Exp. No. 2: Al-Mustansiriyah University Faculty of Engineering Electrical Eng. Dept

Al-Mustansiriyah Power Electronics Lab.
University 4th year Class

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Eng. Dept.
Exp. No. 2
Triac Light Dimmer
Objective:
1. To study the performance and waveforms of Triac light dimmer with resistive load.
Apparatus required:
Quantity List of Equipments
1 AC Power Supply 220 V
1 Single-phase Auto Transformer 0-220V
1 Diac ( D )
1 Triac
1 Variable resistace
1 110V lamp
1 AC Voltmeter
1 Oscilloscope
- Wires
Theory:
A light dimmer regulates power flow to a resistive load, such as an incandescent

light bulb, in an efficient way by allowing only a portion of the 60Hz current to pass
through. Example current (and voltage) waveforms to a resistive load are shown in
Figure 1 for firing angles α = 30º, 90º, and 150º. Firing angle is controlled by a
potentiometer, RC circuit, and Diac. The variation of load power with α is shown in
Figure 2.
1
Figure 1. Resistive load current (and voltage) waveforms for firing angles
α = 30º, 90º, and 150º.
Figure 2. Normalized power delivered to resistive load versus firing angle.
Two important characteristics of the light dimmer current are that 1. it has zero
average value (i.e., no DC, which minimizes corrosion of power grounds), and 2. it
has half-wave symmetry (i.e., has no even-ordered harmonics).
The light dimmer circuit is designed for use at 120Vrms. However, the experiment is
performed using an isolation transformer and variac set at 90Vrms.
Light dimmer circuit and operation
The light dimmer circuit is shown in Figure 3. During each half-cycle, when the
voltage across the capacitor (either positive or negative) exceeds the breakover voltage
2
of the Diac and “fires” the Triac, current then flows through the load. The RC time
constant of the series 3.3kΩ + 250kΩ linear potentiometer and 0.1μF capacitor
determines the phase delay and magnitude of the sinusoidal capacitor voltage with
respect to the source voltage. Once firing occurs, the voltage across the Triac
collapses, the capacitor voltage goes to nearly zero, and the entire process resets at the
beginning of the next half-cycle. For the circuit to work properly, a small current must
flow through the load before firing occurs, but this current is miniscule with respect to
full load current.
Figure 3. Light dimmer circuit with triac.

The firing pulses are kept 180º apart.
If
Vs =√2 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
1
2 π 2 2 2
Vorms = � � 2𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)�
2π α
3
1
1 sin 2𝛼𝛼 2
Vorms =𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 � �𝜋𝜋 − 𝛼𝛼 + ��
π 2
By varying α from 0 to π , Vorms can be varied from Vs to 0.
Vorms
Iorms =
R
Po =𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 2 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜

1
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 1 sin 2𝛼𝛼 2
The input power factor 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = = = � �𝜋𝜋 − 𝛼𝛼 + ��
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 π 2
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit diagram of Triac light dimmer as shown in Fig (4).
2) Switch on the supply and set the Variac voltage to 90V.
3) Connect the oscilloscope channel across the load terminals.
4) Vary a variable resistive pot (R) in steps gradually from minimum to maximum and
observe the light bulb.
5) For each step measure the load R.M.S. voltage.
Oscilloscope
is
T Bulb 3.3kΩ
AC Vs D T
VmSinωt 250kΩ
0.1µF
Fig.(1.4) single-phase half-wave uncontrolled rectifier with R load.
4
Results and Calculations:

1. Plot the waveforms of Vs, Vo, io, vs Time or (ωt) with the help of
Oscilloscope.
2. Measure and write down the readings of α and Voltmeter.
α Vs (volt) Vo (volt)
3- Calculate Iorms, Porms, and the power factor.
α Iorms Porms PF
Discussion:
1- Explain each waveform part by part clearly and briefly.
2- Compare the load voltage taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
3- What type of harmonics produced by the circuit? Discuss its effect.

Exp. No. 2: Al-Mustansiriyah University Faculty of Engineering Electrical Eng. Dept

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Al-Mustansiriyah Power Electronics Lab.

University 4th year Class

Quantity List of Equipments

1 AC Power Supply 220 V

1 Single-phase Auto Transformer 0-220V

A light dimmer regulates power flow to a resistive load, such as an incandescent

Figure 2. Normalized power delivered to resistive load versus firing angle.

Figure 3. Light dimmer circuit with triac.

By varying α from 0 to π , Vorms can be varied from Vs to 0.

Po =𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 2 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜

Fig.(1.4) single-phase half-wave uncontrolled rectifier with R load.

Results and Calculations:

3- Calculate Iorms, Porms, and the power factor.

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