Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

Name :
SIC No. :
Lab Roll No. :
Sem/Branch/Section/Group :

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(Branch – ALL)

List of Experiments

FIRST CYCLE
1. Study and verification of Thevenin’s theorem.
2. Draw the B-H curve of a magnetic Specimen.
3. Calculation of current, voltage, power and power factor in a series R, R-L, R-C & R-L-C
circuit excited by 1-Ф AC supply.
4. Study of Fluorescent lamp and improvement of power factor using Capacitor.
5. Connection and testing of Single Phase Energy meter using Unity power factor load.

SECOND CYCLE
6. Measurement of power consumed and power factor by a three-phase resistive load
by Two-Wattmeter method.
7. To perform the open circuit test of a single-phase transformer.
8. To determine the efficiency & voltage regulation of a single-phase (1-)
Transformer by Direct loading method.
9. Study and measurement of armature & field resistance of a D.C. machine.
10. To start a single phase permanent capacitor induction run motor.

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EXPERIMENT NO:-1

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:- Study and verification of Thevenin’s theorem.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-
1. To study the basic operation of circuit.
2. To find the load current through Thevenin’s resistance and voltage.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

1 Single phase Variac (0-270) Volts,5Amps 1
2 Rheostat 100Ω,5A 3
400Ω,2A 1
3 Voltmeter (0-300) V, MI 2
4 Ammeter (0-1)A,MI 1
5 Multimeter Digital type 1
6 SPST Switch 250V,5A 1
7 Patch cord SP-6 As per required

THEORY:
The Thevenin’s theorem states that the current in any passive element, R L in a linear bilateral network
is the same as would be obtained if RL were supplied with a source voltage Vth in series with an
equivalent resistance Rth; Vth being the open circuit voltage at the terminals from which R L has been
removed and Rth being the resistance that would be measured at these terminals after all sources have
been removed and each source has been replaced by its internal resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PROCEDURE:
Load current measurement
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2. Switch on the single phase AC supply.
3. Adjust the voltage to 200V and then switch on the SPST
Measure the current through the load resistance RL which is given by the ammeter. This can be
recorded as IL (measured)
Vth Measurement
1. Open the SPST switch in fig-1 circuit and measure the voltage at the open circuit terminal.
2. The measured voltage gives Vth.
Rth Calculation
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig: 2 circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply and vary the output voltage from the variac in steps.
3. At each step note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
4. Calculate the output resistance of the circuit by Ammeter-Voltmeter method.
PRECAUTION:-
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. The circuit should be according to circuit diagram.
3. The power should be on when the circuit is checked completely.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-

For finding the % of error

Parameter Vth Rth IL

(in volt) (in ohms) (in amps)
Theoretical
value
Practical value
% error

For calculate Rth

Sl. No. V I R=V/I RAvg(In ohm)

1
2
3

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CONCLUSION:-

QUESTIONS:-
1. What do you mean by linear and bilateral network?
2. How to remove current and voltage source in a circuit?
3. What is the condition to find Rth?
4. What is the condition for finding Vth?
5. Can you apply this theorem in unilateral ckt?
6. Why variac is connected to form a Thevenin’s circuit instead of being connected with
direct supply?
7. In the circuit shown below, the black box contains only resistors and independent sources.
When R is 0 Ω, I = 3 Amps and When R=2 Ω, I = 1.5 Amps. What is the current for R=1 Ω?

8. Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals 1-2 of the circuit shown.

CALCULATION:-

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EXPERIMENT NO: -2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Study and draw the B-H curve of a magnetic Specimen.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT: -

1. To know about the magnetic saturation.
2. Find the residual magnetism of the magnetic material.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: -

Sl. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

N
o
1 Single phase transformer 1KVA,110/230V 1
2 M.I. Ammeter (0-250) mA 1
3 Multimeter Digital type 1
4 Single phase variac (0-270) V,5A 1
5 Patch cord SP-6 As required

THEORY:-
Magnetic Hysteresis means the lagging of magnetization (or) induction flux density (B) behind the
Magnetizing force (H). It may be defined as that quality of a magnitude substance due to which
energy is dissipated in it on the reversal of its magnetism.

When an un-magnetized bar of iron is magnetized by placing it with in the field of a solenoid, the
Magnetizing by placing it within the field of a solenoid, the Magnetizing field ( H )  NI1 is produced
1
by the solenoid called the magnetizing force. The value of H can be increased or decreased by
increasing or decreasing current through the coil. That is H ∞ I1. Now, according to the Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction, the induced voltage at the secondary side,
d B. AS
V2   N   N2
dt dt
Where, B= flux density; and As= effective cross-sectional area of the transformer core.
By varying magnetizing force (H) and noting the corresponding values of flux density (B), we have a
loop as follows which is known as Hysteresis loop.

The relationship between B&H is as follows,

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Circuit Diagram for B-H Curve

PROCEDURE:-
1. Make connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the main supply with Variac in zero position.
3. Vary the primary current of the transformer in increasing order from 0 mA to 240mA with
difference and take the corresponding reading of primary current (I 1) and secondary voltage
(V2).
4. Switch OFF the power supply.
5. Plot the graph between I1 & V2.
PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.

OBSERVATIONS: -
For increasing primary current (I1)

Primary current(I1) in mA Secondary voltage(V2)

Sl.No. in Volts
1
2
3
4
5

CONCLUSION:-

DISCUSSION:-
1. Why the middle portion of B-H curve is linear for ferromagnetic material?
2. Is slope of B-H curve varies for ferromagnetic material?
3. Can we ignore B-H loop, Justify?
4. Can frequency of ac supply affect B-H loop, Justify.

CALCULATION :

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Rough work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO: -3

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Measurement of Current, Voltage, Power and Power factor in R, R-
L, R-C& R-L-C series circuit excited by single-phase AC supply.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. To find the current and power consumed by each circuit.
2. To calculate the power factor and observe the phasor relationship between voltage and current of
each circuit.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-

Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

1 Single Phase Variac (0-270)V,15A 1
2 M.I. Ammeter (0-1)A 1
3 M.I Voltmeter (0-300 )V 1
4 Wattmeter(LPF) (2.5/5)A, 300V 1
5 R-L-C Trainer kit (L=1.43H,C=6.3µF) 1
6 Lamp 200W,250V 1
7 Patch chord SP-6 As required

THEORY:-
Consider an AC circuit containing resistance of R ohms, inductance of L henries and capacitance of C
farads connected in series, as shown in circuit diagram. Let the current flowing through the circuit be of
I ampere and supply frequency be f Hz.
(a) Voltage drop across resistance VR =IR in phase with I.
(b) Voltage drop across inductance VL = I (XL) leading I by 900
(c) Voltage drop across capacitance, VC = I (XC) lagging behind I by 900

By applying KVL in the above RLC series circuit

V = VR + VL + VC = IR+IXL +IXC

In the series RLC circuit, if

Case (1): XL > XC current lags the voltage (Fig. 1)
Case (2): XL < XC current leads the voltage (Fig. 2)
Case (3): XL = XC current and voltage are in phase (Fig. 3)
Phasor Diagrams are:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close SPST switch S1& S2 and close the main switch.
3. Take the readings of all the meters. This will give the voltage, current and power for a R-circuit.
4. Steps to Open switch S1& S2 in get RL & RC circuit parameters respectively.
5. Similarly, open switch S1& S2 simultaneously to get the parameters for series RLC circuit.
6. Compare the parameters two different combination of R, L & C.
7. The power supply should be switched OFF.
PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Type of Supply voltage Current Power Power factor

(Amps) Remarks
circuit (Volts) (watts) (cosØ)
R
R-L
R-C
R-L-C

CALCULATION:-
For Resistance Calculation-: (V=250volts & P=200watts) R=V2/P XL = 2πfL
Xc = 1/2πfC Z=

CONCLUSION:-

QUESTIONS:-
1. What do you mean by inductive load?
2. Define power factor.
3. State all types of electrical loads.
4. Why a current lags/leads a voltage in a circuit?
5. State the conditions where the apparent power becomes equal to reactive power.

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Rough work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO-4
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Study of Fluorescent lamp and improvement of power factor
using capacitor.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. To find pick up and cut off voltage of fluorescent lamp.

2. To calculate power and power factor of the given lamp.
3. To measure improved power factor using a capacitor.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-

Sl.No. EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter MI type (0-300)V 1
2. Ammeter MI type (0-1)A 1
3. Wattmeter (LPF) 5A,300V 1
4. Single phase variac (0-270)V,5A 1
5. Fluorescent light trainer kit 250V,5A,40W 1
6. Capacitor 2.5µF 1
7. Patch chord SP-6 As per required

THEORY:-

Fluorescent lamp:
The fluorescent tube consists of a glass tube. The tube contains argon gas at low pressure and one or
two drops of mercury and inside surface of the tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent material in
the form of powder. The coating material used depends upon the color effect desired may consists of
zinc silicate, cadmium silicate or calcium tungsten. These organic chemicals are known as phosphorus
which transforms short wave invisible radiation into visible light. A Choke is connected in series with
the tube which acts as ballast in running condition and provides a high voltage impulse or surge for
instantaneous time for starting the tube light. A starter is connected between two electrodes as shown in
fig, which has a bimetallic strip. The bimetallic strip makes the path between two electrodes closed at
starting and makes it open under normal operating condition.

Power Factor and its improvement:

Power factor is the ratio of the actual power drawn by the load (Watt) to the apparent power (VA)
drawn by the load. Power factor improvement means for a particular load actual power drawn is ideally
remains constant but the apparent power decreases. Keeping the supply voltage across the load constant
at its rated value, the current drawn from the supply will decrease. If the p.f is unity then apparent
power drawn is equal to the actual power.

1. If the original load is Resistive + inductive (For power factor improvement, use a
parallel capacitor as per requirement)
2. If the original load is Resistive + Capacitive (For power factor improvement, use a inductor in
parallel as per requirement.

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CIRCUIT DI AGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect as per circuit diagram keeping the variac at minimum position.
2. Switch ON the supply.
3. Increase the voltage gradually. The voltage at which the fluorescent light just glows is known as
pick-up voltage. Note down the meter readings.
4. Further increase the voltage up to a level (230V) where the light glows brightly
5. Now, decrease the voltage gradually. The voltage at which the light darkens is known as cut-
off voltage.
6. Take the meter readings at each step
7. Switch off the supply

With capacitor:-
1. Repeat the above steps by connecting a capacitor in parallel with the load
2. Change the capacitor value to observe its effect on power factor
3. Take the meter readings by changing the capacitor value

PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Pick-up voltage = Cut-off voltage=

Table – 1: Without capacitor:

Supply Circuit Actual Power Apparent Reactive Power

Sl. Cos 
voltage (V) current (I) consumed (P) Power (S) (Q = VI Sin ) (In
No. (P/S)
(In Volts) ( In Amps) (In watts) (In VA) VAR)

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Table – 2: With capacitor:

Supply Circuit Actual Power Apparent Reactive Power

Sl. Cos 
voltage (V) current (I) consumed (P) Power (S) (Q= VI Sin )
No. (P/S)
(In Amps) (In watts) (In VA) (In VAR)

CALCULATIONS:
S = Vrms × Irms VA P = Vrms × Irms cos Watt Q= Vrms × Irms sin VAR
Power factor, cos= P/S
Power factor angle,  = cos-1 (P/S)

CONCLUSION:-

DISSCUSION:-

1. Write the working principle of fluorescent lamp.

2. What is power factor?
3. Why does Power Factor Matter?
4. How to improve Power Factor?
5. What are the benefits of Power Factor correction?
6. What are the signs of a Low Power Factor?
7. What are the causes of a Low Power Factor?
8. What is the function of starter in fluorescent lamp?
9. What is the function of choke in fluorescent lamp?

CALCULATION :

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Rough work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO-05

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Connection and testing of single phase energy meter (using
unity power factor load).

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. Find the error of the energy meter.

2. Know about the meter constant of the energy meter.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-
Sl. No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
1 1- Energy meter 5/20A, 250V, 600RPU 1
2 M.I Ammeter (0-5) A 1
3 M.I Voltmeter (0-300) V 1
4 Stopwatch Digital type 1
5 Lamp load 3KW 1
6 Patch cord SP-6 As required

THEORY:-
Energy meter is an instrument, which measure the electrical energy. It is an integrating type
instruments also known as watt hour meter. A single phase induction type energy meter consists of two
laminated electromagnet one is series known as current coil (CC) and other is shunt known as pressure
coil short circuited copper bands on lower part of central limb of shunt magnet are called power factor
compensator (PFC).A thin aluminum disc mounted on a spindle is placed in the air gap between the
magnets. Eddy currents are induced on the disc due to fluxes because the disc to move and the
registering system having counting mechanism records the revolutions of the disc. The counter is
calibrated to indicate the energy consumed directly in kilowatt-hours (Kwh).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before switching ON the supply ensures that the lamp load switches are open.
3. Note down the initial reading of the meter.
4. Set the desired lamp load by selecting a suitable combination of switches.
5. Switch ON the supply and wait for the energy meter disc to come in the front of the black strip.
6. At this moment start the stop watch. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
7. Measure the time taken to complete 10 revolutions by the help of stop watch. Switch off the Supply.
8. By adjusting the loading take 1 to 3 sets of readings covering the full current range of the
energy meter and tabulate the observation table.

PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Sl. Supply Circuit Time(t) for10 Actual energy Recorded

No Voltage(V) Current(I) revolutions (VIt) Energy % Error
(Volts) (Amps) (Sec) (t) Khw (Kwh)
1
2
3

CALCULATION:-
Power consumed by the load = VI watt.
Time taken to complete 10 revolutions = t
Actual energy consumed = Vit/(1000*3600)KWh
Energy read by the energy meter = No. of revolutions/Meter constant
% Error = [(Actual energy-Measured energy) /Actual Energy] *100

CONCLUSION:-

DISSCUSION:-

1. What is the meter constant of the energy meter?

2. Why there is a hole in the aluminum disc?
3. How many coils in an energy meter?
4. What is the unit of electrical energy?
5. What is the effect of different types of load in the energy meter?
6. What is the difference between energy meter and wattmeter?
7. When load increases what happen about the current & voltage of the circuit

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Rough work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO:-6

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Measurement of power consumed and power factor by a 3-phase
resistive load by Two-Wattmeter method.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. To measure the power consumed by the 3-phase resistive load.
2. To calculate the power factor of the 3-phase resistive load.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-

Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

1 Three phase Variac 15A,470V 01
2 M.I. Ammeter (0-5)Amps 03
3 M.I Voltmeter (0-600) Volts 01
4 Wattmeter(UPF) 5A, 600V 2
5 Multimeter Digital type 1
6 Rheostat 100Ω, 5Amps 03
7 Patch Cord SP-6 As required

THEORY:-
A Wattmeter is an instrument for measuring power directly in a circuit. It has two coils which
when connected in series shows the lower current range of the instrument and when
connected in parallel shows double the range. The pressure circuit has a coil of high
resistance. The current coil is connected in series with the circuit in which power is measured
and the pressure coil across the circuit. Two- wattmeter can be used to measure power in a 3-
phase, 3-wire circuit, whether the load is balanced or un-balanced one. The current coils are
connected in series with two phases and the pressure coils is connected between line
conductors as shown in the circuit diagram.

The total power consumed = W1 + W2 (algebraically sum).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PROCEDURE:-

1. The circuit should be connected as shown in the diagram.

2. The 3-phase output of the variac should be connected to R, Y and B terminal.
3. The main supply should be switched ON.
4. The output voltage of the three-phase variac should be slowly increased.
5. The load should be connected in such a way that it forms a balanced condition.
6. The reading of W1, W2, IR, IY, IB, VRN, VYN and VBN should be noted down.
7. Repeat the above step for the unbalanced connection.
8. The output voltage of the variac should be decreased.
9. The power supply should be switched OFF.

PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.

OBSERVATIONS:-

W1 W2 W= IR IY IB
Sl. W1 + W2 VRN VYN VBN Power
(Watts) (Watts) (Amp.) (Amp.) (Amp.) %Error
No (Watts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) factor

CALCULATION:-

Power consumed by R-phase of the load =( VRN * IR) Power consumed by Y-phase of the load
= (VYN * IY) Power consumed by B-phase of the load =( VBN * IB)
Total power consumed by the three-phase load (P) = (VRN *IR )+( VYN *IY) + (VBN *IB) watt.

Error (In Percentage) = (P-W/W)*100

CONCLUSION:-

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ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:-

1. What do you mean by balanced load in a 3- phase supply system?

2. What is the relation between phase voltage and line voltage in a star connected system?
3. What is the value of neutral current in a balanced load system?
4. What is the minimum number of wattmeter required to measure power in a three phase
system?
5. How to find out the P.F of a three phase balance load system if the two
wattmeter readings are given?
6. If both wattmeter have same reading then what is the value of cosɸ?
7. Explain how 3-phase power can be measured by using 2-wattmeter method with phasor
diagram.
8. How the power factor of a balanced load can be measured by two wattmeter method?
9. How many coils in a wattmeter and what are their names?

Rough Work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO:-7

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - To perform the open circuit test of a single-phase transformer.
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. To study the basic operation of a single-phase transformer.

2. To find the iron loss and the parameter of transformer.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

1 Single phase Variac (0-270) Volts,5 Amps 1
2 Single phase Transformer 1 kVA, 230/110 V 1
3 Voltmeter (0-300) V, MI 2
4 Ammeter (0-1)A, MI 1
5 Wattmeter(LPF) 2.5/5A,150V 1
4 Patch Chord SP-6 As Required

THEORY:-
In this test low voltage winding is connected to a normal voltage supply and the high voltage
winding is left open. The primary winding draws very low current hardly 2 to 5 percent of full
load current during open circuit test. As such copper losses in the primary winding will be
negligible. Thus mainly iron losses occur in the transformer under no load or open circuit
condition, which are determined by the wattmeter reading of the circuit.

Hence, total iron losses = W0 (Reading from wattmeter)

Power drawn W0 = VoI0 cos0
Thus no load power factor cos0 = W0/V0I0
Core loss component of no load current I W = I0 cos0 Magnetizing component of no load current
Im = I0sin0 Equivalent resistance representing the core loss R0 = V0/IW
Magnetizing reactance representing the Magnetizing current Xm = V0/Im

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PROCEDURE:-

Open circuit test:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that the setting of the Variac is at low output voltage.
3. Switch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit.
4. Note down the readings of all the meters.
5. Switch-off the AC supply.

PRECAUTION:-

1. All connections should be tight.

2. The circuit should be according to circuit diagram.
3. The power should be on when the circuit is checked completely.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-

No load or open circuit test

Vo(Volt) Io(Amp) Wo(Watt) Cos0 Iw Im Ro Xo

CONCLUSION:-

QUESTIONS:-
1. What is transformer?
2. What do you mean by turns ratio and transformation ratio of transformer?
3. Justify that the power drawn by the transformer under no-load is equal to the iron losses.
4. Why transformer is rated in KVA ?
5. What is no load current 7 why its value is very small?

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Rough Work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO. - 08

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:- To determine the efficiency & voltage regulation of a

single- phase transformer by Direct loading method.
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. Find the voltage regulation of the transformer.

2. Determine the efficiency and the losses of the transformer.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

1 Single Phase Transformer 3 KVA, 230/230V 01
2 Single PhaseVariac 15 A, (0-270)V 01
4 M.I Ammeter (0-15) A 02
5 M.I Voltmeter (0-300) V 02
6 Wattmeter (UPF) 10/20 A, 300V 01
7 SPST Switch 250V, 20A 01
8 Patch Cord SP-6 As required

THEORY:-
This method of calculation of efficiency and regulation of a transformer is entirely different from
the determination of efficiency and regulation by OC and SC test on transformer. In this method
secondary of transformer is connected to load. When secondary is loaded, the secondary current I 2
is set up. The magnitude and phase of I2 with respect to terminal voltage V2 depends on the type
of load (If load is resistive then I 2 will be in phase with V2, for inductive load I2 will lag behind
V2 and for capacitive load it will lead the voltage V2).

Because of this secondary current I2, there is a drop in terminal voltage V2. Drop in voltage
depends on the impedance of load & PF For leading PF voltage drop may be negative and for
lagging PF it is always positive. Since the flux passing through the core is same from no load to
full load conditions, core losses remain same and since the copper losses depend on the square of
the current, they vary with the current.

Regulation is defined as the ratio of change in terminal voltage from no load to full load to then
load voltage.

V2 (no load )  V2 ( full load )

Voltage regulation 
V2 ( full load )

Regulation can be found out at any PF and at any load current. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power of the transformer.

Efficiency = Output/Input

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep all the switches of loading rheostat in off position and variac at zero position.
3. Switch on the supply and Apply 220V to the primary winding of the transformer
4. Note down secondary voltage (VNL) where VNL is the No-load voltage.
5. Switch on the load and note down all meter readings correctly.
6. Go on increasing the load till the rated secondary current flows in the transformer.

PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Sl. No V1 I1 W1 VFL I2 ENL W2 Efficiency Voltage

(in Volt) ( Amp) (watt) (Volt) ( Amp) ( Volt) ( watt) (W1/W2) regulation
(Percentage)

1.
CALCULATION:-

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝑾𝟐)
η= ∗ 100
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝑾𝟏)

CONCLUSION:-

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DISSCUSION:-

1. What is regulation and efficiency of a transformer?

2. Why core losses remain almost constant at any load?
3. How efficiency of transformer depends on the power factor of the load?
4. What is the condition for maximum efficiency? Derive it.
5. What is the effect of different types of load on the terminal voltage of transformer?
6. Discuss the effect of output power on efficiency and regulation.

Rough Work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO:-09
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:- Study and measurement of armature & field resistance of a
D.C. machine.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. To measure the armature, shunt and series field resistance.

2. To calculate the RAC or effective resistance of above windings.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-

Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

DC Regulated power (0-220)V,
1 15A 01
supply unit
(0-1)A 01
2 M.C Ammeter
(0-10) A 01
(0-300)V 01
3 M.C Voltmeter
(0-15)V 01
4 Patch Cord SP-6 As required

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:-

Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

1. D.C Compound Machine 2KW, 1500RPM, 220Volts, 9Amps 1 No

THEORY:-
Although a far greater percentage of the electrical machine in service is A.C. machine, the D.C.
Machines are of considerable industrial importance. A D.C. machine can be a D.C. generator
or D.C. motor. In fact the machine can be used as generator as well as a motor.
Essentially a D.C. Machine consists of two main parts:
(i) Armature (ii) Field
Depending upon the field configuration D.C. machine can be classified as:
(i) D.C. series machine (ii) D.C. shunt machine (iii) D.C. compound machine
When field winding is connected in series with the armature, it is called series machine, when
field winding is connected in parallel with the armature, it is called shunt machine. But when
the machine carries both shunt winding and series winding it is called a compound machine.
The schematic diagrams of D.C. machines are given below:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PROCEDURE:-

1. Make connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Note down the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter correctly for different supply voltages for
armature resistance of the windings.
4. Switch OFF the power supply.
5. Repeat the procedure for series and shunt field windings.

PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Sl. No Supply voltage Circuit current Resistance (ohms) Effective

(volts) (Amps) Resistance (ohm)
For Armature winding

For series field winding

For shunt field winding

CALCULATION:-

Effective Resistance = 1.5 × (d.c resistance)

CONCLUSION:-

QUESTIONS:-

1. Why the series field windings have less no of turns?

2. Why the shunt field windings have more resistance than the series field windings?
3. Why the effective resistance is more than the dc resistance?
4. What is the significance of back emf in dc motor?
5. Write the voltage equation of a dc series motor.

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Rough Work & Calculation

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EXPERIMENT NO-10

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - To start a single phase permanent capacitor induction run
motors.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. Find the starting current of the induction motor.

2. Identify the starting and running winding of the motor.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-

Sl.No Equipment Specification Quantity

1. MI Voltmeter (0-300)V 01
2. MI Ammeter (0-1)A 01
3. Multimeter Digital type 01
4. Series test lamp 250V,100watts 01
5. Single phase induction motor trainer kit 230V,60Watt 01
6. Patch Cord SP-6 As per required

THEORY:-
Single-phase motors are not self starting due to zero starting torque. So to make them self-
starting an extra winding is wounded called starting winding (in parallel with running
winding). To create a phase Difference between two winding current, a capacitor is connected
in series with the starting winding.

Approximately the angle between Is (starting winding current) is 800. When single-phase supply
in given, it produces a rotating magnetic field makes motor self start. When the motor achieves
75% to 80% of its normal speed the starting winding is disconnected from the supply by help of a
centrifugal switch. Hence the motor runs by running winding only. In such type of motor,
starting winding is more resistive and less inductive but running winding is just reversed.
Direction of rotation can be changed by Reversing the connection of any one winding i.e.
staring winding or running winding. Capacitor start type motors are used where high starting
torque is required and starting period may be long. Power rating of such motor lies in-between
120 Watt to 7.5 Kilo Watt. The motors are used in large fans, Pumps, compressors etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PROCEDURE:-

1. Identify the terminals of starting and running winding by series lamp test or through
multimeter.
2. Test lamp is connected in series with each winding across the supply. (The test lamp glows
brightly in running winding and glow dim in starting winding)
3. The starting winding connected in series with capacitor and running winding connected
parallel as shown in circuit diagram.
4. Put “ON” the switch to start the motor.
5. Measure starting & running current and supply voltage.

PRECAUTION:-
1. The connections should be proper and tight as per the circuit diagram.
2. After verifying the circuit connection thoroughly, the supply should be switched ON.
3. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Sl. Starting Current Running Current Supply Voltage

No (in Amps) (in Amps) (In volts)

CONCLUSION:-

DISSCUSION:-

1. What is the function of centrifugal switch in 1- Induction motor?

2. Why the starting torques of 1- capacitor start Induction motor is high?
3. Why the 1- Induction motor is not self starting?
4. Write the application of 1- capacitor start Induction motor?
5. Which winding has more inductive?
6. Write the torque equation of a single phase induction motor.
7. What are the types of induction motor?

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Rough Work & Calculation

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