Steel Structure - 2

Course Code : NSTE19

(2) ‫ﻣﻧﺷﺂت ﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ‬
Lecture-1
Ahmed Hussain Ali Abdelrahman, PhD

Lecturer – Structural Engineering Department – Mansoura University - Egypt

Former Visiting Scholar – Johns Hopkins University – USA
Steel Structures

2. Tall buildings 3. Bridges 4. Tanks

1. Halls and Hangers

5. Latticed structures

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Steel Structures

An office building from Mumbai, India

The tornado tower at West Bay , Doha Norman Foster’s Hearst Tower, NY

Forth Railway Bridge In Scotland

Blues Point Reserve, Sydney, Australia

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 Design Flowchart
1. Layout and statical system.

2. Loads – (OW +DL + LL + WL + EQ + Fire + Dynamic).

3. Analysis – different types of analysis.

4. Design – different design provisions (Codes).

5. Detailing.

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Design Flowchart
1. Layout and statical system.

2. Loads – (OW +DL + LL + WL + EQ + Fire + Dynamic).

3. Analysis – different types of analysis.

4. Design – different design provisions (Codes).

5. Detailing.

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

General Layout
Statical System

A B

Short Span
Beams
Industrial Building

Trusses
C D
Long Span
Framed Truss Fames

Beams  Short span < 16.0 m

Frame  Short span (16 – 25 m)
Trusses  Short span > 25 m

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 General Layout
Selection of Type and Layout of structure A B

Short Span (B)

Layout is a set of drawings show: Industrial Building
Height (H)
1. Dimensions (L, B, and H).
C D
2. Components (Main system, Bracing, etc.) Long Span (L)

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 General Layout
Selection of Type and Layout of structure
Horizontal bracing
Slope)
1. Main system  Frame (Spacing "S") Purlins
S≈ 4−8 m Main system
Spacing (a) (Rafter)
2. Purlins (Spacing "a")
a ≈ 1.5 − 3.0 m
Vertical bracing
3. Bracing system Main system
(Column)
• Horizontal bracing
• Vertical bracing
Main system
4. End gable (end columns & end girts) (Base)

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 General Layout
Selection of Type and Layout of structure End gable carries the walls, windows, and doors at the end sections of
the building
Cladding
1. Main system  Frame (Spacing "S")
𝑆𝑆 ≈ 4 − 8 𝑚𝑚

2. Purlins (Spacing "a")

𝑎𝑎 ≈ 1.5 − 2.5 𝑚𝑚
End columns
3. Bracing system Spacing is commonly
between (4.0-8.0 m)
• Horizontal bracing
• Vertical bracing Side Purlins
End girts
4. End gable (columns & end girts) Vertical spacing is
between (1.5-3.0 m)

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 General Layout
Selection of Type and Layout of structure End gable carries the walls, windows, and doors at the end sections of
the building

(a)

Slide door
Brick wall walls

(S)

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 General Layout
Selection of Type and Layout of structure

1. Main system  Truss (Spacing "S")

𝑆𝑆 ≈ 4 − 6 𝑚𝑚

2. Purlins (Spacing "a") Bracing beams

𝑎𝑎 ≈ 1.5 − 2.5 𝑚𝑚
Bracing members
3. Bracing system
• Horizontal bracing • Inclination angle of bracing members ≈ 350 − 55𝑜𝑜
• The bracing system is placed at both end panels and every 25 → 35 𝑚𝑚.
• Vertical bracing
• Bracing beams between columns should be placed at:
4. End gable (columns & end girts) 1. End of columns
2. Crane level if any.

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 General Layout
Example (Sheet):
A steel skeleton of an industrial Building is to design to cover the area ABCD as shown in Fig. (1).
Sides and Ends of the Building are Closed.
• Draw a complete Layout (Plan , elevation and side view) showing all components (the bracing system used, the
end gable , main system, … )
a = 2.0 m & S = 5.0 m & Clear height = 10.0 m
Slope of the Roof = 1:10 (9S x 8a).
A B

16.0 m
Elevation
Industrial Building
Plan 1:100
1:50

C D
End Gable 45.0 m
Side View 1:100
1:50

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

General Layout

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

General Layout

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General Layout

Axes (2-9)

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General Layout

Axe (1) Axe (10)

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General Layout

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Design Flowchart
1. Layout and statical system.

2. Loads – (OW +DL + LL + WL).

3. Analysis – different types of analysis.

4. Design – different design provisions (Codes).

5. Detailing. Egyptian Code of Practice for calculation of

Loads and Forces in Structural and
Masonry Works, (ECP 201-2013).

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Calculation of Loads
Types of loads on a structure:

1-Primary Loads:
Dead load - Live load - Superimposed
load – Dynamic effects – Centrifugal forces.

2-Secondary Load:
Wind load – Earthquake loads – Braking
forces –Lateral chock effect – Changing of
temperature – Frictional resistance of bearing
settlement of support .

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Calculation of Loads
1- Dead Load
• Self weight of steel structure (𝐖𝐖𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 )
Includes weight of steel members (i.e., columns, Rafter, beams, etc.) and their connections.

𝐖𝐖𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 ≈ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 → 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 for normal framed hall

𝐖𝐖𝒄𝒄
• Weight of covering material (Cladding) (𝐖𝐖𝐜𝐜 )
Flexible cover
• Corrugated steel sheet
𝐖𝐖𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
(Single layer 5 → 10 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 ) or (Sandwich panel 20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 )
• Asbestos 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 15 → 25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
• Tiles 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 50 → 75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
• Glass 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 25 → 40 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Rigid cover
• 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 𝛾𝛾 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 • 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 = 15 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 → 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 2.5 ∗ 0.15 = 0.375 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚2

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Calculation of Loads
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆
1- Dead Load Gravity load (vertical)

𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆 (𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′) 𝑤𝑤𝑐𝑐 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆 /cos(𝛼𝛼) (𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′)

𝑆𝑆
Horizontal area Inclined area
𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

𝛼𝛼

𝛼𝛼 = tan−1 (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸: 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 1: 10
𝛼𝛼 = tan−1 1/10 = 5.710

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Calculation of Loads
1- Dead Load 𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑤𝑤𝑐𝑐

𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆 + 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆 /cos(𝛼𝛼)

Load distribution due to Dead Load

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Calculation of Loads
2- Live Load
Live load on the roof depends on:
1. Type of roof (Flexible or Rigid)
Curve (3)
2. Accessibility of the roof (Accessible or inaccessible)

According to ECP
Curve (2)

0.6 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Curve (1) 𝑊𝑊𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 20 + 40
0.6 Curve (1) 20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
0.6 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Curve (2) 𝑊𝑊𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 50 + 50
0.6
0.6 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Curve (3) 𝑊𝑊𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 50 + 150
0.6

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Calculation of Loads
2- Live Load 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑊𝑊𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝑆

Load distribution due to Live Load

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬
‫ﺣﻣل اﻟرﯾﺎح ﯾؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄ وﯾﻛون ﻋﻣودي ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪pressure‬‬ ‫‪Building‬‬ ‫‪Suction‬‬

‫‪The external pressure or suction of wind force is calculated using the following equation:‬‬

‫𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ أو ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶 = 𝑒𝑒𝑃𝑃‬ ‫𝐾𝐾‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض وﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬
‫𝑞𝑞‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬م‪2‬‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻲ وﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮد‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﺣﺳﺎب ﺿﻐط اﻟرﯾﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻛود ‪ q‬ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫) ‪𝑞𝑞 = 0.5𝑥𝑥10−3 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 (kN/m2‬‬

‫) ‪𝑞𝑞 = 0.05 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 (kg/m2‬‬
‫𝝆𝝆‬ ‫ﻛﺟم‪/‬م‪3‬‬ ‫ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﮭواء وﺗؤﺧذ ‪1.25‬‬
‫𝑡𝑡𝐶𝐶‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣل طﺑوﻏراﻓﯾﺔ اﻷرض وﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮫ ﻋﻠﻲ طﺑوﻏراﻓﯾﺔ ﺳطﺢ اﻷرض اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ وﻗﯾﻣﺗﮫ ﺗﺳﺎوي ‪ 1.0‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷرض اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺔ‬
‫𝑠𝑠𝐶𝐶‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ اﻟذي ﯾﺄﺧذ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر ﺗﺄﺛﯾر أﺣﻣﺎل اﻟرﯾﺎح ﻋﻧد اﻟﺣدوث ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗواﻟﻲ ﻟذروة ﺿﻐط اﻟرﯾﺎح ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اھﺗزاز‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ أﺛﻧﺎء اﻻﺿطراب )‪ (turbulence‬وﺗؤﺧذ ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮫ ﺗﺳﺎوي ‪ 1.0‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻘل ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﺎ ﻋن ‪ 60‬ﻣﺗر‪.‬‬
‫𝑉𝑉‬ ‫ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟرﯾﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ )م‪/‬ث( ﻣن اﻟﺟدول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬
‫ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟرﯾﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ )م‪/‬ث(‪:‬‬
‫ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟرﯾﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ )م‪/‬ث(‬ ‫اﻟﻣـــوﻗــــــــﻊ‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﻣرﺳﻲ ﻣطروح ‪ /‬اﻟﺿﺑﻌﺔ ‪ /‬اﻟزﻋﻔراﻧﺔ‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠوم ‪ /‬رأس ﺳدر ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﯾن اﻟﺳﺧﻧﺔ‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫أﺳوان ‪ /‬أﺳﯾوط ‪ /‬اﻟﻐردﻗﺔ ‪ /‬أﺑو ﺻوﯾر ‪ /‬اﻹﺳﻛﻧدرﯾﺔ ‪ /‬اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻟﺳﺎﺣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎھرة ‪ /‬اﻟداﺧﻠﺔ ‪ /‬ﺳﯾوة ‪ /‬اﻷﻗﺻر‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﯾﺎ ‪ /‬اﻟﻔﯾوم ‪ /‬طﻧطﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣدﯾرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣرﯾر ‪ /‬دﻣﻧﮭور ‪ /‬اﻟﻣﻧﺻورة‬

‫اﻟﻣﻧﺻورة ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝑞𝑞 = 0.05 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 0.05 ∗ 1.25 ∗ 302 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 = 56.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2‬‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬
‫𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ أو ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬ ‫𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ أو ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬ ‫𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ أو ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬

‫‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = 1.3‬‬ ‫‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = +0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3‬‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

 ‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬ ‫𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ أو ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬

‫)‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 (Chart‬‬ ‫‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = −0.5‬‬

‫‪Wind‬‬

‫أﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫)‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 (Chart‬‬ ‫‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = −0.5‬‬ ‫‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = −0.8‬‬ ‫‪𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = −0.5‬‬

‫‪Wind‬‬ ‫‪Wind‬‬

‫أﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻷﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

Calculation of Loads
3- Wind Load 𝐾𝐾 ً ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع وھﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﺘﺰاﯾﺪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬

Region A Region B Region C

Open Exposure Suburban Exposure City center Exposure
Height "m" K ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض‬
0 to 10 1.00 1.00 1.00
10 to 20 1.15 1.00 1.00
20 to 30 1.40 1.00 1.00
30 to 50 1.60 1.05 1.00
50 to 80 1.85 1.30 1.00
80 to 120 2.10 1.50 1.15
120 to 160 2.30 1.70 1.35
160 to 240 2.50 1.85 1.55

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‫‪Calculation of Loads‬‬
‫‪3- Wind Load‬‬ ‫𝐾𝐾‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع وھﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﺘﺰاﯾﺪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎ ً‬
‫ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪.‬‬

‫‪𝑘𝑘2‬‬

‫‪𝑘𝑘1‬‬

‫‪A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg‬‬

Calculation of Loads
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
3- Wind Load
𝑊𝑊3 𝑊𝑊4

𝑊𝑊1 = +0.8 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 𝑞𝑞 ∗ (𝑆𝑆)

𝑊𝑊1 ′ 𝑊𝑊2 ′
𝑊𝑊1′ = [+0.8 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞] ∗ (𝑆𝑆) (10.00)

𝑊𝑊2 = [−0.5 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 𝑞𝑞] ∗ (𝑆𝑆) 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′

𝑊𝑊2 ′ = [−0.5 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞] ∗ (𝑆𝑆)

𝑊𝑊1
𝑊𝑊2
𝑊𝑊3 = −0.8 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞 ∗ (𝑆𝑆)
𝑊𝑊4 = −0.5 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞 ∗ (𝑆𝑆)
Load distribution due to wind load left

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Loads
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
3- Wind Load
𝑊𝑊4 𝑊𝑊3

𝑊𝑊1 = +0.8 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 𝑞𝑞 ∗ (𝑆𝑆)

𝑊𝑊2 ′ 𝑊𝑊1 ′
𝑊𝑊1′ = [+0.8 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞] ∗ (𝑆𝑆) (10.00)

𝑊𝑊2 = [−0.5 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 𝑞𝑞] ∗ (𝑆𝑆) 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′

𝑊𝑊2 ′ = [−0.5 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞] ∗ (𝑆𝑆)

𝑊𝑊2
𝑊𝑊1
𝑊𝑊3 = −0.8 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞 ∗ (𝑆𝑆)
𝑊𝑊4 = −0.5 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 𝑞𝑞 ∗ (𝑆𝑆)
Load distribution due to wind load right

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Calculation of Loads
Example
Draw the load distributions acting on the truss due to dead load, live load, wind load, and crane load?
Spacing "S" = 5.0 m

Solution:
𝟏𝟏 − 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
Wst = 30 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
Wc = 15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 Corrugated steel sheet
2−𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 30 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
WLL = 53.33 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 Inaccessible Flexible
3−𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
q = 56.25 kg/m2 Mansoura 10𝑥𝑥2.0 = 20.0 𝑚𝑚

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Calculation of Loads
Example
Draw the load distributions acting on the truss due to dead load, live load, wind load, and crane load?
Spacing "S" = 5.0 m

Solution:
𝟏𝟏 − 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 30 5.0 + 15 5.0 /cos(5.710 ) = 0.225 t/m′
𝟐𝟐 − 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 53.33 5.0 = 0.267 t/m′ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 30 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

10𝑥𝑥2.0 = 20.0 𝑚𝑚

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Calculation of Loads
Load distributions

𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0.225 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′ 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.267 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚𝑚

Load distribution due to Dead Load Load distribution due to Live Load

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Calculation of Loads
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑊𝑊3 𝑊𝑊4
3−𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍

𝑊𝑊1 = +0.8 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 56.25 ∗ 5.0 = 0.225 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′

𝑊𝑊2 = −0.5 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 56.25 ∗ 5.0 = 0.14 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′

𝑊𝑊3 = −0.8 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 56.25 ∗ 5.0 = 0.259 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′

𝑊𝑊4 = −0.5 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 56.25 ∗ 5.0 = 0.162 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′ 𝑊𝑊1 𝑊𝑊2

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Calculation of Loads
Load distributions
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

0.259 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′ 0.162 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′ 0.162 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′ 0.259 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚𝑚

0.225 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′
0.225 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′

0.14 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚𝑚

0.14 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚′
Load distribution due to wind load left Load distribution due to wind load right

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Design Flowchart
1. Layout and statical system.

2. Loads – (OW +DL + LL + WL).

3. Analysis + Design values.

4. Design – different design provisions (Codes).

5. Detailing.

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Design Values
Nominal loads • 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 & 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 & 𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

• D (Dead load)

• L (Live load)

• Lr (Roof live load)

• W (Wind load)

• V (Vertical live load due to crane)

• H (Lateral chock of crane)

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Design Values
Nominal loads • 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 & 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 & 𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

• D (Dead load)

• L (Live load)

• Lr (Roof live load)

• W (Wind load)

• V (Vertical live load due to crane)

• H (Lateral chock of crane)

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Design Values
How to get the maximum design value and its sign ???
• Determine the critical load case (I) or (II):
1- Case I: Combinations for primary loads only (D, Lr , and V). For Case I: 𝚺𝚺𝐅𝐅𝐢𝐢 ≤ 𝐑𝐑 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚

2- Case II: Case I + Combinations for secondary loads (W and H). For Case II: 𝚺𝚺𝐅𝐅𝐢𝐢 ≤ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝐑𝐑 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚

• Determine the sign for the design value:

1. Assume that the sign of the design force is similar to that induced from D or L loads.
2. Based on the other load cases and the resulted load combinations, such a sign may alter or remain as
our assumption.
3. For Normal force only, if we have both signs (i.e., + and -) for the same section, we need to check
the safety of that section under both tensile and compressive stresses.

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

Design Values
How to get the maximum design value and its sign ???

• Calculations !!!
1. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐼𝐼 max . = FD + (all primary loads having the same sign of FD ).
2. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐼𝐼 min . = FD + all primary loads having the opposite sign of FD .
3. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 max . = FD + (all loads having the same sign of FD ).
4. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 . = FD + all loads having the opposite sign of FD .
If the sign of min. load = the sign of max. load  should be neglect
• Notes !!!

1. There are noncoincident load cases (e.g., WL & WR or crane left & crane right or 𝐻𝐻𝐿𝐿 & 𝐻𝐻𝑅𝑅 ).
2. There are dependent load cases (e.g., lateral chock of crane which is dependent on the vertical load).

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Design Values
Case(I) max =+1 + 5 + 8 = +14 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Case(I) min = +1 − 5 = −4 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Example: Case(II) max = +1 + 5 + 4 + 8 + 2 = +20 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Find the design values (𝑵𝑵𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 & 𝑴𝑴𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 & 𝑸𝑸𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄) & Case(II) min = +1 − 5 − 5 − 1 = −10 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
(𝑴𝑴𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 & 𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 & 𝑸𝑸𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ) for the following frame section 𝐷𝐷 + 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿 + 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 + 𝐻𝐻
Case (I) Case (II)
Straining

Wind load Crane Left Crane Right

action
Sec

D L max min D.F.

WL WR 𝑉𝑉↓ 𝐻𝐻← 𝐻𝐻→ 𝑉𝑉 ↓ 𝐻𝐻← 𝐻𝐻→ max min max min

N 1 5 4 -5 8 2 -2 -5 1 -1 14 −4 20 −10 20 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 −10𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 20𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

−10𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
-10 12 -3 4 1 1 -1 2 1 -1 1𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
1-1

Q 2 3 2 4 5 3 -3 1 2 -2 15𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = −10 + 12 − 3 + 1 + 1 = +1 𝑡𝑡. 𝑚𝑚

𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 + 3 + 2 + 5 + 3 = +15 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Design Values
Case(I) max =−10 𝑡𝑡. 𝑚𝑚
Case(I) min =−10 + 12 + 2 = 4 𝑡𝑡. 𝑚𝑚
Example: Case(II) max =−10 − 3 = −13 𝑡𝑡. 𝑚𝑚
Find the design values (𝑵𝑵𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 & 𝑴𝑴𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 & 𝑸𝑸𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄) & Case(II) min =−10 + 12 + 4 + 2 + 1 = +9 𝑡𝑡. 𝑚𝑚
(𝑴𝑴𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 & 𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 & 𝑸𝑸𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ) for the following frame section 𝐷𝐷 + 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿
Case (I) Case (II)
Straining

Wind load Crane Left Crane Right

action
Sec

D L max min D.F.

WL WR 𝑉𝑉↓ 𝐻𝐻← 𝐻𝐻→ 𝑉𝑉 ↓ 𝐻𝐻← 𝐻𝐻→ max min max min

M -10 12 -3 4 1 1 -1 2 1 -1 −10 4 −13 9 −13𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 9𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 −13𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

1 5 4 -5 8 2 -2 -5 1 -1 5𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
1-1

Q 2 3 2 4 5 3 -3 1 2 -2 4𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1 + 4 = +5 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 + 2 = +4 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 THANK YOU !
Discussion/Comments?
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A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg