Paired vs Unpaired T-Test: Differences, Assumptions and

Hypotheses ANOVA (one-way- two-way)

MOHAMED JABIR

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

MAJLIS ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

An Introduction to t Tests | Definitions
1. A t test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups.
2. It is often used in hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or treatment
actually has an effect on the population of interest, or whether two groups are
different from one another.
t test example
1. You want to know whether the mean petal length of iris flowers differs according to
their species. You find two different species of irises growing in a garden and
measure 25 petals of each species. You can test the difference between these two
groups using a t test and null and alterative hypotheses.
2. The null hypothesis (H0) is that the true difference between these group means
is zero.
3. The alternate hypothesis (Ha) is that the true difference is different from zero.
T-Test
1. Two-sample t-tests are statistical tests used to compare the means of two
populations.
2. Also known as Student’s t-tests, their results are used to determine if there
is a significant difference between the mean of two samples that is unlikely
to be due to sampling error or random chance.
3. Student’s t-tests are further broken down into two categories: paired t-tests
and unpaired t-tests.
4. These statistical tests are commonly used in research in the fields of biology,
business, and psychology.
 What is a paired t-test?
1. A paired t-test (also known as a dependent or correlated t-test) is a statistical test that
compares the averages/means and standard deviations of two related groups to determine
if there is a significant difference between the two groups.

2. A significant difference occurs when the differences between groups are unlikely to be due
to sampling error or chance.

3. The groups can be related by being the same group of people, the same item, or being
subjected to the same conditions.

4. Paired t-tests are considered more powerful than unpaired t-tests because using the same
participants or item eliminates variation between the samples that could be caused by
anything other than what’s being tested.
What are the hypotheses of a paired t-test?
• There are two possible hypotheses in a paired t-test.
1. The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no significant
difference between the means of the two groups.
2. The alternative hypothesis (H1) states that there is a
significant difference between the two population means, and
that this difference is unlikely to be caused by sampling error or
chance.
 When to use a paired t-test?
Paired t-tests are used when the same item or group is tested twice,
which is known as a repeated measures t-test.
Some examples of instances for which a paired t-test is appropriate
include:
1. The before and after effect of a pharmaceutical treatment on the
same group of people.
2. Body temperature using two different thermometers on the same
group of participants.
3. Standardized test results of a group of students before and after a
study prep course.
 What is an unpaired t-test?
• An unpaired t-test (also known as an independent t-test) is a
statistical procedure that compares the averages/means of two
independent or unrelated groups to determine if there is a significant
difference between the two.
• What are the hypotheses of an unpaired t-test?
1. The hypotheses of an unpaired t-test are the same as those for a
paired t-test. The two hypotheses are:
2. The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no significant
difference between the means of the two groups.
3. The alternative hypothesis (H1) states that there is a significant
difference between the two population means, and that this
difference is unlikely to be caused by sampling error or chance.
 When to use an unpaired t-test?
• Unpaired t-test is used to compare the mean between two independent groups. You
use an unpaired t-test when you are comparing two separate groups with equal
variance.
• Examples of appropriate instances during which to use an unpaired t-test:
1. Research, such as a pharmaceutical study or other treatment plan, where ½ of the
subjects are assigned to the treatment group and ½ of the subjects are randomly
assigned to the control group.
2. Research during which there are two independent groups, such as women and men,
that examines whether the average bone density is significantly different between
the two groups.
3. Comparing the average commuting distance traveled by New York City and San
Francisco residents using 1,000 randomly selected participants from each city.
Paired vs unpaired t-test table
 Excel Data Analysis Tool: We can use Excel’s t-Test:
Paired Two Sample for Means data analysis tool.
• Real Statistics Data Analysis Tool: We can also use the T Test and Non-
parametric Equivalents data analysis tool in the Real Statistics Resource
Pack to get the same result.
• To use this tool press Ctrl-m and select T Tests and Non-parametric
Equivalents from the menu (or from the Misc tab if using the Multipage
interface). A dialog box will appear (as in Figure 1 of t Test Analysis Tool).
Enter B3:C18 in the Input Range 1 field (or B3:B18 in Input Range 1 and
C3:C18 in Input Range 2) and choose the Column headings included with
the data, Paired Samples, and T Test options. When you press the OK
button, the output shown in Figure 5 is displayed.
Real Statistics data analysis for paired samples
=AVERAGE(B25:B39), but since there is missing data the following formula is used
instead:
=SUMPRODUCT(ISNUMBER(B25:B39)*ISNUMBER(C25:C39),B25:B39)/G27
 How to do Two-Way ANOVA in Excel
• Use two-way ANOVA to assess differences between the group means that are defined by
two categorical factors. In this post, we’ll work through two-way ANOVA using Excel.
Even if Excel isn’t your main statistical package, Excel refers to this analysis as two
factor ANOVA.
• Two-way ANOVA is a hypothesis test that allows you to compare group means. Like all
hypothesis tests, two-way ANOVA uses sample data to infer the properties of an entire
population.
• Before proceeding, ensure that Excel’s Data Analysis ToolPak is installed for Excel.
Click Data in Excel’s menu along the top and look for Data Analysis in the Analyze
section.
• Choose Two Factor ANOVA in Excel
• To perform two-way ANOVA in Excel, choose one of the two factor ANOVA
options, as shown below. You can choose analyses for designs that either have
replications or do not have replications.
In Excel, do the following steps:
1.Click Data Analysis on the Data tab.
2.From the Data Analysis popup, choose Anova: Two-Factor With
Replication.
3.Under Input, select the ranges for all columns of data.
4.In Rows per sample, enter 20. This represents the number of
observations per group.
5.Exceluses a default Alpha value of 0.05, which is usually a good
value. Alpha is the significance level. Change this value only when
you have a specific reason for doing so.
6.Click OK.
 REFERENCES
• https://www.technologynetworks.com/informatics/articles/paired-vs-unpaired-t-test-differences-assumptions-and-hypotheses-330826

• https://real-statistics.com/students-t-distribution/paired-sample-t-test/

• https://statisticsbyjim.com/anova/two-way-anova-excel/