1. “Forests precede civilizations and deserts follow them.

Source:
The essay topic is a quote by the French philosopher François-René de Chateaubriand.
The phrase “Forests precede civilizations and deserts follow them” reflects the historical pattern of
human development, where societies often exploit forests for resources, leading to environmental
degradation and desertification if sustainable practices are not implemented.

Anecdote
The Fall of the Mesopotamian Civilization: Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "Cradle of
Civilization," was once a lush region teeming with life due to the fertile land of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. However, due to unsustainable agricultural practices and deforestation, the region
gradually turned barren, contributing to the eventual decline of the civilization.

Quotes
● "In wilderness is the preservation of the world." – Henry David Thoreau
● “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are
doing to ourselves and to one another." – Mahatma Gandhi

Introduction
● Start by describing the evolution of forests on the Earth. (First forests appeared in
the Devonian era. About 10,000 years ago 57% of the world’s habitable land was covered by
forest. Today, the world has lost one-third of its forest – an area twice the size of the United
States.
● Mention examples of early civilizations that emerged from forested regions (e.g.,
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Mayans).
● Still, today, forests are considered as a important aspect of national development - FAO.

Body

Arrival of humans and their interaction with the nature/forests.

● Homo sapiens, the first modern humans, evolved from their early hominid predecessors
between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago.
● Early human-forest interactions were largely symbiosis - humans gained knowledge about
nature and forests benefited with human intelligence - E.g. Aranyakas (derived from the work
forest) dealing with philosophical interpretations; Aranyakas play the role of the middle path
and help to bridge the gulf between the Karma-kanda (actions) and Jnana-kanda (knowledge)
- linking human actions and knowledge.
● However, later, interaction of symbiosis has been polluted with interactions of prasitism
lately.
Transformation of forests
Era to be defined as Anthropogenic era. → leading to desertification- E.g. The UNCCD says that
100 million hectares of productive land are degraded each year.
● Forests as resources: how civilizations cut down forests for agriculture, settlements, and
infrastructure.
○ Agriculture:
■ Clearing land for crops: Transformation from hunter gatherers to
agriculturalist - slash and burn agriculture utlised by civilisations - E.g.
Mayan civilisation
■ Irrigation systems: used by Mesopotamia and Indus valley - often
led to soil depletion and desertification over time, as seen in the
Fertile Crescent.
○ Settlements:
■ Urbanisation: Ancient Rome, for example, witnessed large-scale
deforestation to construct its grand city.
■ Wood as a primary building material - The earliest known use
of wood dates back to roughly 1.7 million years ago in the early
Pleistocene era, as suggested by archaeological evidenc -
Introduction of wood in tools and weapons - ship building etc.
○ Infrastructure:
■ Roads and trade routes: The Romans, famous for their expansive
road networks, cleared forests across Europe to connect distant
provinces.
■ Mining and exploration: the copper mines in Cyprus during
ancient times contributed significantly to deforestation.
Modern day desertification:
○ While land degradation has occurred throughout history, the pace has accelerated,
reaching 30 to 35 times the historical rate, according to the United Nations.

Impact of Civilization on the Forests/Environment

● Soil Degradation and Desertification: More than 75 percent of Earth's land area is
already degraded, according to the European Commission's World Atlas of Desertification,
and more than 90 percent could become degraded by 2050.
● Industrialization and Deforestation
● The impact of the Industrial Revolution on forests—excessive use of coal,
deforestation for factories, and railways.
Impact of forests on Humans:

● Sociological: Cultural significance - concept of sacred groves

● Ethical: Philosophies like deep ecology argue that forests and all living beings have inherent
value, independent of their usefulness to humans.
● Political: In India, the Forest Rights Act (2006) aims to recognize the rights of
forest-dwelling communities to access and manage forest resources,
● Economical: Employment in activities like forest management, logging, and NTFP collection,
Ecosystem services, Tourism, Opportunity cost of deforestation,

Environmental conservation and restoration - Measures Taken

● Global efforts: UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Paris Agreement

(2015), The Bonn Challenge
● Balancing Development and conservation: Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES),
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):
● National efforts: The National Afforestation Programme (NAP), Compensatory
Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA), Joint Forest Management
(JFM)
● Localised efforts: Chipko Movement (Uttarakhand), Appiko Movement (Karnataka)

Way Forward:

● Human Responsibility Toward Nature: Ethical obligation to preserve forests for future
generations to prevent deserts from "following" our current civilization. - Forests, Forest
People, and UN 2030 Agenda’s Ethical Mandate: “LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND”
● The Cycle of Civilization and Nature: Consider the cyclical nature of human interaction
with the environment and the lessons from history to avoid repeating the same mistakes.
● Sustainable Land Use and agriculture - Climate Smart Agriculture, Forest as carbon
sinks, Miyawaki Forests (Various States)
● Climate change mitigation: Nature based solutions, Carbon markets.
● Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Policy Implementation: SDG 15: Life
on Land: SDG 15 of the United Nations encourages the protection, restoration, and
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
● Education and public awareness: Encouraging sustainable lifestyle - LiFE Approach.
● Technological and Scientific Innovation: Remote Sensing and Monitoring, Sustainable
Building Materials: - Bamboo, Water Management Technologies:
● Economic Incentives for Forest Conservation - Ecotourism.
Conclusion:

● History has shown us that the rise of civilizations is deeply intertwined with the exploitation
of forests, and their downfall is often marked by environmental collapse.
● If we continue on the same path of unchecked deforestation and exploitation, will our legacy
be that of deserts following in the wake of human progress?
● The challenge before us is clear: to strike a balance between development and
conservation, and to recognize that the health of our environment is inextricably linked to
the survival of human civilization.. The choice is ours, and it will determine whether deserts
continue to follow in our footsteps—or whether forests will flourish alongside us, as
partners in progress.

2. The empires of the future will be the empires of the mind

Decoding the topic:

● Core theme: Power of ideas/knowledge/technology to dominate and shape influence in the
21st century .
● Traditional empires: Established by physical conquest, battles and war.
● Future empire: It will not be built on territorial conquest or military might but on
intellectual capital, innovation, technology and R&D.
● Context: This is a quote by Winston Churchill. The British empire was built on military
prowess and conquest of territories (colonization) in the 18th and 19th century. However, in
the future, nations that focus on intellectual power will be superior.

Approach
● Introduction: Introduce with an anecdote that shows the dimensions that will be covered
in the essay. There are three broad dimensions of the topic.
○ First, the age of physical conquest is behind us—territorial expansion is no longer
the primary means of establishing global dominance.
○ Second, intellectual power will drive the future— nations /companies/ societies/
polity that lead in education, technology, innovation and diversity of thoughts will be
the dominant forces.
○ Third, with AI and digital advancements, intellectual power becomes even more
crucial—in the coming years, leadership in artificial intelligence, research and digital
transformation will shape the new global order.
● Body: In the body, show different dimensions of how the mind or intellectual power will
help in creating dominance in future. Elaborate on the above dimensions by giving examples
from across history, economy, polity, technology etc.
● Critical angle: Technological power, R&D etc has potential to exacerbate existing
inequalities and create new forms of inequalities.
 ● Where is India placed in it- some initiatives that India is taking to create an empire of
mind.
● Conclusion: Conclude by showing that India can become vishwaguru by winning the battle
of mind.

Introduction
Anecdote to show the failing nature of physical conquest in the 21st century and
contrast it with the rising influence of intellectual power.

“This is not an era of war”- PM Modi. In the third year of a gruelling conflict, Russia's ambitions to
expand its dominion through traditional military force have faltered in the face of Ukrainian
resilience. The war has become a sobering reminder of the limitations of brute force in the 21st
century.

Meanwhile, thousands of miles away in Silicon Valley, a different kind of empire thrives. Unburdened
by the constraints of tanks and trenches, USA is continuing its march, extending its influence through
codes and algorithms. The dominance of its tech giants isn't built on territorial conquest but on the
boundless frontiers of the mind.

In the future, AI is accelerating this shift towards intellectual dominance. The nations and
organisations that master AI will wield unprecedented power, not through military might, but
through their ability to harness the potential of machine learning, data analysis and automation.

Body: Dimensions to be opened

● Historical-
○ Traditional empires: Territorial battle fought by Army/Naval power. Examples:
Roman Empire, Mongol Empire's expansion under Genghis Khan.
● Economic: Empire of economic power shifting from physical resources to knowledge
economy. Countries like South Korea and Israel have become global leaders despite their
small size and lack of natural resources.
○ Education, skills and R&D have allowed them to build intellectual “empires” that
transcend physical boundaries.Contrast with nations rich in natural resources but
lacking in educational infrastructure and technological advancement lagging behind
like Africa and Latin America.
● Business empires: Traditional dominance by merchants/ Silk route traders. Now, it is
through innovation. Steve Jobs built the empire of Apple on the slogan of “imagineering”.
Those that relied on traditional modes to conquer like Motorola perished. Those that
adopted innovation survived.
● Technology: The rise of AI
 ○ Artificial Intelligence will Contribute $16 trillion to the global economy through
2030 as per PwC.
○ Military use of AI: Autonomous robots & AI's ability to analyze vast amounts of
data in real-time. Imagine an AI system capable of sifting through the entirety of
human knowledge, historical battles and real-time battlefield data to devise optimal
strategies and tactics within seconds..
● Soft power: power of mind means influence of soft power of a nation. Through soft power,
nations can win hearts and minds without firing a single shot. It is also more sustainable than
military conquest because it builds alliances, fosters goodwill, and promotes shared values.
● Political empire: Ideologies that promote open dialogue, diversity and innovation.
Importance of democracy in creating empires of mind.
○ Importance of renaissance and reformation in Europe’s scientific revolution. West
and EU’s democracy.
○ Open dialogue, tolerance of diverse perspectives and protection of individual
freedoms allow societies to thrive intellectually and economically.
○ Conversely, dictatorships and authoritarian regimes may achieve short-term gains
but their suppression of dissent and lack of intellectual freedom eventually stifles
progress and innovation (Nazi Germany’s eventual downfall).
● Implication for future:
○ To invest in education: Education is the bedrock of progress. It empowers
individuals to innovate, create and solve problems.
○ Promote Innovation: it is essential for solving global challenges such as climate
change, poverty and healthcare. The future will belong to those who can think
critically, adapt to changing circumstances and push the boundaries of human
knowledge. The competition will be decided not on battlefields but in classrooms,
laboratories and think tanks.
Critical dimension
● Intellectual and technological power can exacerbate inequalities between nations and within
societies. R&D is resource intensive so developing countries might not be able to invest and
reap the benefits.
● Similarly, the concentration of technological power in the hands of a few corporations or
countries can lead to new forms of imperialism, where control over information and
innovation becomes a means of domination.
● Example: During COVID-19 pandemic, developed nations were able to produce vaccines
rapidly and secure supplies for their populations while developing countries struggled to
procure them.

Is India on the right track to create empire of the mind?

● New Education Policy aims to make India a knowledge based economy.
 ● Missions like Atal Innovation Mission, Atal Tinkering Labs etc are right steps to promote
innovation.
● With initiatives like SAGAR, promotion of Yoga etc India is promoting its soft power too.

Conclusion: Bharat vishwaguru by winning battle of mind.

From the ancient era of Nalanda and Takshashila, which attracted scholars from across the world, to
the philosophical debates of the Upanishads, India's civilization has flourished through the exchange
of ideas, culture of dialogue, innovation and spiritual inquiry
In keeping with this historical tradition, India's aspiration to become Vishwaguru will depend on its
ability to create a society where the mind is free and knowledge is supreme.
As Tagore envisioned, a future where "knowledge is free" and the world is not "confined into
narrow domestic walls" will be the cornerstone of India's leadership. Only then can Bharat truly rise
as the empire of the mind, guiding the world with wisdom, intellect and compassion.

3. There is no path to happiness; Happiness is the path

Approach:

● Introduction - explain what is happiness (subjective in nature) Or can start with an

anecdote
● Bridge between introduction and body - Talk about many meanings of happiness.
Different sources and aspects of happiness- religious, societal, philosophical,Economical etc.
● Challenges to happiness- Consumerist culture, social media, impact of globalisation etc.
● How does one start practising happiness in daily life
● Conclusion

Introduction:

● Anecdote- A small story - In today’s fast-paced world, the pursuit of success is often
synonymous with material achievements. Many people are taught from a young age that the
road to happiness is paved with academic success, a prestigious job, and the accumulation of
wealth, status, and possessions. This mindset is deeply ingrained, and as a result, individuals
often find themselves in an endless race—studying hard to secure a high-paying job, working
long hours to afford a big house or a luxury car, and constantly striving for more, believing
that each new milestone will bring them closer to lasting happiness. Consider the tragic case
of an Ernst & Young (EY) employee in India, who passed away due to overwork. This story
serves as a powerful reminder that happiness is not something we can chase after through
material means. Instead, it is something we cultivate within ourselves, in how we live our
 lives day to day, focusing on well-being, relationships, and personal fulfilment rather than just
professional or financial achievements.
○
● What is happiness-
○ Spiritual happiness: Spiritual happiness often manifests through a deep sense of peace
and fulfilment that transcends material wealth and external circumstances.
■ Example: Consider a community leader who dedicates their life to serving
others, Alok Sagar, an ex-IIT Delhi professor, left his lucrative job in 1982
to serve tribals, work for upliftment of women and stay connected to
nature.
○ Psychological happiness: often referred to as subjective well-being, is characterised
by an individual’s perception of their life satisfaction and emotional states. It
encompasses positive emotions, life fulfilment, and the absence of negative emotions.
■ Example: Consider an individual who practises mindfulness and gratitude. By
regularly reflecting on the positive aspects of their life and engaging in
activities that bring them joy—like spending time with loved ones, pursuing
hobbies, or volunteering—they cultivate a sense of fulfilment.

Body:

Importance of looking at happiness as a way of life , rather than the end goal itself.
● Religious/ Philosophical aspect- Buddha's middle way path; the teachings of Srimad
Bhagwat Geeta. Aristotle - happiness is the byproduct of living a virtuous life. Living in the
present and gratitude is real bliss. Attainment of moksha is the end goal of life.
● Psychological aspect of happiness- wherein living in the present is the approach to lead
a happy life eg; Brahma kumaris; Mindfulness etc.
● Societal aspect-
○ Ancient society- the human virtues such as kindness, peace, contentment, charity,
non violence, respect to elders, and love towards youngsters, animals etc. More of
value based & pleasures of everyday life.
○ Modern aspect- success in material words is nowadays associated with happiness.
○ Good health- balanced physical; emotional and mental health is the key to happiness.
As mentioned in jaina philosophy- “ pratham sukh nirogi ka”.
○ Relationships- harmonious personal, familial relationships provide a sense of
belongingness that adds up to happiness.
● Economical aspect- prosperity was aimed to be shared with families, society (
Charity/Daan) was associated with happiness. Many philanthropists do charity for mankind
such as Gates foundation, Azim Premji, TATAs etc.

However, nowadays there are several challenges to happiness

 ● Rising consumerist culture- as said by Gandhiji ‘The world has enough for everyone's
need, but not enough for everyone’s greed”. Top 1% of India's population owned more than
40.5% of the country's wealth. The bottom 50% of the population, which is around 700
million people, owned about 3% of the total wealth. (Oxfam 2021).
● Social media impact- constant comparisons, peer pressure, have made today's youth on
the brink of depression. WHO ( Globally, 1/7 every 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental
disorder (13%) of the global burden of disease in this age group.Depression, anxiety and
behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among
adolescents. Suicide is the 4th leading cause of death among 15-29 year-olds.
● Corruption of values- due to increasing nuclear family culture in urban centres and lack of
intersectionality of generation among the family members promoting increasing crime rates.
Eg 12 year old killed his mother when stopped playing games.
● Increasing violence - domestic violence e.g. Shadow pandemic during Covid time.
● Rising culture of Conditional Happiness- in modern society as it majorly hinges on
external factors like wealth, success or status. This often traps the individual in the never
ending cycle of desire and dissatisfaction.

Hedonic treadmill- it says once the basic needs of the human are fulfilled such as food,
shelter and security, additional wealth hardly or marginal impact on overall happiness.

How does one starts to practise cultivating happiness in Everyday Lives-

● Practising Gratitude- gratitude is the core human value. One should be thankful for
whatever things we have, one can shift attention from what one does not have.
● Practising mindfulness- being in the present, becoming aware of the quality of thoughts,
emotions, environment etc. one can appreciate the richness of each moment.
● Embracing failure- failure is an inevitable part of life, learning to embrace it with dignity is
the key to finding happiness . Setbacks are always seen to be a foundational pillar of success
in the future endeavours of life.

Conclusion

Thus, there is no path to success; happiness is the path itself ,reflecting the transformative way of
thinking and taking life. Instead of happiness being looked at as an end goal, it must be seen as being
content in the present.
4. The doubter is a true man of science

Approach
➔ Introduce with a poem namely, the dance of reason to bring out the true essence of the
topic.
➔ Provide a brief thesis and describe the meaning of the topic
➔ The key attributes of a doubter - Connecting it to being a true man of science
➔ Contextualisation of the topic with various dimensions and examples.
➔ Add a case study to justify the topic
➔ Provide an antithesis
➔ Conclude with the pursuit of truth and the puzzle solver

Introduction
The dance of reason
In the realm where knowledge gleams,
Science spins its intricate dreams.
Questions rise like stars at night,
Critical thinking ignites the light.

Observe, inquire, let wonders unfold,

Challenging tales that the ancients told.
Hypotheses like seeds take flight,
In the soil of logic, they find their might.

Data whispers secrets, patterns entwine,

With each observation, the truth we define.
Scepticism sharpens our intellectual blades,
As we sift through the noise, the clarity wades.

From atoms to galaxies, the quest is profound,

In the silence of doubt, true wisdom is found.
So let us embrace this curious quest, for questioning all we discover the best

Thesis
The doubter (true man of science) holds a scientific mindset and reflects scepticism which is central
to scientific inquiry (he doubts only himself and his interpretations, but he believes in science)
Philosophical basis: Descartes’ methodical scepticism.
Meaning/Context
➔ The Doubter: Reflects a key aspect of the scientific mindset, i.e. scepticism.
➔ True Man of Science: In science, questioning, doubting, and critically analysing ideas are
essential for progress.
➔ Scientific knowledge advances by challenging assumptions, testing hypotheses, and seeking
evidence.
➔ Doubt drives curiosity and the search for more accurate explanations of how the world
works. Rather than accepting things at face value, true scientists question everything, and
through doubt, they explore deeper truths.
➔ Doubt is an essential part of science because it allows scientists to consider the
possibility that they might be wrong. Our brains interpret everything based on our prior
knowledge and frame of reference, which makes our vision of the world unreliable.
➔ Connect various dimensions:
◆ Scepticism and Inquiry
◆ Scientific hypothesis and its falsifiability
◆ Continuous refinement of knowledge
◆ Ethical responsibility of the doubter.

Examples from Science

➔ Galileo doubted the church’s endorsement of the geocentric model of the universe, leading
to his advocacy of the heliocentric model.
➔ Einstein doubted the classical mechanics of Newton, leading to the development of general
relativity.
➔ Marie Curie questioned the nature of radioactivity, leading to the discovery of new
elements like polonium and radium.
➔ Copernicus questioned the geocentric model of the universe

Examples from Different Dimensions

➔ Individual: Doubt leads to personal development such as rethinking one’s dietary habits
such as switching to healthier plant based foods over processed foods by evaluating scientific
research on the same.
➔ Society: Social movements such as the Civil Rights movement in the US emerged from
people doubting their racial status quo.
◆ Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks questioned the fairness of segregation
and racial inequality leading to the fight for civil rights.
➔ Political: John Locke and Voltaire doubted the divine right of Kings, leading to
development of democratic systems.
 ➔ Economic: John Mayanard Keynes and development of Keynesian economics, advocates
for government intervention in the economy.
➔ Environment: Rachel Carson, the author of Silent Spring, doubted the safety of
widespread pesticide use.
➔ Ethics: Peter Singer questioned the morality of human exceptionalism, leading to the
development of animal rights philosophy.

Case study
Ratan Tata: In 2016, Ratan Tata, then Chairman Emeritus of Tata Sons, made a bold move by
investing in Ola, a ride-sharing startup, despite being in his late 70s. This decision demonstrated
Tata's forward-thinking approach and willingness to embrace innovation and technology. By backing a
disruptive venture like Ola, Tata showcased his belief in supporting new ideas and fostering
entrepreneurship, regardless of age or traditional norms. This event underscores Tata's enduring
commitment to driving progress and his willingness to adapt to the changing landscape of business
and technology.

Antithesis
➔ The true man of science is one who has conviction and confidence in established knowledge,
advancing science by building on proven facts rather than doubting them.
➔ Pushing scientific advancements without persistent scepticism.

Conclusion
➔ In the pursuit of truth and understanding, you can adopt the mindset of a scientist,
questioning assumptions, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions based on
evidence and reason.
➔ The Puzzle Solver: Every problem is like a puzzle waiting to be solved. You can either
tackle it piece by piece, methodically working towards a solution, or you can throw your
hands up in frustration and walk away.

5. Social media is triggering “Fear of Missing Out” amongst the youth, precipitating
depression and loneliness.

Approach

● Overview of the increasing use of social media among Indian youth.

● Introduction of FOMO as a psychological phenomenon, linked to the growth of platforms
like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok.
● Exploring the link between social media usage and mental health challenges in the Indian
context.
● India-specific societal pressures, cultural norms, and the digital divide's role in exacerbating
FOMO.
Thesis

● Social media is creating an environment where Indian youth, due to FOMO, experience
feelings of inadequacy, exclusion, and pressure to conform, leading to depression and
loneliness. This is heightened by India's societal expectations and social media usage patterns.

Meaning/Context

● Definition of FOMO: Fear of missing out on life experiences that others appear to be
enjoying, often amplified by social media.
● Social Media in India: India has over 448 million social media users as of 2023, with youth
being the largest demographic (Statista report).
● Psychological impact: FOMO triggers anxiety, insecurity, and self-doubt, particularly in
impressionable youth.
● Youth Vulnerability: The desire to fit in and meet societal and peer standards increases
the impact of social media-induced FOMO.
● Societal Norms: Pressure to meet family and societal expectations, which is exacerbated
when peers showcase their "perfect" lives online.
● Mental Health Challenges: National Mental Health Survey (2016) of India reported
increasing rates of depression and anxiety among youth, influenced in part by the pressure
created by social media.

Various Dimensions:

Individual:

● Teenagers compares their lifestyle to influencers and friends who post about vacations,
parties, and success stories. This triggers feelings of inadequacy, pushing them into
depression.
● Cyberbullying and Peer Pressure: FOMO can lead individuals to engage in risky or
unhealthy behaviors to fit in with peers, as they fear being excluded or left out.
○ Example: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported a rise in
cyberbullying targeting Indian adolescents on social media, driven by FOMO, leading
to risky behaviors like accepting online challenges to avoid exclusion.a

Social:

● Groups of friends in metropolitan cities (e.g., Delhi, Bangalore) frequently post pictures
from weekend trips or exclusive parties, making others who were not included feel isolated
and excluded.
 ○ Report: A 2020 survey by the Indian Journal of Psychiatry found that 45% of young
social media users experienced heightened social exclusion and anxiety, particularly
when missing social events highlighted online.

Cultural:

● In India, weddings and festivals are widely shared on social media. For those not invited or
unable to participate in these events, the constant stream of pictures and videos can lead to
FOMO, loneliness, and low self-worth.
● FOMO during events like Diwali, where elaborate celebrations, clothing, and gifts are posted
online, causes individuals from rural areas or lower socio-economic backgrounds to feel
isolated.
○ Example: According to a 2021 survey by the Center for the Study of Developing
Societies (CSDS), 40% of youth felt left out during major festivals due to social
media-driven comparison.

Psychological:

● The constant comparison on social media leads to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem
among Indian youth.
○ Example: A 2020 report by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare highlighted a
20% rise in cases of depression among Indian youth, correlating with increased social
media use during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Educational and Professional:

● Indian students frequently use LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook to showcase their
academic achievements, internships, or new jobs. Those who have not achieved similar
milestones experience FOMO, leading to stress.
○ Report: A 2019 survey by the Indian Council for Research on International
Economic Relations (ICRIER) reported that nearly 60% of university students in
Delhi and Bangalore felt professional inadequacy due to seeing peers' achievements
on social media.

Economic:

● FOMO drives consumerism as young Indians feel the pressure to purchase gadgets, clothing,
and other products to keep up with trends showcased by influencers.
○ Example: The rise of online shopping platforms like Amazon and Flipkart has been
fueled by influencer marketing on social media. A 2022 survey by Nielsen India found
 that 50% of Indian youth had made purchases based on social media
recommendations.

Technological:

● The algorithms analyze user behavior and preferences to curate personalized content,
ensuring that users continually encounter posts that pique their interest or trigger emotional
responses. As users scroll through a seemingly endless stream of curated updates, they
experience a heightened sense of FOMO, fearing they might miss important events or
trends.

Antithesis

● Spontaneous Thinking and Curiosity: FOMO is not the sole driver of thoughts or
actions; curiosity and intellectual pursuits also play a role.
○ Example: Indian innovators and scientists like C.V. Raman and APJ Abdul Kalam
were driven by curiosity, not FOMO.
● Positive Effects of Social Media: Social media can also foster real connections, create
awareness, and encourage learning.
○ Example: Mental health awareness campaigns such as "It's OK to Talk" and "Let's
Talk" on social media platforms have helped Indian youth open up about their mental
health struggles, mitigating the negative impacts of FOMO.

Conclusion

● Summary: Social media, while offering connectivity and opportunities for expression, has
also triggered FOMO among Indian youth, precipitating feelings of loneliness and depression.
● Mitigation Strategies: Encourage digital literacy in schools, promote mental health
awareness, and emphasize offline connections.
○ Government Initiatives: The Indian government’s “Manodarpan” initiative for
mental health well-being in students addresses these issues by promoting healthy
social media use.
● Final Thoughts: A balanced and mindful approach to social media consumption, along with
fostering real-world connections, can help Indian youth avoid the harmful effects of FOMO
and improve mental well-being.

6. NEARLY ALL MEN CAN STAND ADVERSITY, BUT TO TEST THE CHARACTER,
GIVE HIM POWER
APPROACH-

● Introduction -Analysing meaning of the quotation

○ Explaining Significance of Power in individual’s character
○ Context - From where does the quotation came
● Linking topics to different dimensions along with highlighting one positive as well as negative
examples from every dimension.
○ Historical dimension - Example from ancient history and modern history
○ Individual
○ Societal
○ Political
○ Economical
○ Governance
○ IR
● Character traits revealed by Power like integrity, empathy, humility and courage.
● Antithesis - Showing at times adversity can build character while power can also destroy
character.
● Conclusion- Providing summary, reflection and final thoughts over quotes.

INTRODUCTION

Thesis Statement and meaning

● Power can reveal a person's true character, and that people in positions of authority can
make decisions that people without authority cannot.
● Adversity offers fewer options, the most pressing need is survival. On the other hand, those
who have power have choices and control over situations.
● With the freedom to choose comes the freedom to choose rightly or wrongly. What he
chooses reveals the character of the person of authority with power.

Significance: The quote highlights that enduring hardships showcases personal fortitude, but the
true measure of character is revealed when individuals gain authority and influence.

CONTEXT -

● Quote attributed to Abraham Lincoln

● Original version of the quotation came on Jan. 16, 1883, during a speech in Washington D.C.,
by the prominent writer and orator Robert Ingersoll.
● Philosophical Context: This perspective aligns with ethical theories that stress moral
responsibility in leadership roles.
Linking topic to different dimensions

HISTORY -
● Ancient - Ashoka - stood against the adversity under Susima - fought for his rights. But
when power started killing people and atrocities. People termed him ‘Chand Ashoka’. But
when he adopted the path Dhamma, he became Ashoka The Great.
● Modern - Hitler- fought for the rights of German masses against the atrocities they were
facing post World War 1 - but when got power he was the one who was responsible for
WW2.

INDIVIDUAL - Power defined as the capacity to influence others, and its dual potential.
Ex.- Negative- Osama bin laden influencing followers for terrorism.
Positive - Mahatma Gandhi motivating followers to fight against social injustice.
SOCIETY - The ability to make decisions that consider collective well-being.
Negative Example Under colonialism, third world nations put up resistance against the
colonial powers (adversity). But once they became independent their leaders soon turned to
dictatorship themselves (use of power revealing the character). Ex. Pakistan.
Positive Example - India being an exception even today exudes the same fervour and
principles that it fought before its independence.

POLITICAL-
Use of power ensures consistency between words and actions. It results into credibility and
wider acceptability.
Negative Example- promising socialistic facilities like free education, health etc. But
getting indulged in corruption after coming to power.
Positive Example - Lal Bahadur Shashtri not using official position for personal gains.
ECONOMY-
Use of power differentiates between selfish and selfless character of an organisation.
Negative Example - Companies worked hard to produce vaccines - but after producing it
issues like vaccine hoarding showed selfish character.
Positive Example - India giving free vaccines - empathetic character towards citizens.

GOVERNANCE-
Effective use of power ensures efficient service delivery and leads to the goal of good governance.
Negative Example - Senior bureaucrats are often given power to allot projects and tenders. Some
may use their power abuse their authority. For instance, awarding tenders to inexperienced relatives
leading to collapsing of bridges.
Positive Example - Armstrong Pame- built 100 km road with social funding.

IR-
Use of power ensures global peace and stability.
Negative Example- Cold war between USA ans USSR
Positive Example- India avoiding war with China post Galwan incident through diplomacy and tact.

Character Traits Revealed by Power:

● Integrity: Essential for maintaining ethical standards, as seen in leaders who prioritise
justice over personal interests.
● Empathy: The ability to make decisions that consider the well-being of others,
demonstrated by leaders who engage with their communities.
● Humility: Recognizing the importance of shared leadership and collaboration, crucial in
democratic governance.
● Courage: Taking a stand against unethical practices, like whistleblowers who expose
corruption at great personal risk.

ANTITHESIS

● Adversity vs. Power:

● While adversity may foster resilience, it does not guarantee ethical behavior, as seen in
figures who faced hardships yet misused power (e.g., dictators like Muammar Gaddafi).
● Some individuals may excel in challenging circumstances but succumb to corruption when
given power, as illustrated by corporate leaders involved in scandals (e.g., Enron's
executives).

Conclusion

● Summary: The discussion reinforces that the relationship between adversity, character, and
power is complex, with true character emerging under the pressures of authority.
● Reflection: Emphasise that integrity and ethical leadership are vital in defining an individual's
legacy and societal impact.
● Final Thoughts: The responsible and compassionate use of power is crucial for fostering
positive change and ensuring a just society.
7. All ideas having large consequences are always simple

Approach
➔ Introduce by providing the benefits of simple ideas, followed by meaning and context
➔ Philosophical Basis
➔ Examples of simple ideas having large, impactful consequences
➔ Antithesis: Not all impactful ideas are simple, not all simple ideas have large consequences,
risks of oversimplification.
➔ Conclusion

Meaning/ Context
➔ Ideas by themselves have no consequences.
◆ Only when put to action/implemented, they have consequences.
➔ Why simple ideas? Clear, easy to communicate, broad acceptance→ powerful outcomes.
➔ Philosophical Basis: Occam’s Razor by 14th-century philosopher William of Ockham.
➔ The simplest explanation or solution, with the fewest assumptions, is often most likely the
right one→aligns with the idea that powerful ideas are often characterised by their simplicity.

Relevant Quotes
"The greatest ideas are the simplest." – William Golding (Novelist)

Historical Examples

➔ Invention of wheel-A primitive human's simple observation of rolling objects led to the
invention of the wheel→simple idea, which revolutionised transportation and technology.

➔ Gandhi’s simple idea of non-violence (Ahimsa) shaped the Indian freedom struggle

Different Dimensions/ Examples of Simple Ideas with powerful impacts

➔ Individual: Simple life-changing ideas, e.g., following a daily routine, which have a powerful
impact on well-being and productivity of an individual.

➔ Societal: Ideas like the Golden Rule- “Do unto others as you would have them do unto
you” have driven human behaviour (empathy, compassion, fairness, respect) since time
immemorial.

➔ Political: Ideas like democracy, which says that power rests with the people, and that every
individual has the right to determine how they are governed.
 ➔ Not All Simple Ideas Have Large Consequences: There have been many simple ideas
that gained popularity for a short time, but they do not always lead to significant or lasting
consequences.

◆ E.g., toys like fidget spinners→ became a trend for a short period of time but had no
lasting impact.

➔ Oversimplification can lead to negative consequences→economic or political

misinterpretations, and ineffective decision-making.

◆ For e.g., startups that focus solely on the basic principle of demand and supply
without considering other important factors such as market competition, customer
satisfaction, regulatory frameworks, and operational costs, often fail.

Conclusion
Simple ideas, characterised by their clarity and ease of understanding, have far-reaching impact on
individuals, societies, and have driven the course of human history. By appreciating the fact that the
true impact of an idea lies in its ability to address the complexities of the world, we can strive to
develop ideas that are both profound and impactful.

8. The cost of being wrong is less than the cost of doing nothing.

Approach:
1. Introduction with Thomas Edison’s Anecdote to bring out the essence of the topic.
2. Bridge between introduction and body - Clarifying meaning of ‘being wrong’ and ‘doing
nothing’. Being wrong can be related to leadership decisions, political decisions, personal
decisions, etc. Doing nothing can be related to inaction, strategic restraint, etc.
3. Contextualisation of the topic in today’s world
4. Arguments in favour of being wrong and taking action
5. Arguments against being wrong - in favour of doing nothing
6. Balanced view
7. Conclusion

Introduction:

Edison is famously known for his persistent efforts in inventing the electric light bulb. It is said that
Edison failed over 1,000 times before finally succeeding in creating a functioning light bulb. When
a reporter once asked him how he felt about failing so many times, Edison replied, "I have not
failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work."
This anecdote reflects that the cost of doing wrong - Edison's repeated failed experiments- was
less significant than the cost of doing nothing. If Edison had chosen inaction after facing initial
setbacks, he would have deprived the world of one of its most significant inventions. Each of his
failures taught him something new, bringing him closer to success. His perseverance demonstrated
that mistakes and wrong attempts are often stepping stones to achievement, while inaction
would have led to stagnation and a missed opportunity for innovation.

Thus, Edison's journey exemplifies the idea that taking action, even if wrong, contributes to progress,
whereas doing nothing results in missed opportunities and a failure to advance.

Decoding keywords:

1. Being wrong but taking action - Showcases intent, grit, determination, strong resolve,
strength to manage the cost of being wrong.
a. "wrong" implies that while an action is taken, it may lead to failure or adverse
consequences. However, it does not necessarily indicate a deliberate wrongdoing
or unethical behaviour.
b. Example: Inaction in responding to a public health crisis like COVID-19 would have
led to greater loss of life, whereas even flawed responses such as complete
lockdowns helped mitigate the worst outcomes.
2. Doing Nothing: It refers to inaction, where an individual, institution, or government fails
to act in a situation where intervention is needed or expected. This could stem from fear of
failure, uncertainty, indecision, or simply a lack of initiative. Inaction may lead to stagnation,
missed opportunities, and, at times, more significant negative consequences than acting
incorrectly.

Bridge paragraph:

This essay explores the relative costs of action and inaction across various spheres- Personal,
Societal, Political, economical, geopolitical, etc. - arguing that in many cases, the fear of mistakes
leads to paralysis inaction, which can be more costly than taking imperfect steps forward.

Arguments:

1. The Case for Taking Action (Even if Wrong):

➔ Growth Through Failure:

◆ Mistakes often lead to learning and growth. Many successful people or
organisations have failed before succeeding (e.g.,).
◆ Action, even if wrong, offers a chance to reassess and pivot toward the correct
approach. Inaction, however, halts progress and innovation.
➔ Preventing Opportunity Cost:
 ◆ The cost of missed opportunities often outweighs the consequences of making
mistakes. Inaction leads to stagnation, while action, even if flawed, creates
possibilities.
◆ Example: Economic policies—nations that hesitate to implement reform out of
fear of short-term failures risk long-term stagnation, while bold reforms (even if
initially flawed) can stimulate growth and development (e.g., India’s economic reforms
in 1991).
➔ Crisis Management and Leadership:
◆ In times of crisis, leaders must act swiftly. Wrong decisions can be corrected, but
indecision leads to more significant losses.
◆ Indecision by Bangladesh govt. Led by Sheikh Hasina to act upon demands of
students led to large scale riots and change of regime
➔ Moral Responsibility and Justice:
◆ Ethically, standing by in the face of wrong is often worse than taking a wrong action
in an effort to fix a situation. Edmund Burke's quote fits here: "The only thing
necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."
◆ Example: Humanitarian intervention—acting to stop genocides or war crimes,
even if imperfectly, is morally superior to doing nothing, which results in more loss
of lives (e.g., Rwanda, Kosovo).

Counter-Arguments:

1. The Cost of Doing Wrong:

➔ Ripple Effects of Wrong Actions:

◆ Wrong decisions, especially at the governance or policy level, can lead to long-term
negative consequences. Sometimes, doing wrong can cause irreversible harm.
◆ Example: Iraq War (2003)—the decision to invade Iraq based on faulty
intelligence not only destabilised the region but also led to widespread loss of life,
resources, and further geopolitical tensions.
➔ Ethical Implications of Wrong Actions:
◆ From an ethical perspective, knowingly taking a wrong action can be more damaging
than inaction. Wrong actions can undermine trust, justice, and fairness.
◆ Example: Corporate Scandals—companies that take wrong actions in pursuit of
profits (e.g., Volkswagen’s emissions scandaL, SATYAM Scandal) not only face legal
penalties but also lose public trust and credibility.
➔ Short-Term Thinking vs Long-Term Consequences:
◆ Wrong actions taken in haste often focus on short-term results without considering
long-term repercussions. For instance, cutting corners on environmental regulations
 might boost profits temporarily but lead to environmental disasters (e.g., Bhopal gas
tragedy).

2. The Case for Inaction:

➔ Calculated Restraint:
◆ Sometimes, doing nothing is the wisest course of action when the full picture isn't
clear, allowing for more information or better judgement. In such cases, inaction may
prevent exacerbating a problem.
◆ Example: Diplomatic Relations - in diplomacy, inaction or patience can be a
powerful tool. The principle of “strategic patience” in international relations is often
necessary to avoid conflict escalation (e.g., Cold War diplomacy by India through
NAM, Strategic restraint adopted by India during the ongoing Russia-Ukraine
conflict).
➔ Moral Integrity:
◆ In cases where action leads to unethical outcomes, inaction can be morally
superior. For instance, choosing not to engage in a corrupt system can preserve
personal integrity, even if the system remains flawed.

Reconciliation and Balanced View:

➔ Judgment and Context Matter:
◆ Whether action or inaction is better depends on the context. In high-stakes
situations like crises, leadership demands action, but in uncertain scenarios,
calculated restraint can prevent hasty mistakes.
◆ The Middle Path: An effective approach may be to act decisively but with a
mindset that allows for course correction. Action should be informed and
purposeful, but mistakes should be accepted as part of progress.

Pre-Conclusion:
➔ Summarising the Dilemma:
◆ While the cost of doing wrong may at times be high, the cost of doing
nothing—stagnation, missed opportunities, and moral failure—can be even greater.
However, the key lies in acting with foresight and responsibility, minimising the
potential harm of wrong actions.
➔ Futuristic Outlook:
◆ In an uncertain world, risk-taking and experimentation are often necessary. The
ability to adapt and correct course is vital in any field, be it policy, governance, or
personal decisions. Thus, the fear of making mistakes should not paralyse us into
inaction. Instead, we must learn to act, learn from failures, and strive to do better.
Conclusion:
The road to progress is paved not just with perfect decisions but with the courage to act, even in the
face of uncertainty. This should be the guiding light for today’s civil servants. The actions taken by
our civil servants with the intent for betterment of society may result in some consequences but that
should deter them from acting.

"Inaction breeds doubt and fear. Action breeds confidence and courage." – Dale Carnegie.