Steel Structure (1)

Part (2)
Loads

|Page1
 Loads on Trusses

joint ‫ فاننا نحتاج الى حساب االحمال المؤثرة على كل‬Truss ‫ عبارة عن‬main system ‫• حيث أن الــــ‬
‫( كما بالشكل‬a x s) ‫ من مساحه ابعادها هى‬Loads ‫ تتحمل‬joint ‫ كل‬truss ‫فى الـ‬

• Types of loads
1) Dead load
2) Live load
3) Wind load
• How the load can be transmitted to the foundation? (Load path) ‫هام‬
‫الصاج‬ purlin Main system columns Foundation
s s
|Page1
 1- Dead Loads

a kg
PD.L = ( Ws × a × S ) + ( Wc x S x )=⋯ = ⋯ 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Cos α 1000

Data:

a – O.W of corrugated Sheets ( Wc ) ‫عباره عن وزن الصاج‬

• Single Layer = ( 5- 8 ) Kg/m2
• Double Layers (Sandwich panel) = (10- 15 ) Kg/m2

b- O.W of Steel structure ( WS )

WS = ( 20-45) Kg/m2
S =( 5 – 8 ) m Trusse ‫المسافة بين الـ‬
a = (1.5 – 2.5 ) m purlins‫المسافة بين الـ‬
α = tan−1 )‫(ميل‬ truss ‫زاوية ميل الـ‬

Truss ‫ على الـ‬Dead load ‫شكل توزيع أحمال‬

|Page2
 ‫‪2- Live Loads‬‬

‫‪kg‬‬
‫⋯ = ) ‪P L.L = (W L.L x S x a‬‬ ‫‪= ⋯ ton‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬

‫• تعتمد األحمال الحية على نوع السطح‬

‫‪a – For Flexible inaccessible roof‬‬ ‫سطح مرن ال يمكن الوصول الية (غير مستخدم)‬
‫‪WL. L = 60 – 66.67 Tan α‬‬ ‫‪≥ 20 Kg/m2‬‬
‫‪b – For Rigid inaccessible roof‬‬ ‫سطح صلب ال يمكن الوصول الية (غير مستخدم)‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫– ‪WL. L = 100‬‬ ‫‪Tan α‬‬ ‫‪≥ 50 Kg/m2‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬

‫‪C – For Rigid accessible roof‬‬ ‫سطح يمكن الوصول اليه بساللم‬
‫‪WL. L = 200 – 250 Tan α‬‬ ‫‪≥ 50 Kg/m2‬‬

‫وهذه المعادالت في الكود عباره عن ‪Curve‬‬

‫شكل توزيع أحمال ‪ Live load‬على الـ ‪Truss‬‬

‫‪|Page3‬‬
 ‫‪3- Wind Loads‬‬

‫‪W= C × K × q = ……. / 1000 = …… ton‬‬

‫‪Where:‬‬

‫‪C:‬‬ ‫( معامل توزيع ضغط أو سحب الرياح على األسطح الخارجية للمبنى ( يعتمد على شكل السطح )‬

‫‪Wind Left‬‬

‫‪|Page4‬‬
‫‪K:‬‬ ‫معامل التعرض ويعتمد على ارتفاع المبنى‬

‫‪|Page5‬‬
q: is the Basic wind pressure depend on the region ‫ضغط الرياح األساسى ويعتمد على مكان المنشأ‬

Truss ‫ على الـ‬Wind load ‫شكل توزيع أحمال‬

• For H < 10 m

Wind Left

H < 10.0 m

• W1 = C1 × k × q × S = ………… / 1000 t/m

• W2 = C2 × k × q × S = ………… / 1000 t/m

𝐚
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = ………. /1000 ton
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂

𝐚
• Pw4= C4 × k × q × S × = ……. /1000 ton
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂

|Page6
 Wind Right

• For H > 10 m

Wind Left

H > 10.0 m

• W1 = C 1 × k × q × S= ………… t/m k= 1.0

• W1/ = C 1 × k × q × S = ………… t/m k= 1.15

• W2 = C 2 × k × q × S = ……… t/m k = 1.0

• W2/ = C 2 × k × q × S = …….. t/m k = 1.15

𝐚
• P3= C3 × k × q × S × = ….... ton k = 1.15
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂

𝐚
• P 2= C 4 × k × q × S × = …… ton k = 1.15
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂

|Page7
 Wind Right

• For H = 10 m

H = 10.0 m

• W1 = C1 × k × q × S = ………… / 1000 t/m K = 1.0

• W2 = C2 × k × q × S = ………… / 1000 t/m k = 1.0

𝐚
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = ………. /1000 ton k = 1.15
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂

𝐚
• Pw4= C4 × k × q × S × = ……./1000 ton k = 1.15
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂

|Page8
Example (1)
The following Figure shows the elevation of a refrigerator building in Cairo. It is
required to calculate loads acting on the main structural system.
Consider the following assumptions:
• Spacing between trusses = 6.0 m.
• Roof & wall cladding (single layer) = 8.0 kg/m2
• Weight of steel structure = 20 kg/m2.

Solution

1) Dead Load
1
α = tan -1 ) ( = 5.71°
10

• For single layer Wc = 8.0 kg/m2

• Ws = 20 Kg/m2 ‫معطى‬

a
P D.L = ( Ws × a × S ) + ( Wc x S x )=
Cos α
2
= ( 20 × 2 × 6 ) + ( 8 x 6 x ) = 336.5Kg = 0.336 ton
Cos 5.71

|Page9
2) Live Load
Assume Flexible inaccessible roof
WL. L = 60 – 66.667 Tan α = 60 -66.67 × Tan 5.71° = 53.33 kg /m2

P L.L = ( W L.L × S × 𝑎 ) =

= ( 53.33 x 6 x 2 ) = 639.96 kg = 0.64 𝑡𝑜𝑛

3) Wind Load
• For building in Cairo ∴ 𝑞 = 68 𝐾𝑔/𝑚2

∵ H < 10 m
For left direction

| P a g e 10
• W1 = C1 × k × q × S = (0.8 × 1 × 68 × 6 ) / 1000 = 0.326 t/m

• W2 = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 68 × 6 ) /1000 = -0.204 t/m

a 2
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = ( -0.8 × 1 × 68 × 6 × ) /1000 = - 0.655 t
cosα cos 5.71

a 2
• Pw4 = C4 × k × q × S × = (-0.5 × 1 × 68 × 6 × ) /1000 = - 0. 41 t
cosα cos 5.71

For right direction

C ‫ متماثلة يتم فقط عكس قيم الـ‬Wind right & Wind left ‫∵ الشكل متماثل فيكون قيم كل من الـ‬

• W1 = C1 × k × q × S = (0.8 × 1 × 68 × 6 ) / 1000 = 0.326 t/m

• W2 = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 68 × 6 ) /1000 = -0.204 t/m

a 2
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = ( -0.8 × 1 × 68 × 6 × ) /1000 = - 0.655 t
cosα cos 5.71

a 2
• Pw4 = C4 × k × q × S × = (-0.5 × 1 × 68 × 6 × ) /1000 = - 0. 41 t
cosα cos 5.71

| P a g e 11
Example (2)
Fig. (2) shows part of W-truss has roof slope 1:10. The spacing between the truss is S= 6.5m.
It is required to:
• Calculate dead, Live and Wind loads act on Joint J

Solution :
1. Dead Load
1
α = tan -1) ( = 5.71°
10
Assume single layer Wc = 8.0 kg/m2
Assume Ws = 30 kg/m2

a 3
P D.L = ( Ws × a × S ) + (Wc x S x Cos α ) = ( 30 × 3 × 6.5 ) + (8 x 6.5 x ) 643.8Kg = 0.64 ton
Cos 5.71

2. Live Load
Assume Flexible inaccessible roof WL. L = 60 – 66.667 Tan α = 60 -66.67 tan 5.71° = 53.33 kg /m2
3.0 m
1.04 t
P L.L = (W L.L × S × 𝑎 ) = ( 53.33 x 6.5 x 3 ) = 1039.9 kg = 1.04 𝑡𝑜𝑛
0.64 t
3. Wind Load
Wind Load (left)
a
Pw3 = C3 x k x q x S x
cosα
3
= ( -0.8 x 1 x 70 x 6.5 x ) /1000 = -1.097 t
cos 5.71
-1.097t
Wind Load (Right)

a
Pw4 = C4 x k x q x S x
cosα
3
-0.685 t
= ( -0.5 x 1 x 70 x 6.5 x ) /1000 = -0.685 t
cos 5.71

| P a g e 12
Example (3)
The following figure shows the elevation of a refrigerator building in Cairo. It is
required to calculate loads acting on the main structural system.
Consider the following assumptions:
• Spacing between trusses = 7.0 m.
• Roof & wall cladding (sandwich panel)
• use rigid inaccessible roof

Solution
1. Dead Load
1
α = tan -1) ( = 5.71°
10

a = 1.5 m
For sandwich panel assume Wc = 15.0 kg/m2
Assume Ws = 30 kg/m2

a
P D.L = (WC × S × ) + ( Ws × 𝑎 × 𝑆 ) =
Cos α

1.5
= (15 × 7 × ) + ( 30 × 1.5 × 7) = 473.29 𝑘𝑔 = 0.473 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Cos 5.71

2. Live load
For rigid inaccessible roof
50 50
WL. L = 100 - Tan α = 2100 - ×Tan 5.71 = 91.67 kg /m2
0.6 0.6
P L.L = (W L.L × S × 𝑎 ) =
= (91.67 × 7 × 1.5 ) = 962.535 kg = 0.96 𝑡𝑜𝑛
| P a g e 13
3. Wind Load

• For building in Cairo ∴ 𝑞 = 68 𝐾𝑔/𝑚2

H > 10 m

• W1 = C1 × k × q × S = (0.8 × 1 × 68 × 7) / 1000 = 0.38 t/m

• W1/ = C1 × k × q × S = (0.8 × 1.15 × 68 × 7) / 1000 = 0.438 t/m
• W2 = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 68 × 7) /1000 = -0.238 t/m
• W2/ = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1.15 × 68 × 7) /1000 = -0.274 ton
a 1.5
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = (-0.8 × 1.15 × 68 × 7× ) /1000 = - 0.659 ton
cosα cos 5.71
a 1.5
• Pw4 = C4 × k × q × S × = (-0.5 × 1.15 × 68 ×7 × ) /1000 = - 0.41 ton
cosα cos 5.71

• For right direction the same as Left direction

| P a g e 14
Example (4)
The following figure shows the elevation of a refrigerator building in Por said. It is
required to calculate loads acting on the main structural system.
Consider the following assumptions:
• Spacing between trusses = 6.0 m.
• Roof & wall cladding = 6.0 kg/m2
• use accessible roof

Solution
1) Dead Load
α = tan -1)zero( = 0
Wc = 6.0 kg/m2
Assume Ws = 20 Kg/m2
a = 2.0 m

a
P D.L = (WC × S × ) + ( Ws × a × S ) =
Cos α

2
= (6 × 6 × ) + ( 20 × 2 × 6 ) = 0.312 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Cos 0

2) Live Load

For accessible roof

WL. L = 200 – 250 Tan α =200 - 250 × Tan 0 = 200 kg /m2
P L.L = (W L.L × S × 𝑎 ) = (200 × 6 ×2 ) = 2.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛

| P a g e 15
3) Wind Load

• For building in porsaid ∴ 𝑞 = 81 𝐾𝑔/𝑚2

∵ H < 10 m
For left direction

• w1 = C1 × k × q × S = ( 0.8 × 1 × 70 × 6 ) / 1000 = 0.336 t/m

• w2 = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 70 ×6 ) /1000 = -0.21 t/m
a 2
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = (-0.8 × 1 × 70 ×6 × ) /1000 = - 0.672 ton
cosα cos 0

For right direction

| P a g e 16
Example (5)
The following figure shows the elevation of a refrigerator building in Cairo. It is
required to calculate loads acting on the main structural system.
Consider the following assumptions:
• Spacing between trusses = 6.0 m.
• Single layer
• use inaccessible roof

Solution
1) Dead Load
1
α = tan-1 ) ( = 5.31°
10
For Single layer assume Wc = 8.0 kg/m2
Assume Ws = 30.0 Kg/m2
a
P D.L = ( WC × S × ) + ( 𝑊𝑠 × 𝑎 × 𝑆 ) =
Cos α
2
=(8×6× ) + (30 × 2.0 × 6 ) = 456.47 𝑘𝑔 = 0.456 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Cos 5.71

2) Live Load

For inaccessible roof

WL. L = 60 – 66.667 Tan α = 60 -66.67 × Tan 5.71° = 53.33 kg /m2
P L.L = (W L.L × S × 𝑎 ) = ( 53.33 × 6 × 2 ) = 639.96 kg = 0.64 𝑡𝑜𝑛

| P a g e 17
3) Wind Load
∵H < 10 m
For left direction
𝒚
2.0 m
𝒉−
4.0 m

𝑦
Tanα = 4
1 𝑦
=
10 4

∴ y = 0.4
∴ ℎ− = ℎ − 0.4
= 1.6 𝑚

• W1 = C1 × k × q × S = ( 0.8 × 1 × 70 × 6 ) / 1000 = 0.336 t/m

• W2 = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 70 ×6 ) /1000 = -0.21 t/m
ℎ/ 1.6
• Pw2/ = C2 × k × q × S × = ( -0.5 × 1 × 70 × 6 × ) /1000 = - 0.168 t
2 2
a 2
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = ( -0.8 × 1 × 70 ×6 × ) /1000 = - 0.675 t
cosα cos 5.71
a 2
• Pw4 = C4 × k × q × S × = (-0.5 × 1 × 70 ×6 × ) /1000 = - 0.422 t
cosα cos 5.71

For right direction

• W1 = C1 × k × q × S = ( 0.8 × 1 × 70 × 6 ) / 1000 = 0.336 t/m

ℎ/ 1.6
• Pw1/ = C2 × k × q × S × = ( -0.8 × 1 × 70 ×6 × ) /1000 = -0.268 t
2 2

• W2 = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 70 ×6 ) /1000 = -0.21 t/m

a 2
• Pw3 = C3 × k × q × S × = ( -0.8 × 1 × 70 ×6 × ) /1000 = - 0.675 t
cosα cos 5.71
a 2
• Pw4 = C4 × k × q × S × = (-0.5 × 1 × 70 ×6 × ) /1000 = - 0. 422 t
cosα cos 5.71
| P a g e 18
Example (6)
It is required to calculate Dead, Live and wind (left and Right) loads acting
on the frame, knowing that the spacing between frames = 6.0 m. Use
inaccessible single layer sheet, o.w of steel = 24.0 Kg/m2 .
q = 70 kg/m2

Solution
1) Dead Load

1
α = tan-1 ) ( = 5.31°
10
For Single layer assume Wc = 8.0 kg/m2
Ws = 24.0 Kg/m2

1
W D.L = ( WC × S × ) + ( 𝑊𝑠 × 𝑆 ) =
Cos α
1
=(8×6× ) + (24 × 6 ) = 192 𝑘𝑔 = 0.192 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚
Cos 5.71

| P a g e 19
2) Live Load

For inaccessible roof

WL. L = 60 – 66.667 Tan α = 60 -66.67 × Tan 5.71° = 53.33 kg /m2

P L.L = (W L.L × S ) = ( 53.33 × 6 ) = 319.998 kg = 0.32 𝑡𝑜𝑛

3) Wind Load

∵ H < 10 m
For left direction for right direction

• w1 = C1 × k × q × S = (0.8 × 1 × 70 ×6) / 1000 = 0.34 t/m

• w2 = C2 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 70 ×6) /1000 = -0.21 t/m
• W3 = C3 × k × q × S = (-0.8 × 1 × 70 ×6) /1000 = - 0.34 t /m
• W4 = C4 × k × q × S = (-0.5 × 1 × 70 ×6) /1000 = - 0.20 t /m
| P a g e 20
‫) ‪Calculate Design force ( Fd‬‬

‫بعد حساب االحمال الخارجية ‪Dead Load & Live load & Wind load‬‬ ‫•‬

‫يتم حل المنشأ ‪ Truss‬لحساب القوى الداخلية لكل عنصر من عناصر الـ ‪Truss‬‬

‫‪Notes‬‬

‫‪ Case (1) A‬هي االحمال األساسية فقط ‪D.L &L.L‬‬ ‫‪)1‬‬

‫‪ Case ( 2) B‬هي االحمال األساسية والثانوية ‪L.L& D.L & W.L‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬

‫‪| P a g e 21‬‬
 ‫كيفيه حل الجدول‬

‫اذا اتفقت جميع عناصر الـ ‪ member‬في اإلشارة (سالب أو موجب)‬

‫✓ االكبربغض النظرعناالشارة‬

‫𝐿𝑊‪⌈(𝐷+𝐿+‬‬ ‫𝑅𝑊‪& 𝐷+𝐿+‬‬ ‫𝐿𝑊‪& 𝐷+‬‬ ‫) 𝑅𝑊‪& 𝐷+‬‬

‫𝑒𝑠𝑎𝐶‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫𝐵‬ ‫……‬ ‫‪≥ 1.2‬‬ ‫𝐵 𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑐‬
‫= ‪Fd‬‬ ‫𝑒𝑠𝑎𝐶‬ ‫{ ⋯=‬
‫𝐴 ‪.‬‬ ‫……‬ ‫‪< 1.2‬‬ ‫𝐴 𝑒𝑠𝑎𝐶‬
‫)‪⌊D+L‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫اذا اختلفت عناصر الـ ‪ member‬في اإلشارة يتم حساب ‪Fd1& Fd2‬‬

‫𝑳𝑾 ‪𝑫 +‬‬
‫✓ نأخذ اللى عكس إشارة الـ ‪D.L‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫✓ لو االثنين نفس االشارة نأخذ االكبر بغض النظر عن االشارة‬
‫= 𝟏𝒅𝑭‬ ‫𝑹𝑶‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫𝑹𝑾 ‪{𝑫 +‬‬

‫✓ االكبربغض النظرعن االشارة‬

‫‪⌈(D+L+WL‬‬ ‫) 𝑅𝑊‪& 𝐷+𝐿+‬‬

‫𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐂‬
‫𝐁 ‪.‬‬ ‫……‬ ‫𝟐 ‪≥ 𝟏.‬‬ ‫𝑩 𝒆𝒔𝒂𝒄‬
‫= 𝟐𝒅𝑭‪F‬‬ ‫𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐂‬ ‫{ …⋯ =‬
‫𝐀 ‪.‬‬ ‫……‬ ‫‪< 1.2‬‬ ‫𝐴 𝑒𝑠𝑎𝐶‬
‫) 𝐋‪⌊ 𝐃+‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪| P a g e 22‬‬
Question (1) :

Member D.L L.L W.L (L) W.L (R) Design Value Case of loading

L1 5 3 -1 1
L2 3 3 -2 0.5
L3 4 4 -2 0.5
L4 3 2 -4 -5
U1 -4 -2 -6 2
U2 -3 -2 -2 6
U3 -3 -5 2 -1
U4 -5 -2 3 4
V1 0 0 1 -2
V2 0 0 2 2
V3 2 3 0 0
V4 0 0 0 0

Solution

Case A Case B
W.L
Member D.L L.L W.L (R) FD
(L) Case
D+L D+L+WL D+L+Wr D+WL D+WR

L1 5 3 -1 1 8 7 9 4 6 8 A
L2 3 3 -2 0.5 6 4 6.5 2 3.5 8 A
L3 4 4 -2 0.5 8 6 8.5 2 4.5 6 A
-2 B
L4 3 2 -4 -5 5 1 0 -1 -2
5 A
U1 -4 -2 -6 2 -6 -12 -4 -10 -2 -12 B
3 B
U2 -3 -2 -2 6 -5 -7 1 -5 3
-7 B
U3 -3 -5 2 -1 -8 -6 -9 -1 -4 -8 A
U4 -5 -2 3 4 -7 -4 -3 -2 -1 -7 A
1 B
V1 0 0 1 -2 0 1 -2 1 -2
-2 B
V2 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 B
V3 2 3 0 0 5 5 5 2 2 5 A
L1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A

| P a g e 23