8. ----- email 17. ----- honest man
9. ----- untrue story 18. ----- honor.

8-2 COUNT AND NOUNCOUNT NOUNS


Singular Plural
COUNT a chair ᴓ chairs A count noun :
NOUN one chair some - Can be counted with numbers : one
chairs chair, two marker pens, ten books …
two chairs - Can be preceded by a/an in the
singular : a chair.
- Has plural form ending in s or es :
chairs, copies
NONCOUNT ᴓ furniture ᴓ A noncount noun :
NOUN some furniture ᴓ - cannot be counted with numbers.
Incorrect : one furniture
- is not immediately preceded by a/an
Incorrect : a furniture
- does not have a plural form (no final
s)
Incorrect : furnitures

EXERCISE 3 : Check (√) the sentences. Correct the sentences with errors. Use
some with the noncount nouns.
1. ----- I bought one chair for my apartment. √
2. ----- I bought one furniture for my department
------------------------------------------------.
3. ----- I bought four chairs for my apartment
-----------------------------------------------------.
4. ----- I bought four furnitures for my aprtment
---------------------------------------------------.
5. ----- I bought a chair for my single room
----------------------------------------------------------.
6. ----- I bought a furniture for my apartment
------------------------------------------------------.
7. ----- I bought some chairs for my apartment
----------------------------------------------------.
8. ----- I bought some furnitures for my apartment
------------------------------------------------.

8-3 NONCOUNT NOUNS


Individual parts The whole
(Count Nouns) (Noncount Nouns)
Noncount nouns usually refer to a whole group
Letters → mail of things that is made up of many indidividual
Postcards parts, a whole category made of different
Bills varieties.
For example, furniture is a noncount noun ; it
Apples describes a whole category of things : chairs,
Bananas → fruit
tables, beds, …
Oranges
Mail and fruit are noncount nouns that refer to
a whole category made up of individual parts.

SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS : WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS

Clothing homework grammar corn


Equipment housework sang dirt
Food work vocabulary fiour
Fruit advice Arabic hair
Furniture information chinese
pepper
Jewelry traffic E nglish
rice
Mail history German
salt
Money liteerature Indonesian
sand
Scenery music Spanish
sugar
Stuff poetry Etc

8-4 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS


a) Liquids Solids and Semi-Solids Gases
coffee soup Break meat chalk paper Air
milk tea Butter beef glass soap Pollution
oil Water Cheese chicken gold toothpaste Smog
Ice fish iron wood smoke

b) Things that occur in Nature


Weather darkness thunder
Rain light lightning
Snow sunshine
c) Abstractions
Beauty fun health ignorance luck selfishness
Courage generosity help kindness patience time
Experience happiness honest knowledge progress violence
EXERCISE 4 : Add final –s/-es if possible. Otherwise, write ᴓ. Choose verbs in
parentheses as necessary. 1 and 2 as examples.
1. I made some mistake ….. on my algebra test.
2. In winter in Siberia, there (is, are) snow …… on the ground.
3. Siberia has very cold weather ……
4. Be sure to give the new couple my best wish ……
5. I want to wish them good luck ….
6. Silver …. (is, are) expensive. Diamond ……. (is, are) expensive too.
7. I admire professor Bob for his extensive knowledge ….. of organic farming
methods.
8. Teaching children to read requires patience ……
9. Doctors take care of patient ……
10.Mr. Fernandez’s English is improving. He’s making progress.
11.Wood stoves are a source of pollution….. in many ciries.
12.Professor Aliou has a lot of good idea…… and strong opinion……

8-5 USING SEVERAL, A LOT OF, MANY/MUCH, AND A FEW/A LITTLE


COUNT NONCOUNT
(a) Several ᴓ Several is used only with count nouns.
chairs

(b) A lot of a lot of furniture A lot of is used with both count and
chairs noncount

(c) Many chairs Much furniture Many is used with count nouns
Much is used with noncount nouns
(d) A few chairs A little A few is used with count nouns
furniture A little is used with noncount nouns

EXERCISE 5 : Work with a partner. Take turns completing the questions with
how many or how much :
How ……….. does Mr. Miller have ?
a. Son, b. child, c. work, d. car, e. stuff, f. experience,
g. money, h. information, i. time.

1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?
2. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?
3. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?

Chapter 9 : ADJECTIVE CLAUSES


Text : My friend’s vegan diet
I have a friend who is a vegan. As you may know, a vegan is a person who eats
no animal products. When I first met him, I didn’t understand the vegan diet. I
thought vegan was another name for vegetarian, except that vegans didn’t eat
eggs. I soon found out I was wrong. The first time I cooked dinner for him, I made
a vegetable dish which had a lot of cheese. Since cheese comes from cows, it’s
not vegan, so he had to scrape it off. I also served him bread that had milk in it
and a dessert that was made with ice cream. Unfortunately, there wasn’t much
that he could eat that night. In the beginning, I had trouble thinking of meals
which we could both enjoy. But he is a wonderful cook and showed me how to
create delicious vegan meals. I don’t know if I’ll ever become a complete vegan,
but I’ve learned a lot about the vegan diet and the delicious possibilities it has.

Questions :
1. Read the passage and underline the adjective clauses.
2. Write a paragraph about a person you know and something or unusual
about his/her life. Try to use a few adjective clauses in your paragraph.

Sample beginnings :
I have a friend who ---- I’ve heard of a movie star who --------
I know a person who ---- Somebody told me about a woman who
------

EXERCISE 1 : Check (√) the completions that are true for you.
I have a friend who …
1. ------ lives near me. 3. ------ likes to do exciting
things.
2. ------ is interested in soccer. 4. ----- is studying to be
astronaut.

9-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES : INTRODUCTION


Adjectives Adjective Clauses
An adjective modifies a noun. An adjective clause modifies a noun. It
Modify means to change a little. An describes or gives information about a
adjective describes or gives noun.
information about the noun.
An adjective usually comes in front An adjective clause follows a noun.
of a noun.
Adjective + noun Noun + adjective clause
(a) I met a kind man (c) I met a man who is kind to everyone
Adjective + noun Noun + adjective clause
(b) They helped a fat woman (d) I Met a girl who is a famous poet

GRAMMAR
(1) I met a man = an independent A clause is a structure that has a
clause ; it is a complete sentence. subject and a verb. There are two kinds
(2) He lives in Chicago= an of clauses : independent and
independent clause ; it is a complete dependent.
sentence. a) An independent clause is a main
(3) Who lives in Chicago= a clause and can stand alone as a
dependent clause ; it is not a sentence, as in (1) and (2).
complete sentence. b) A dependent clause, as in (3),
(4) I met a man who lives in cannot stand alone as a sentence. It
Chicago= an independent clause + must be connected to an independent
a dependent clause ; a complete clause, as in (4)
sentence.

EXERCISE 2 : Complete the sentences with the correct words from the list.
Underline the word that follows doctor in each.
A dermatologist An orthopedist A pediatrician A surgeon
1. ------------------------------ is a doctor who performs operations.
2. ------------------------------ is a doctor that treats skin problems.
3. ------------------------------ is a doctor who treats bone injuries.
4. ------------------------------ is a doctor that treats children.

9-2 USING WHO AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE


(a) The man is friendly. He lives next to In adjective clauses, who and that
me are used as subject pronouns to
He → who describe people.
who lives next In (a), He is a subject pronoun. He
to me. refers to the man.
(b) The man who lives next to me is To make an adjective clause, change
friendly he to who.
Who is a subject pronoun. Who refers
to the man.
(c) The woman is talkative. She -That is also a subject pronoun and
lives next to me. She → that can replace who as in (d).
That lives next to me -The subject pronouns who and that
(d) The woman that lives next to cannot be omitted from an adjective
clause.
me is talkative
-Incorrect : The woman lives next to
me is talkative.
-As subject pronouns, both who and
that are common in conversation, but
who is more common in writing.
-The adjective clause immediately
follows the noun it modifies.
-Incorrect : The woman is talkative
that lives next to me.

EXERCISE 3 : Circle the two sentences that express the ideas in the given
sentence.
1. The librarian who helped me with my research lives near my
parents.
a. The librarian lives near my parents.
b. I live near my parents.
c. The librarian helped my parents.
d. The librarian helped me.
2. The veterinarian that took care of my daughter’s goat was very
gentle.
a. The veterinarian took care of my goat.
b. The goat was gentle.
c. The veterinarian treated my daughter’s goat.
d. The veterinarian was gentle.

EXERCISE 4 : Combine each pair of sentences to adjective clause. Use who and
that.

1. The hotel clerk speaks several languages. a. He gave us our room keys.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
2. The manager hired me. b. He has less experience than
I do.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
3. I like the manager. C. he works in the office next to
mine
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. My mother is a person. d. She wakes up every morning with a positive
attitude.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. A person is lucky. e. The person wakes up with positive attitude every
day.

9-3 Using Whose in adjective clauses


Whose shows
possession. In (a), His
(a) The man called the police. His car was stolen.
car can be changed to
His car → whose car
whose car to make an
(b) The man whose car was stolen called the
adjective clause. In (b),
police
Whose car was stolen
= an adjective
In (c), Her brother can
(c) I know a girl. Her brother is a movie star be changed to whose
Her brother → whose brother brother brother to
(d) I know a girl whose brother is a movie star. make an adjective
clause.
(e) The people were friendly. We bought their In (e), their house can
house. Their house → whose house be changed to whose
(f) The people whose house we bought were house to make
friendly. adjective clause

EXERCISE 5 : Work with a partner. Take turns changing the b. sentences to


adjective clauses by combining each pair of sentence with WHOSE. 1 as an
example.

1. There is the man. b. His father died.


→ There is the man whose father died
2. There is the woman b. Her husband writes movie
scripts.
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Over there is the man. b. His daughter is in my English class
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Over there is a woman. b. You met her sister yesterday
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. There is the professor b. I’m taking her course
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. There is the boy b. his brother is a famous musician
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Chapter 11 : GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES


EXERCISE 1 : Check (√) all the completions that are true for you.
I enjoy …
1. ----- traveling 4. ------ wotching Tv
commercials
2. ----- shopping for clothes 5. ------ surfing Internet
3. ----- playing sports 6. ----- learning about ancient
history

Read the passage below and then agree or desagree with the
statements.

Text : A white lie


Jane gave her friend Lisa a book for her birthday. When Lisa opened it, she tried
to look excited, but her husband had already given her the same book. Lisa had
just finished reading it, but she thanked Jane and said she was looking forward to
reading it. Lisa told a ‘’ white lie’’. White lies are minor or unimportant lies that a
person often tells to avoid hurting someone else’s feelings.
1. Telling white lies is common. Yes No
2. It is sometimes acceptable to tell a white lie. Yes No
3. I sometimes tell white lies. Yes No

11-1 VERB + GERUND


A gerund is the –ing form of a verb. It is
verb + gerund used as a noun.
(a) I enjoy wlking in the park In (a) : walking is gerund. It is used as the
object of the verb enjoy.
Common verbs followed by gerunds
enjoy (b) I enjoy working in my garden.
finish (c) Ann finished studying at midnight.
quit (d) David quit smoking.
mind (e) would you mind opening the window ?
postpone (f) I postponed doing my homework.
put off (g) I put off doing my homework.
keep (on) (h) keep (on) working. Don’t stop.
consider (i) I’m considering going to Hawaii.
think about (j) I’m thinking about going to Hawaii.
discuss (k) They discussed getting a new car.
talk about (l) They talked about getting a new car.

Grammar
-The verbs in the above list are followed by gerunds. The list also contains
phrasal verbs (e.g : put off) that are followed by gerunds.
-The verbs in the list are not followed by to+the simple form of a
verb(infinitive).
Incorrect : I enjoy to walk in the park.
Incorrect : Bob finished to stody.
Incorrect : I’m thinking to go to Wawaii.
-The negative form of gerund is : not + gerund. e.g : I considered not
going to class.

EXERCISE 2 : Complete each sentence with the correct form of a verb from the
list below.

clean hand in hire sleep work


close eat pay smoke

1. The boys own a bakery. They work seven days a week and they are very tired.
They are thinking about …
a. …………………............ fewer hours a day.
b. ………………………Their shop for a fewer weeks and going on vaccation.
c. ………………………. More workers for their shop.
2. Joseph wants to live a healthier life. He made several New Year’s revolutions.
For example, he has quit …
a. …………………….. cigars.
b. …………………….. high-fat food.
c. ………………………. Until noon on weekends.
3. Martina is a procrastinator. She puts off …
a. ………………………… her bill.
b. ………………………… her assignments to her teacher.
c. ………………………… her apartment.
11-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go shopping Go is followed by a gerund in certain
yesterday ? idiomatic expressions about activities.
(b) I went swimming last week. Note : There is no to between go and
(c) Bob hasn’t gone fishing in the gerund.
year Incorrect : Did you go to shopping ?

Common expressions with go+-ing


go boating go dancing go jogging go (window) shopping
go bowling go fishing go running go sightseeing
go camping go hiking go (ice) skating go swimming
go (water) sking go sailling go skydiving

EXERCISE 3 : Interwiew your classmates. Try to find someone who has done each
activity. Make a question for each item before you beging the interwiew.
Find someone who …
1. has gone skydiving before → have you gone skydiving ?
2. likes to go waterskiing → Do you like to go waterskiing ?
3. likes to go bowling.
4. goes dancing on weekends.
5. goes jogging for exercise.
6. goes fishing in the winter.
7. goes camping in the summer.
8. likes to go snow skiing.
9. dislikes to go pickpocketing on the roads.
10.likes to go swimming in the pool.

11-3 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS


DONE
(a) Cherif turned off the TV by By + gerund is used to express how
pushing the ‘’off’’ button. something is done.
(b) Mary goes to work by bus. By or with followed by a noun is also used
(c) Andrea stirred her coffee to express how something is done.
with a spoon.
By is used for means of transportation and communication
by (air) plane by subway (by underground or tube) by air by boat by
taxi
by bus by (télé) phone by land by train by fax
by sea
by car by foot (or in foot) (but : in person) by mail/email
Other use of BY
by chance ; by choice ; by mistake ; by hand ; by check (but : in cash), by
credit ;
With is used for instruments or parts of the Body
I cut down the tree with an ax (by using an ax).
I swept the floor with a broom.
She pointed to a spot on the map with her finger.
EXERCISE 4 : Complete the sentences by using by+a gerund. Use the words in
the liste or your own words. Number 1. is an example.
eat smile wag wave drink
take
guest stay wash write watch

1. Students practice written English -------- by writing -------------------------


compositions.
2. We clean our clothes -------------------------------------------------- them in soap and
water.
3. Khalid improved his English --------------------------------------------------------------- a
lot of TV.
4. We show other people we are happy
--------------------------------------------------------------.
5. We satisfy our hunger ----------------------------------------------------------------------
something.
6. We quench our thirst -----------------------------------------------------------------------
something.
7. I figured out what quench means
--------------------------------------------------------------------.
8. Alex caught my attention ------------------------------------------------------ his arms in
the air.
9. My dog shows me she is happy ------------------------------------------------------------
her nail.
10. Fatou recovered from her cold ----------------------------------------- in bed and
-------------------------------------------- care of herself.

Chapter 12 : NOUN CLAUSE


EXERCISE 1 : Check (√) all sentences that are grammatically correct.

1. --------- How much does this book cost ?


2. --------- I don’t know.
3. --------- How much this books costs ?
4. --------- I don’t know how much

Part I. Read the story then underline the quoted


speech.
The Ugly Duckling
Once upon a time, there was a mother duck. She lived on a farm and spent her
days sitting on her nest eggs. One morning, the eggs began to move and out
came six little ducklings. But there was one egg that was bigger than the rest,
and it didn’t hatch. The mother didn’t remember this egg. ‘’ I thought i had only
six’’, she said. ‘’But maybe I counted incorrectly.’’
A short time later, the seventh egg hatched. But this duckling had gray feathers,
not brown like his brothers, and was quite ugly. His mother thought, ‘’ Maybe this
duck isn’t one of mine.’’ He grew faster than his brothers and ate more food. He
was very clumsy, and none of the other animals wanted to play with him. Much of
the time he was alone.
He felt unloved by everyone, and he decided to run away from the farm. He
asked other animals on the way, ‘’Do you know of any ducklings that look like
me ?’’ But they just laughed and said, ‘’ You are the ugliest duck we have ever
seen.’’ One day, the duckling looked up and saw a group of beautiful birds
overhead. They were white, with long slender necks and large wings. The
duckling thought, ‘’ I want to look just like them.’’
He wandered alone most of the winter and finally found a confortable bed of
reeds in a pond. He thought to himself, ‘’ No one wants me. I’ll just hide here for
the rest of my life.’’ There was plenty of food there, and although he was lonely,
he felt a little happier.
By springtime, the duc k was quite large. One morning, he saw his reflexion in the
water. He didn’t even recognize himself. A group of swams coming back from the
south saw him and flew down to the pond. ‘’Where have you been ?’’ they asked.
‘’You’re a swam like us.’’ As they began to swim across the pond, a child saw
them and said, ‘’ Look at the youngest swam. He’s the most beautiful of all.’’ The
swam beamed with happiness, and he lived happily ever after.
Part II. Work in groups and answer this question : what lesson does this story
teach ?
Part III. Write a story that includes quoted speech. Choose one of these topics :
1. Write a fable from your country in which animals speak.
2. Write a story that you learned when you were young.

WHAT IS A NOUN CLAUSE ? A noun clause is a type of subordinate clause


(dependent clause) that acts as a noun in a sentence

12-1 NOUN CLAUSES : INTRODUCTION


s v o -Verbs are often followed by objects. The
(a) I know his address object is usually a noun phrase.
s v o In (a), his address is a noun phrase ;
(b) I know where he lives his address is the object of the verb
know.
-Some verbs can be followed by noun
clauses.
-In (b), where he lives sis a noun clause ;
where he lives is the object of the verb
know.
(c) I know where he lives A noun clause has its own subject and
s v verb.
In (c), he is the subject of the noun
clause ;
lives is the verb of the noun clause.
(d) Please tell me what she said. -A noun clause can begin with a question
(e) I don’t know if Aly is married. word.
(f) They know that the world is -A noun clause can begin with ‘’if’’ or
round. ‘’whether’’
- A noun clause can begin with ‘’that’’

Note : A phrase is a group of related words. It does not contain a subject and a
verb.
A clause is a group of related words. It contains a subject and a verb.

EXERCISE 1 : Underline the nouns clauses. Some sentences have no noun


clauses.

1. Where are the Smiths living ? 4. We know that they moved a month ago.
2. I dont’t know where the Smiths are living. 5. Are they coming back ?
3. We don’t know what city they moved to. 6. I don’t know if he is coming back.

12-2 NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD, IF OR WHETHER


These question words can be used to introduce a noun clause : when, where, why,
who, (whom), what, which, whose
Notice in the examples : usual
Information question Noun clause question word order is not
used in a noun clause.
Incorrect : I know where does
S v he live.
Where does she live ? I don’t know where he Correct : I know where he
when did they leave ? lives ? lives
why is Tom absent ? Do you know when
they left ?
I don’t know why Tom is
absent.
(a) who is that boy ? Tell me who that boy is. A noun or pronoun that follows
(b) whose pen is this ? Do you know whose pen main verb be in a question
this is ? comes in front of be in a noun
clause, as in (a) and (b).
Yes/No Question Noun clause

(c) Is Thea at hom ? I don’t know if The ais - When a yes/no question is
(d) Does the bus stop here at home. changed to a noun clause, If is
(e) Did Aicha go to Do you know if the bus usually used to introduce the
Macenta ? stop here ? clause.
I wonder if Aicha went
to Macenta.

- when If introduces a noun, the


expression or not sometimes
(f) I don’t know IF/whether Eric is at home (or not)
comes at the end of the
clause. As in (f).
EXERCISE 2 : Decide if the given words are a noun clause or an information
question. If a noun clause, add Idon’t know. If an information question, add a
capital letter and a question mark.
NOUN
INFORMATION
CLAUSE
QUESTION
1. a. ….…I don’t know…… why he left.
b. ……………………… W why did he leave ?

2. a. ……………………………….. where she is living

b. …………………………………. where is she living

3. a. ……………………………….. where did Koumba go


b. ……………………………….. where Koumba went
4. a. …………………….. what time the movie begins

b. …………………….. what time does the movie begin


5. a. ……………………………….. why is Samba angry

b. ……………………………… why Samba is angry

EXERCISE 3 : Underline and identify the subject (S) and verb (V) of Speaker A’s
question. Complete Speaker’s response with a noun clause.

1. A : Why is fire hot ?


B : I don’t know …..why fire is…… hot.
2. A : Where does Frank go to school.
B : I don’t know ----------------------------------------------------------------- to school.
3. A : Where did Salif go yesterday ?
B : I don’t know. Do you know ------------------------------------------ yestaday ?
4. A : Why is Maria laughing ?
B : I don’t know. Does anybody know
------------------------------------------------------- ?
5. A : How much does an electric car cost ?
B : Peter can tell you
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. A : How long do elephants live ?
B : I don’t know
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. A : Why is Yarie always late ? B : I don’t know
-----------------------------------------------.
Chapter 13 : Quoted Speech
What is a quoted speech ?
Sometimes we want to quote a speaker’s words _ to write a speaker’s exact
words. Exact quotations are used in many kinds of writing, such as newspapers
articles, stories, novels, and academic papers. When we quote a speaker’s
words, weuse quotation marks.

13-1 SPEAKERS’ EXACT


QUOTING SPEAKERS’ WORDS
WORDS
Jane : Cats are fun to watch. Jane said, ‘’Cats are fun to watch.’’
Mike : Yes, I agree. They’re graceful Mike said, ‘’Yes, I agree. They’re graful
and playful. Do you have a cat ? and playful. Do you have a cat ?’’
HOW TO WRITE QUOTATIONS
1. Add a comma after said.
2. Add quotation mareks.
→ Jane said ,
3. Capitalize the first word of the → Jane said, ‘’
quotation.
4. Write the quotation. Add a final → Jane said, ‘’Cats
period. → Jane said, ‘’ Cats are fun to watch.
5. Add the quotation marks after
the piriod. → Jane said, ‘’ Cats are fun to watch.’’
6. Mike said, ‘’ Yes, I agree. They’re -When there are two (or more) sentences
graceful and playful. Do you in a quotation, put the quotation marks at
have a cat ?’’ the beginning and end of the whole
7. Incorrect : Mike said, ‘’Yes, I quote ; as in 6.
agree. They’re graceful and -Do not put quotation marks around each
playful. Do you have a cat ?’’ sentences. As with a period, put the
quotation marks after a question mark at
the end of a quote.

8. ‘’ Cats are fun to watch, ‘’ Jane - Notice that a comma (not a period) is
said. used at the end of the QUOTED SENTENCE
9. ‘’Do you have a cat ? Mike asked. because Jane said comes after the
quote.
- Notice also that a question mark (not a
comma) is used at the end of the quoted
question.

PRACTICE1 : Make sentences in which you quote the speaker’s exact words.
Use said or asked. Punctuate carefully. Number 1. Is an example.

1. Ann : My sister is a student.


→ Ann said, ‘’ My sister is a student.’’ Or ‘’My sister is a student,’’ Ann said.
2. Eliza : Is your brother a student ?
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Rita : We’re hungry.
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Rita : Are you hungry too ?
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Rita : let’s eat. The food is ready.
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. John F. Kennedy : Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you
can do for your country.
7. → …………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Ahmed Sekou Toure : We prefer poverty in freedom to riches in slavery,”
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………………

13-2 QUOTED SPEECH VS. REPORTED SPEECH


QUOTED SPEECH QUOTED SPEECH = giving a speaker’s
a. Ann said, ‘’ I’m hungry.’’ exact words. Quotation marks are used.*
b. Tom said, ‘’ I need my pen.’’
REPORTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH = giving the idea of
a. Ann said (that) she was a speaker’s words. Not all of the exact
hungry. words are used ; pronouns and verb forms
b. Tom said (tha) he needed may change. Quotation marks are not
his pen. used.
THAT is optional ; it is more common in
writing than in speaking.

Notice : Quoted Speech is also called Direct Speech. Reported Speech is also
called Indirect Speech.
Practice 2 : Change the verbs and pronouns from quoted speech to reported
speech.
a. Mrs Sandouno said, ‘’ I need a help with my rice bag.’’
………………………………………………………………………………..……………………..
b. Miss Binta said, ‘’ I have two marker pens.’’
………………………………………………………………………………………...……………..
c. Mr Gomou asked, ‘’ Can you show me the way to the bank ?’’
…………………………………………………………………………………………...…………..
d. Souleymane said, ‘’ I’m going to visit my brother.’’
………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
e. Seydouba said to me, ‘’ I will call you.’’
……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
f. Thierno said to us, ‘’ I didn’t see you to school last Friday.’’
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
g. Alpha said, ‘’ I went to school yesterday.’’
………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
h. Josephine asked, ‘’ shall we play tomorrow ?’’
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……

13-3 VERB FORMS IN REPORTING SPEECH


(a) QUOTED : Joe said, ‘’I feel good.’’ In formal english, if the reported
(b) REPORTED : Joe said (that) he felt good. verb (e.g : said) is in the past, the
(c) QUOTED : Barry said, ‘’I am hungry.’’ verb in the noun clause is often
(d) REPORTED : Barry said (that) he was also in a past form, as in (b) and
hungry.
(d).
- Ann said, ‘’I am hungry.’’ -In informal English, often the verb
(e) – What did Ann just sai ? I didn’t hear in the noun clause is not changed
it. to a past form, especially when
- She said (that) she is hungry. words are reported soon after they
(f) – What did Ann say when she got are said, as in (e).
home last night ? -In later reporting, however, or in
- She said (that) she was hungry. formal English, a past ver bis
commonly used, as in (f).

If the reporting verb is present


(g) Ann says (that) she is hungry. tense (e.g, says), no past verb is
made in the noun clause verb.
REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
QUOTED SPEECH (informal or immediate
(formal or later reporting)
reporting)
He said,’’I work hard’’ He said he worked hard He said he works hard.
He said, ‘’ I worked hard’’ He said he had worked He said he has worked
He said, ‘’ I will see her’’ hard hard
He said, ‘’ I am going to He said he would see her He said he will see her.
play. He said he was going to He said he is going to
play. play.

EXERCISE : Change the quoted speech to reported speech. Change the verb in
quoted speech to a past form in reported speech if possible. (1. Is an example).
1. Jim said, ‘’ I’m sleepy’’. → Jim said (that) he was sleepy
2. Diaby said, ‘’ I don’t like chocolate.’’ →
…………………………………………………..
3. Kandja said, ‘’ I’m planning to take a trip with my family.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mr Touray said, ‘’ I’m going to go to Chicago.’’ → ……………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Halimatou said, ‘’ I will be at your house at ten.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
6. Sandaly stated, ‘’ I have already eaten lunch.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
7. Sangare wonded, ‘’ Would your father accept that ?’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Yansane said, ‘’ My brother didn’t take his car.’’ →
………………………………………………………………………………………………….......

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