Unit – I-Thermal Power Plant & Hydro Power Plant

2-marks questions answers

Q.1 classify the hydro-electric plants according to the head and load basis.
1. Very high head power plant
2. High head power plant
3. Medium head power plant
4. Low head power plant
Q.2 Classification the hydro-electric plants According to Load basis:
1. Base load power plant
2. Peak load power plant
Q.3 List the types of turbine used in hydro power plant.
Following types of turbine used in hydro power plant:
1. Pelton wheel Turbine
2. Francis Turbine
3. Kaplan Turbine
4. Propeller Turbine

Q.4 State the properties of good fuel used in thermal power plant
Ans-
• Calorific Value: This denotes the amount of heat energy produced when a certain
amount of coal is burned. It usually ranges from 12,000 to 30,000 kJ/kg, depending on
the coal grade.
• Carbon Content: Higher grade coals like anthracite have a carbon content of over
90%, whereas lower grade coals like lignite might have only about 60%.
• Moisture Content: Varies with coal type. Lignite, for example, can have moisture
content as high as 45%, which reduces its efficiency.
• Sulfur Content: Coal contains sulfur which, when burned, produces sulfur dioxide,
leading to acid rain. Many power plants use "scrubbers" to reduce sulfur emissions.
• Low cost
• Easy to transport
• Easy to store
• Ash Content: Refers to the incombustible matter left after coal is burned. It can
affect the coal burning process and necessitates the use of electrostatic precipitators
to reduce particulate emissions
Q.5 State the function of economizer
Ans- Its function is to make use of heat energy of flue gases to increase the inlet water to be fed to boiler. By
this provision rate of producing steam in the boiler increases. Economizer can be called as heat exchanger
Q.6 State the function of superheater
Ans- the steam produced in the boiler is not dry but it is wet containing some moisture. With the help of flue
gas heat makes the steam dry to be supplied towards turbine. Thus it helps in increase efficiency of plant

Q.7 Compare fire tube boilers and water tube boilers

Sr.No. Fire tube Boilers Water tube Boilers
1 In fire tube boilers hot gases are In these boilers water is inside the tubes
passed through the tubes and and hot gases are outside the
water surrounds these tubes. tubes.
2 Steam at low pressure and low Steam at high pressure and high
temperature is generated. temperature is generated.
 3 Rate of steam generation per hour is Rate of steam generation per hour is more.
less.

4 Steaming time is very more. Steaming time is very less.

5 The output of the boiler is not The output of the boiler is high.
high.
6 Low efficiency. High efficiency.
7 Less control on temperature of Better control on temperature of
steam. steam.
8 Not respond quickly to change in Respond quickly to change in steam
steam demand. demand.
9 Its weight is more. Its weight is less.
10 Less risk of explosion due to low Risk of explosion is more due to
pressure. high pressure.
11 Not suitable for large capacity Suitable for large capacity thermal
thermal power plant. power plant.

Q.8 List out thermal power station in maharshtra and write their installed capacity(any four)
Ans-
Sr.No.
Name of Thermal Power Plant Plant Capacity
1 Koradi 1100 MW
2 Nashik 910 MW
3 Chandrapur 2340 MW
4 Parali 1130 MW
5 Bhusawal 920 MW
6 Paras 500 MW
7 Khaparkheda 1340 MW
8 TATA (Trombay) 1400 MW
9 Dhahanu (Thane) 500 MW
10 Wardha 135 MW
11 Amravati 2700 MW
12 Jindal (Ratnagiri) 1200 MW

Q.9 List out Hydro-electric power stations in Maharashtra with their capacity(any four)

List of large hydro power plants in Maharashtra

S.No Location Capacity
1 Koyana 1960MW
2 Ghatghar Dam 250MW
3 Bhira (TATA) 150 MW
4 Mulshi Dam 150MW
5 Bhira Tail Race 80 MW
6 Bhivapuri (TATA) 72 MW
7 Khopoli (TATA) 72 MW
8 Tillari 60 MW
 9 Pench project 53 MW
10 Bhandara 34 MW
11 Dudhgaon 24 MW
12 Chadholi(Warana) 16MW
13 Jayakwadi 12 MW
14 Paithon/Ujjani 12 MW
15 Veer 9 MW
16 Bhatghar 16 MW
17 Vaitarana Dam 1.5 MW
18 Eldary 22.5 MW
19 Radhanagri 4.8 MW
20 Paitan 12 MW
21 Pawan 10 MW
22 Panshet 8 MW
23 Varasgoan 8 MW
24 Kanher 4 MW
25 Bhatsa 15 MW
26 Dhom 2 MW
27 Manikdoh 6 MW
28 Yeoteshwar 0.075 MW
29 Dimbhe 5 MW

4 marks questions

Q.10 Explain Site selection criteria for thermal power plant

Supply of Fuel (Coal)

The thermal plant should be located near the coal mines so that the transportation cost is minimum. Although, if
the thermal power plant is to be installed at a place where coal is not available near the site, then care should be
taken that adequate facilities exist for the transportation of coal.

Water Availability

Since in a thermal power plant, huge amount of water is required for the operation. Hence, a thermal power
plant should be located near a river or canal to ensure the continuous supply of water.

Transportation Facilities

As a modern thermal power plant requires transportation of material (ex. coal) and machinery. Hence, the power
plant should be well connected to the other parts of the country by rail, road, etc. so that adequate transportation
facilities are available.

Type and Cost of Land

The thermal power should be located at a place where land is cheap and the further extension is possible. As in a
thermal power plant, heavy equipment are to be installed, therefore the bearing capacity of the land should be
adequate.

Near to the Load Centres

The thermal power plant should be located near to the centres of the load, so that the transmission cost is
reduced. It is more important if DC supply system is adopted rather than AC supply system.

Distance from the Populated Area

The thermal power plant should be located at a considerable distance from the populated area. Because, a large
amount of coal is burnt in a thermal power station, which produces smoke and fumes that pollute the
surrounding environment and may have adverse effects on the health

Q.11 .Draw layout of typical thermal power plant

Q.12 State the function of following auxiliaries used in thermal power plant(2 marks or 4 marks)
1.Coal Handling Plant (CHP): A place where coal is stored and processed before being sent to the boiler. It
includes crushers and conveyor belts to transfer coal to the boiler's furnace.
2.Boiler: A large vessel where coal is burned to produce heat. This heat is used to convert water into steam.
3.Steam Turbine: A machine that converts the thermal energy of steam into mechanical energy. The steam forces the
blades of the turbine to spin, converting the steam's kinetic energy into rotational energy.
4.Electric Generator: Attached to the steam turbine. As the turbine spins, so does the generator, which then
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy using electromagnetic induction.
5.Condenser: Once steam passes through the turbine, it is condensed back into water in the condenser so it can be
reused.
 6.Cooling Tower: A structure that cools the water from the condenser using ambient air. The cooled water is then
re-circulated back to the boiler.
7.Feed Water and Feed Water Heater: The condensed water, sometimes known as feed water, is pre-heated before
entering the boiler again, often using waste heat from the plant.
8.Chimney: Releases the exhaust gases, mostly carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ash, into the atmosphere.
9.Electrostatic Precipitator: Removes ash particles from exhaust gases.
10.Control Room: The central hub where engineers monitor and control the plant's operations.
11.Economizer: As seen in the block diagram this component is placed in the way of flue gases and the water
inlet to the boiler.
Its function is to make use of heat energy of flue gases to increase the inlet water to be fed to boiler. By this
provision rate of producing steam in the boiler increases. Economizer can be called as heat exchanger
12. Superheater:the steam produced in the boiler is not dry but it is wet containing some moisture. With the
help of flue gas heat makes the steam dry to be supplied towards turbine. Thus it helps in increase efficiency of
plant

Q.13 State advantages and disadvantages of fire tube and water tube boiler.

1. Fire Tube Boiler:

Advantages:
Compact design, thus requiring less floor space.
Lower initial cost.
Suitable for smaller loads and fluctuating demands.

Disadvantages:
Not suitable for very high pressure applications.
Lower efficiency compared to water tube boilers.

 2. Water Tube Boiler:

Advantages:
• Can operate at higher pressures and temperatures.
• More efficient than fire tube boilers.
• Suitable for larger power plants.

Disadvantages:
• More complex design and hence, more expensive to build and maintain.
• Requires careful water treatment to prevent scaling or corrosion.

Q.14 State Advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plant:

Advantages

i) Space required is lesser as compared with Hydro- electric plant.

ii) If we compare fuels in diesel plant and nuclear plants the fuel "coal" is cheaper in cost.

iii) Initial cost of plant is lesser than other types of plants.

iv) Steam engines and turbines are capable to withstand over loads.
v) If compared with hydro-plants, the thermal plants can be located in load centers which saves transmission
line cost.

vi) Cost of energy produced per kWh is less if we compare with diesel, as diesel is too costly fuel.
vii) Power generating capacity is much more (Bulk).

Disadvantages

i) Efficiency of the plant is lesser (18 to 24%).

ii) Much quantity of water is needed.

iii) Operating cost, labour cost and maintenance cost is much more.
iv) Coal transportation, loading, unloading and pulverizing is difficult and costly task.
v) Ash storage needs much space and thus disposal is difficult task.

vi) Area is polluted due to noise, heat, smoke, ash particles etc.

vii) Station erection time is much more.

viii) Starting time is much more 6 to 7 hrs. Hence this station is not suitable in the systems as a peak load power
station.

Q.15 State Site selection criteria for hydro power plant

1. It should be located where high rain fall occurs.

2. A large catchments area must be available to store water.
3. It should be located as far as possible in hilly area to reduce construction cost of dam and water reservoir.
4. Stored water should have a reasonable head (Potential Energy).
5. There should be easy access towards the site.

6. Land should have high bearing capacity to reduce the construction cost of dam and for better foundation of
machinery.
7. Power plant should be located as far as possible near load center to reduce transmission line cost and losses
in it.
8. During the construction of dam, it should be possible to divert the stream of river.

9. The Area should be free from earthquake and natural hazards.

Q.16 Draw General layout of hydro power plant and explain Energy conversion process of hydro power
plant.

plain

2.1

Energy conversion process of hydro power plant.

 A hydro power plant (or hydroelectric power plant) is a facility that converts the potential and kinetic energy of
water into electrical energy using turbines and generators. Here's a step-by step breakdown of the energy conversion
process in a hydro power plant:
1.Potential Energy of Water Reservoir: Water stored in a high-altitude reservoir possesses gravitational
potential energy. The height difference between the water level in the reservoir and the water outflow (called the
"head") is crucial in determining the amount of potential energy available.
2.Conversion to Kinetic Energy: When water is released from the reservoir, it flows down through large pipes
called penstocks. As it descends, the potential energy of the water gets converted into kinetic energy due to its
motion.
3.Turbine Rotation: At the end of the penstock, the fast-flowing water strikes the blades of a turbine. The
kinetic energy of the water causes the turbine to spin. The design of the turbine blades ensures that they harness as
much of the water's energy as possible.
4.Conversion to Mechanical Energy: As the turbine spins, it transforms the kinetic energy of the water into
mechanical energy in the form of rotational motion.
5.Electrical Generation: The rotating turbine is connected to a generator, which consists of a rotor and a stator.
When the turbine rotates the rotor, it causes the rotation of magnets around a conductor. This rotation induces a flow
of electrons in the conductor due to electromagnetic induction, producing electrical energy.
6.Transmission: The electrical energy produced is then transmitted through transformers to increase its voltage,
making it suitable for long-distance transmission. It is then sent out to the grid for distribution to homes, businesses,
and other consumers.
7.Water Discharge: After transferring its energy to the turbine, the water exits the power plant and is
discharged back into a river or downstream reservoir. This water can be used again in another hydroelectric plant
downstream or for other purposes like irrigation

Q.17 Explain working of pumped storage hydro power plant with neat diagram
Diagram of Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant:

Explanation:
In this power plant, generator is so designed that it Converts mechanical power into electrical power
and also works as a motor i.e. converts electrical power into mechanical power And water turbine is so designed
that when it is rotated then it works as a centrifugal pump.
State advantages of pumped storage hydro power plant.
Following are the Advantages of Pumped storage Power Plant (PHPP):

1. It saves water by reusing same water again & again.

2. There is less expenditure during pumping of water because water is pumped when surplus (extra) power is
available.
3. It can be put into service immediately; hence it is useful to supply power during peak load period.
 4. It increases load factor of power plant
It helps in reducing a reserve capacity of PP as it provides additional power during peak load period.

Q.18 Explain safe practices followed in hydro power plants

Safe Practices For Hydro Power Plants

1. The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) / protective devices made available for individual or
collective use of the workers likely to be affected by the hazards of the workplace or process.

2. Not to allow any worker to work in an unsafe condition, nor with unsafe equipment

3. Sufficient number of Supervisors shall be appointed for adequate and constant supervision at all times
and in all workplaces

4. All workers are protected from the hazards, arising out of their work or due to the work carried out by
others, in the vicinity

5. Safety training shall be provided to all employs Appoint a Safety Officers with the qualifications and
experience
6. Safety posters, slogan competition, special meetings and talks shall be organized.

7. Emergency action plan should be ready to deal with fire and explosion

8. Power plant should be protected against lightning stroke i.e. use appropriate type of lightning
arrestor.
9. Barricades, warning sign, safety posters should be provided to hazards and
important locations
Q.19 State advantages and disadvantages of hydro power plants.
Advantages and disadvantages of hydro power plant
Advantages

1. No fuel cost (Potential and kinetic energy of water in input).

2. No pollution, no noise, clean operation, no smoke.

3. Maintenance is very less compared with other plants.

4. Longer life more than 50 years.

5. For running the plant few employees, engineers and workers are sufficient.

6. Running charges are very less.

7. Construction is simple.

8. This plant also provides water for irrigation by way of canals.

Disadvantages

1. Large civil construction requires a long period for construction.

2. Installation and initial cost is much more.

3. In case of no-rain fall or poor rain falls output power is less.

4. As the plant is in hilly area away from the localities (Load centre) long transmission line up
to receiving station involves a high transmission cost.
5. In comparison with other types of plants fixed charges per unit energy i.e. cost/kWh is
higher.

6. Area (Land) required is much more.

7. Reservoirs submerges huge area uproots large population hence create social and other
problems.

Q20 . Compare Steam(Thermal) Power Station With Hydro-Power Plant

Sr
. Item Steam(thermal)power station Hydro Electric power pant
No
located at a place where ample
located where large reservoirs can be
1 Site amount of coal & water is
obtained by constructing a dam
available

lower than hydroelectric power very high initial cost because of dam
2 Initial cost
plants construction
Higher due to ample amount of
3 Running cost nil as no fuel required
coal is required
cost of fuel
high as huge amount of coal has
4 transportatio nil
to be transported to plant site
n
least clean as atmosphere is
5 cleanliness no pollution as water is used
polluted due to coal combustion
overall
6 least efficient about 25% efficient most efficient with 85% efficiency
efficiency
7 Starting takes lot of time to start instant starting
maintenance high as highly skilled staff is
8 low
cost required
transmission
&
9 quiet low quite high
distribution
cost
standby
10 maximum no standby losses
losses

Q.21 With a neat diagram explain medium head hydro-electric power plants.
Diagram of medium head hydro-electric power plants:

OR Equivalent Figure Explanation:-

 ➢ If head of water is between 30 and 100 m, the plant is called a medium-head plant.
Potential energy of stored water is medium. Larger volume of water is
required
➢ Catchment area of medium capacity is required as water requirement is more.
➢ The power plant is situated at medium distance from dam.
➢ There is no surge tank forebay acts as a surge tank.
➢ Penstocks are of medium length and comparatively medium in diameter
➢ Francis turbines are normally used.
Alternator required in these plants is of low speed and large in diameter

Q.22 What are the criteria for selection of site for hydroelectric power plant?
Following Factors to be kept while site selecting for Hydro power plant:
1. It should be located where high rain fall occurs.
2. A large catchments area must be available to store water.
3. It should be located as far as possible in hilly area to reduce construction cost of dam
and water reservoir.
4. Stored water should have a reasonable head (Potential Energy).
5. There should be easy access towards the site.

6. Land should have high bearing capacity to reduce the construction cost of dam and for
better foundation of machinery.

7. Power plant should be located as far as possible near load center to reduce transmission
line cost and losses in it.
8. During the construction of dam, it should be possible to divert the stream of river.

9. The Area should be free from earthquake and natural hazards.

10. It is necessary to see that water is of good quality (i.e.no chemical impurities) because

Unit – II-Economics Of Power Generation And Interconnected Power System

Q.23 Define following terms related to power generation (1 mark each)
1. Connected Load:
This refers to the total power rating of all equipment connected to a particular supply source. It's
the sum of continuous ratings of all the devices connected to the system.

2. Firm Power:
Power or capacity that is guaranteed by the supplier to be available at all times during a period
covered by a commitment.

3. Cold Reserve:
These are power generating units that are not currently operating but can be started up and
made available within a certain timeframe. They are not immediately available but can be
brought online typically within a few hours.

4. Hot Reserve:
These are power units that are operational but not currently delivering power or running at a
low point in their capacity. They can be ramped up quickly to provide power when needed.

5. Spinning Reserve:
A subset of the hot reserve, it refers to the extra generating capacity that is available by
increasing the power output of generators that are already connected to the power system.
These are usually the fastest reserves to deploy.

6. Base Load Plants:

Power plants that are designed to run continuously, providing a steady amount of electricity.
They operate most efficiently when run at a consistent rate. Examples include coal-fired and
nuclear power plants.

7. Peak Load Plants:

These plants are used to provide power during peak demand times. They can ramp up or down
quickly based on the needs of the grid. Examples include gas turbines and hydroelectric plants
with pondage or reservoirs.

8. Load Curve:
A graphical representation showing the variation in demand (or load) on the power generating
station with respect to time.

9. Load Duration Curve:

A graphical representation that displays load values on the vertical axis in descending order
against the time (in percentage or actual time units) for which they occur on the horizontal
axis. It gives a clearer picture of variations in load.
10. Integrated Duration Curve:
This is the integration of the load duration curve over time. It represents the cumulative load
served up to any particular duration.

1. Average Demand:
This is the total electrical energy consumed over a specific time period divided by the duration
of that period. It represents the "average" power usage.

2. Maximum Demand:
The highest level of electrical demand required by a consumer or group of consumers in a
specific period, typically measured over a month or year.

3. Demand Factor:
The ratio of the maximum demand of a system to the total connected load of the system. It
gives an idea of the peak usage compared to the potential load.

Demand Factor=Maximum Demand /Connected Load

 4. Plant Capacity Factor:
This is the ratio of the actual energy output of a power plant in a specific time period to the
potential energy output if it operated at full capacity for the entire period.
Capacity Factor=Actual OutputMaximum Possible OutputCapacity Factor=Maximum Possible
Ou tputActual Output

5. Plant Use Factor:

Also known as the capacity utilization factor, it's the ratio of the actual time a plant operates to
the total time period being considered.

6. Diversity Factor:
This measures the probability that individual loads will not peak at the same time. It's the
ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of various subdivisions to the maximum
demand of the whole system.

Diversity Factor=Sum of Individual Maximum Demands/Maximum Demand of Whole

system

7. Load Factor:
This represents the ratio of the average load over a time period to the peak or maximum load
during that period. It gives a sense of how efficiently the plant's capacity is being utilized.

Load Factor=Average Load/Maximum D e m a n d

7. Plant Load Factor:
Similar to the Load Factor but specific to the power plant, it's the ratio of the actual energy
output produced by the power plant to the maximum possible output it could produce if it
operated at full capacity for the entire period.

Q. 24 Explain Choice of size and number of generator units

Selecting the appropriate size and number of generator units for a power station is a
strategic decision that influences the efficiency, flexibility, and reliability of the power system. Here
are the factors considered:
1. Demand and Capacity: The primary factor is the expected demand. The total capacity of all
the generator units should be capable of meeting the peak demand of the area the power
station serves.
2. Load Curve Analysis: Analysis of the load curve, which represents the variation in the
electrical load over time, helps in determining how many units are required to efficiently
meet the changing demand.
3. Reserve Capacity: Power stations maintain reserve capacity to address sudden increases in
demand or failures in primary units. This reserve can be in the form of spinning reserves
(generators running at part load) or cold reserves (standby units).
 4. Economies of Scale: Larger units can often produce electricity at a lower cost per kilowatt-
hour than smaller ones due to economies of scale. However, this must be balanced against
the increased risk of a large portion of capacity being offiine if a large unit fails.
5. Flexibility: Multiple smaller units provide more flexibility in operations, as units can be
brought online or offiine based on demand. This modularity is especially valuable in grid
systems with significant renewable energy, where electricity production can be highly
variable.
6. Startup Time: Generators vary in how quickly they can be started and synchronized with the
grid. While gas turbines can be started quickly, coal and nuclear units require more time.
7. Maintenance and Reliability: Smaller units might mean that maintenance can be
performed on one unit while others remain operational, ensuring continuous power
supply.
8. Fuel Availability and Type: The type and availability of fuel can influence the choice of
generator size. For instance, a power station located near a coal mine might opt for larger
coal-fired units.
9. Environmental and Regulatory Considerations: Emission standards and other
environmental regulations can influence the choice and number of units.
10. Capital and Operational Costs: The initial investment required for setting up the
generators and the operational costs are significant determinants.
11. Future Expansion: The potential for future expansion might also influence the initial
choice, leaving provisions for adding more units in the future.

Q. 25 Explain advantages of combined operation of power station.

Combined Operation of Power Stations:

Operating different power stations in a combined manner, often referred to as 'grid
operation,' has several advantages:
1. Economic Load Distribution: The load can be distributed among different stations such
that the stations operate at their maximum efficiency, reducing the overall cost of power
generation.
2. Reliability: Combined operation enhances the reliability of power supply. If one
station fails or goes offiine for maintenance, other stations can compensate.
3. Optimal Utilization of Resources: Different power stations might use different fuels.
A combined operation ensures optimal utilization based on fuel availability, cost, and
demand.
4. Exchange of Peak Loads: Stations with a quick start-up time, like gas turbines, can
handle peak loads, while base-load stations, like nuclear or coal, can operate continuously
to handle the regular demand.
5. Reduced Reserve Capacity: With combined operations, the total reserve capacity
maintained can be reduced, leading to savings.

Q.26 Explain Causes and Impact of Grid System Fault:

The electricity grid is a complex network of interconnected transmission lines,
substations, transformers, and more. Ensuring its smooth operation is crucial, but various issues
 can lead to disruptions.

Causes of Grid System Fault:

1. Natural Causes:
• Weather Events: Lightning strikes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and
earthquakes can damage infrastructure.
• Tree Growth: Trees growing into transmission lines can cause short circuits.
2. Equipment Failure:
• Failure of transformers, circuit breakers, transmission lines, or any other
equipment can disrupt the grid.
• Aging infrastructure can be more susceptible to failures.
3. Human Errors:
• Mistakes during maintenance or operational errors.
• Digging or construction activities that accidentally damage underground power
lines.
4. Demand and Supply Imbalance:
• A sudden surge in demand that outstrips supply or a sudden loss of a large
power source can lead to grid instability.
5. Cyber-attacks and Sabotage: With increasing digitization, grids are vulnerable to
cyber threats.
6. Frequency Mismatch: Different parts of the grid operating at slightly
different frequencies can cause synchronization issues.
7. Interconnection Failures: Problems in the interconnections between different parts of a
large grid.

Q. 27 State impact or effect of grid system fault

Impact of Grid System Fault:
1. Blackouts: Complete loss of power in an area.
2. Brownouts: Reduction in voltage in an area, leading to reduced power availability.
3. Economic Losses: Industries may suffer losses due to production halts.
4. Public Discomfort: Loss of essential services like water supply, transportation,
and healthcare.
5. Potential Safety Risks: Especially in critical services like hospitals or
transportation systems.
6. Damage to Electrical Devices: Sudden power surges or reductions can damage
appliances and machinery.

Q.28 Explain various types of grid.

• State Grid: A power grid serving a particular state or part of it.
• National Grid: A power grid that spans an entire country, interconnecting various
regional or state grids.
• Brownout: A drop in voltage in an electrical power supply system. Intentional
brownouts are used for load reduction in emergencies.
• Blackout: A total power outage in a particular area.
Q.29 State impact or effect of grid system fault
Impact of Grid System Fault:
1. Blackouts: Complete loss of power in an area.
2. Brownouts: Reduction in voltage in an area, leading to reduced power availability.
3. Economic Losses: Industries may suffer losses due to production halts.
4. Public Discomfort: Loss of essential services like water supply, transportation,
and healthcare.
5. Potential Safety Risks: Especially in critical services like hospitals or
transportation systems.
6. Damage to Electrical Devices: Sudden power surges or reductions can damage
appliances and machinery.

Q.30 Explain various types of grid.

• State Grid: A power grid serving a particular state or part of it.
• National Grid: A power grid that spans an entire country, interconnecting various
regional or state grids.
• Brownout: A drop in voltage in an electrical power supply system. Intentional
brownouts are used for load reduction in emergencies.
• Blackout: A total power outage in a particular area.

Q. 31 Explain how load curves helps in the selection of size and number of generating units.

Load curves helps in the selection of size and number of generating units as Following information is
obtain from load curve:-
1. The variation of load on the plant during different hours of a day.
2. Load at any time during a day/month/year can be determined.
3. The area under the curve gives number of units generated daily/month/yearly
4. Maximum demand can be determining which largest peak value on the curve.
5. The maximum and minimum values of load during a day
 Formulae For Solving Numericals

Daily Average demand=Total KWh units delivered in a day

_____________________________
24(Hr of a day)

Monthly Average demand=Total KWh units delivered in a month

_____________________________
24x30(days of month)

Daily Average demand=Total KWh units delivered in a year

_____________________________
24x365 i.e.8760(hrs in a year)

Demand factor=maximum demand

________________
Connected load

Plant capacity factor= actual energy generated

_________________________________
Maximum energy that could be produce

Plant capacity factor= average demand x time

_________________________________
Plant capacity x time

Plant capacity factor= average demand

_________________________________
Plant capacity

Plant use factor=average demand

_______________
Rated capacity

LOAD factor=average demand(load)

__________________
Maximum demand

LOAD factor=energy generated in given period

__________________
Maximum demand x hours of operation in the given period

Numericals

Q.32 A load on a power plant on a typical day is as under:-

Plot the chronological load curve and load duration curve. Find the load factor of the plant
 and energy supplied by the plant in 24 hours.
Ans: Solutions:
i) Chronological load curve:

or equivalent graph
ii) load duration curve:
 Unit – III-Transmission line components

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

List standard voltage level used in India

Ans- Standard Transmission voltages in India are 765 KV (750KV), 400KV, 220KV, 132KV, 110KV, 66KV,
33KV, 22KV, 11KV.
Q.2 Define: voltage regulation of transmission line.
voltage regulation of transmission line: Voltage regulation is nothing but voltage drop in transmission line
expressed in % of receiving end voltage.
% Regulation =sending end voltage-receiving end voltagex100
Receiving end voltage
Q.3 State the disadvantages of skin effect
Disadvantages of skin effect:-
1. Full cross section of conductor is not utilized, Therefore effective area of conductor reduces so its
resistance increases Since R = xl/A
2. Due to increase in resistance, copper losses increases (Since copper losses = I2R )
3. So transmission efficiency reduces
4. Due to increase in resistance, Voltage drop increases (Since Voltage drop = IR )
5. So voltage regulation becomes poor (increases)
Q.1 State the meaning of Single line diagram
The single line diagram of a power system is the network which shows the main connections and
arrangement of the system components along with their data (such as output rating, voltage,
resistance and reactance, etc.). The single line diagram of a power system is the network which
shows the main connections and arrangement of the system components along with their data (such
as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.).

Q.2 State the classification of transmission lines depending on length of

transmission lines. According to Length of Transmission line:
a) Short Distance Transmission Line - (up to 50 KM)
b) Medium Distance Transmission Line - (up to 50 to 150 KM)
c) Long Distance Transmission Line - (above 150 KM)

Q.3 List different transmission line components used for power transmission
1. Supporting structure (pole)
2. Line insulator
3. Overhead conductor
4. ‘V’ Cross arm
5. Top pin support
6. Two Pin Cross arm
7. Four pin cross arm
8. Stay set (Stay wire of 7/8 or 7/10 SWG)
9. Lighting arrestors
10. Guarding wires
11. Continuous earth wire
12. Cables
13. Fuses and Isolating switches
14. Different types of fabrication Clamp (A-type, B-Type)
15. Bird guards 16. Vibration damper 17. Jumpers
Q.4 State features of wireless power transmission.
1. Energy delivered anywhere in the world
2. Zero fuel cost
3. Less losses
4. Less use of copper wires
5. More efficiency
6. Minimum long-range environmental impact

Q.5 State line parameters of transmission line.

Following are the of Line parameters of transmission line:

1. Resistance

2. Inductance

3. Capacitance

Q.6 State the effect of inductance on the performance of transmission line.

Ans: Effect of Inductance on the performance of Transmission line:

i) Voltage drop takes place in transmission line.
ii) Voltage regulation gets affected.
iii) Power factor of transmission line gets affected.
iv) Transmission line efficiency gets affected

4 MARKS QUESTIONS

Q.7 Draw block diagram of power system. State the function of each block.

Function of each block:

1) Generating Station: It is the power plant in which bulk amount of electricity is actually
generated by alternator at voltage level about 11 kV.
2) Generator transformer Substation: It steps up the generation voltage to transmission
level so that generated power can be transmitted over long distances.

3) Primary Transmission: It is a 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line between generator transformer

substation and transmission substation or receiving substation. Its function is to transmit bulk power
over long distances to distribution substation. Primary Transmission voltages are 220 kV, 400 kV,
765 kV.

4) Transmission substation: Its function is to step down the transmission voltage to sub-transmission level.
5) Secondary Transmission: It is a 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line between transmission
substation and distribution substation. Its function is to transmit power to regional load centres.
Secondary Transmission line voltages are 132 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV etc.

6) Distribution substation: Its function is to step down the sub-transmission voltage to primary
distribution level voltage.

7) Primary Distribution: It is a 3-phase, 3-wire distribution line (called feeder) between

distribution substation and pole/plinth mounted substation. Its function is to distribute power to
bulk consumers and distribution transformers. Primary distribution voltages are 22 kV, 11 kV etc.

8) Pole/Plinth-mounted Transformer substation: Its function is to step down the primary

distribution level voltage to secondary distribution level voltage.

9) Secondary Distribution: It is a 3-phase, 4-wire Distribution line in between Distribution

substation to consumer line. e.g. secondary distribution voltage 3-phase, 400 volt, for single
phase 230 volt.

10) Service Mains: These are the single-phase or three-phase service cables used to provide electric supply
to consumer’s premises.

Q.8 Draw figure for transposition of conductor. List out advantages of transposition.

Advantages of the transposition of conductor:

1. The transposition of the conductor equalizes the mutual inductance and capacitance between the lines.

2. Due to transposition of conductors, inductance and capacitance of each line becomes equal.

3. The voltage drop in each line becomes equal so balanced voltage is obtained at receiving end.

4. Transposition greatly reduces radio interferences with neighboring telephone lines.

5. Transposition of HV lines help to reduce the system power loss.

 6. Transposition of HV lines help to reduce the effects of inductive coupling.

7. Transposition of HV lines help to increase the power transfer capability of line

Q. Draw the circuit diagram and phasor diagram of T method.

Ans:
Circuit Diagram:-

Q. State and explain skin effect. How it can be reduced?

Ans:
 Skin effect-

The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as skin effect
Explanation:
When conductor carries alternating current, it produces alternating magnetic flux,
which links with the conductor itself. If we assume the conductor as combination of
no. of parallel small conductors, each carrying some fractional current, then each
small current carrying conductor produces its own magnetic field, which links with
itself and also with neighbouring conductors. Since central conductors are
surrounded by more no. of conductors, naturally they will be linked with more flux.
Therefore, the centre core of conductor has more inductance and so very high
inductive reactance. The flux linking, inductance and inductive reactance goes on
reducing as we approach surface. The inductive reactance is highest at center and
least at near surface. Due to this reason, the alternating current is not uniformly
distributed over the cross-section of the conductor. The alternating current is zero or
minimum at center and large at surface. This tendency of AC to concentrate at
surface is called “Skin effect”.

Skin effect can be reduced by:

1. Use stranded conductors instead of solid conductors.
2. Use hollow conductors instead of solid conductor.
3. Use ACSR /AAAC conductors for transmission purpose.
4. Use D.C. supply whenever possible as Skin effect is absent (Since frequency 0) instead of A.C. supply

Explain the proximity effect? How it can be reduced? List out factors affecting proximity effect.
Ans:
Proximity effect:

When two conductors in close proximity (i.e parallel and close) with each

other carry high alternating current, the currents are non-uniformly distributed

on the cross- sectional area of the conductors. This effect is called proximity

effect.

When the conductors carry alternating current, they produce alternating magnetic field
round the conductors. The varying magnetic field produced by any one conductor links

with other adjacent conductor and induces eddy currents in it, as shown in the figure
 When the nearby
conductors carry
currents in the
opposite direction,
then due to these eddy
currents, the
conductor currents are concentrated at the nearest sides of the conductors. (Refer Fig. b)
The proximity effect results in the increment of the apparent resistance of the conductor due to the presence of the other
conductors carrying current in its vicinity.
Proximity effect can be reduced By:

1. By increasing the distance between two conductors i.e. by using longer cross arm.

2. By using overhead transmission system instead of underground.

3. By using small size, small current carrying conductor.

4. Use DC transmission system instead of AC transmission system to avoid proximity effect, since frequency of DC supply
is Zero (No rate of change of flux linkages). Factors affecting the proximity effect:

1. Frequency: More the frequency, more is the effect.

2. Size: More the size of conductor, more is the effect.

3. Resistivity of conductor material: More the resistivity, less is the effect.

Permeability of material: More the permeability of conductor, more is the effect

Q.47. Draw the equivalent circuit diagram and phasor diagram of nominal π method.
 Q.38 Compare nominal - T and nominal - II method of transmission line (Any six
points)

Q. Differentiate between overhead transmission and underground transmission.

Q. Draw and explain the construction of underground cables.

Explanation:-
i) Core or conductor:
➢ It function is carry current.
➢ Cable may have single or more than single core conductor.
➢ Conductor are made up of copper or aluminium material
➢ Cross section of conductor is directly proportional to current. (Cross section
of conductor depends upon current carrying capacity)
➢ Conductor used is -
• Annealed
• Tinned
ii) Insulation:
➢ Each core of conductor is provided with suitable thickness of insulation to
avoid short circuit between two conductors.
➢ The thickness of insulation layer depends on magnitude of voltage for which
it is designed.
➢ Commonly used materials for insulation are e.g.:-
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
• Polyethene
• XLPE (Cross- linked polyethylene)
iii) Lead (Metallic) Sheath:
➢ It is provided over insulation.
➢ To provide the protection of core from entry of moisture, gases or
other damaging liquids (acids & alkaline) in the soil & atmospheric.
➢ The metallic sheath is made up of lead or lead alloys recently aluminum is
also being used as a metallic sheath.
 iv) Bedding:
➢ Over the metallic sheath there is layer of bedding.
The function of bedding is protecting the metallic sheath against corrosion &
from the mechanical injury due to armouring.
➢ It is made from fibrous material such as jute, hessian tape
v) Armouring:
➢ This layer is over a bedding only for underground cable and not for over
head cable
➢ Its function is to protect the cable from mechanical injury.
➢ It covers the bedding, which consists of 1 or 2 layers of galvanized steel wire
or steel tapes
vi) Serving:
➢ This layer is last layer which comes over armouring.
➢ Its function is to protect armouring against rusting and it also helps for
easy handling of cables.
It is similar to bedding & consists of fiborous material such as jute.

Q. Explain the shackle type insulator with neat sketch.

Explanation:
➢ These insulators are clamped to the cross arms by one metal ‘U’ clamp with
the help of bolts, nuts & washers.

➢ Function of Shackle insulator is to reduce excessive tension on line. Also

on supporting structure (pole).

Applications:

1)Shackle insulators are used in following circumstances when line is subjected

excessive tension. E.g. shackle insulators are used below 11 KV line & above 11
 KV line strain insulators are used
Shackle insulators are also used when line is going straight but in case of vertical conductor
configuration only

Q. Discuss the effect of transmission line parameters on the performance of

transmission
line (any six points).

1. Due to resistance (R), voltage drop in transmission line produces

2. Due to resistance (R), copper losses in transmission line produces.

3. Due to inductance (L) voltage drop in transmission line produces.

4. Capacitor (C) draws charging current through transmission line. This

charging current produces additional copper losses & voltage drop in

transmission line.

5. Due to above reasons, transmission line efficiency gets affected

6. voltage regulation of transmission line gets affected

Also power factor of transmission line gets affected

Q. Draw the symbols and state their function of components used in substation (any six).

Electrical Symbols Electrical Symbols

Equipment Equipment
A C Generator Bus Bar

Power Three Winding

Transformer- Transformer
Two winding

Current Voltage
Transformer Transformer or
(CT) Potential
transformer
(PT)
Circuit Breaker Circuit
Breaker with
isolator

Isolator or Lightening
Group Operating Arrestor (L.A)
Switch (GOS)

Earth Switch Wave or Line

(ES) trap

Coupling A B Switch
Capacitor (CC)

List of the equipment’s, circuit elements in substation & their function:

1) Bus bar: -
Bus bar is common conductor to which incoming & outgoing lines are connected
2) Power Transformer (Main transformer) :-

Its function is to step down the incoming voltage (e.g.33 KV) to outgoing voltage
(22/11KV) without change in frequency. Its rating is in MVA.

It is installed on strong concrete foundation (plinth). It is oil cooled also air

blast cooling system is provided.

3) Auxiliary Transformer (Station transformer): -

Its function is to step down the input voltage (11 KV) to distribution voltage (3-ph,
4wire, 400V) to give supply to control room, area lighting, staff quarters etc,

4) Lightning Arrester: -

It is provided for protection of substation, transformer against lightning stroke .It is

connected in between line and ground at the starting point of substation. Under normal
condition it acts as an insulator.
 5) Earth switch: -

Its function is to discharge the ground capacitance when line is open circuited for
maintenance purpose by isolator.

6) Isolator (No load Switch): -

Its function is to connect or disconnect the circuit only when there is no load.

7) Circuit Breaker: - It is protective device. It open or break the circuit whenever there is
fault & protect the equipment. It can be operated manually or remote control
whenever required.

8) Relay:

It sense the faults & gives signal to trip circuit of C.B. to open. There are
different types of relay e.g. Earth fault relay, Phase to Phase fault relay, Thermal
relay etc.

9) Instrumental Transformer (CT & PT):-

C.T & P.T are used for measurement of electrical quantities (Current, voltage,
power & energy) also C.T. is used for protection purpose as a part of tripping circuit of
C.B.

10) Horn Gap Fuse: -

It is provided to primary side of transformer for protection against over current.( Its frame shape
is like a Horn gap due to which arc /spark will extinguish quickly) If C.B. is installed on primary
side of transformer than Horn gap fuse is not provided.

Q. Differentiate between overhead transmission and underground transmission.

S.No Points Overhead line Underground cable

1 Capital cost Less More

2 Erecting cost Less More
3 Time require for Less More
completion of work
4 Flexibility More flexibility No flexibility
5 Future expansion in System voltage can be System voltage cannot be
voltage level increased easily increased
6 Overload capacity More Less
7 Fault finding Easy Difficult
8 Charging Current Less More
 Q. Draw the layout of power system indicating
Generation, Transmission and distribution parts.

Q. Draw the diagram of pin type and suspension type insulators.

(i) List the properties of line insulators in brief.
(ii) List the methods of Line Support Erection and explain in brief any one.
Following are the properties of line insulators:
Electrical Properties of insulating material:-

1. It should have high resistance.

2. It should have high breakdown voltage.
3. It should have high dielectric strength.
4. It should have low dielectric loss.
5. It should have low dielectric constant.
B) Mechanical Properties of insulating material:-
1) It should have high mechanical strength.
2) It should be tough and flexible.
3) It should be light in weight.
4) It should not be porous otherwise it increases moisture holding capacity which
reduces insulating property.
C) Chemical Properties of insulating material:-
1. It should not be hygroscopic (which absorbs moisture).
2. It should have high resistance to acid & alkaline (Chemicals).
3. It should have high resistance to oil.
D) Thermal Properties of insulating material:-

1. It should have high thermal conductivity.

2. It should be non -inflammable.
3. It should withstand at high temperature.
4. It should have thermal Stability.
5. Co-efficient of thermal expansion should be low.
E) General Properties of insulating material:-

1. It should have longer life.

2. It should have low cost
ii) Following are the methods of Line Support Erection

Figure:

Following are steps require for Erection of

pole :- Step 1:
Preparation before Erection- Depends on type of pole e.g.

 Wooden Pole :
• Top & bottom portion of pole is covered by aluminum cap and underground
portion (1/6) of pole height is painted to increase life & remaining portion is
well polished
with the help of varnish.
 Cement Pole :
• 1/6 portion of pole height is No preparation is required like wooden pole and
steel pole
 Steel Pole :
• 1/6 portion of pole height of steel pole which goes under ground is painted with
bituminous paint to protect pole from rusting. Also base plate of mild steel is
welded at bottom for better foundation.
 Steel towers:
• Are erected on site by constructing strong foundation (cement concrete foundation)
Step 2:
Prepare a pit on given marking.
Step 3:
Size of pit should be 2.5 feet X 2 feet and depth of pit 1/6 of the pole height.
Step 4:
Rest the pole on channel for smooth and gradual Erection.
 Step 5:
Erect a pole in a prepared pit using accessories (such as rope, pole, tripod etc.)
and sufficient man power. Now a days machineries are used for Erection of pole.
Step 6:
After Erection of pole, check the alignment before concreting.
Step 7:
Now pour the concreting of ratio 1:4:8 in pole pit.

Unit - IV Extra High Voltage Transmission (HVAC and HVDC

Q.1 State advantages of using high voltage for transmission system.

1. As Transmission voltage increases, current decreases for same power transfer.

As current decreases, required cross section of conductor decreases. As cross
section of conductor decreases, its weight decreases.
2. As weight of the conductor decreases, design of tower becomes lighter in weight.

3. As current decreases, cross section of bus bar and size of switch-gear contact etc. reduces.

4. Due to above advantages, Transmission cost per KM decreases.

5. As transmission voltage increases; current decreases, so copper losses in transmission line

reduces.

6. As copper losses reduces, transmission efficiency increases

7. As current reduces; voltage drop in transmission line reduces.

8. As voltage drop in transmission line reduces, voltage regulation becomes better

(improved).

9. As efficiency and regulation of transmission line get improved, so

performance of transmission line is improved.
Q.9 State the necessity and importance of EHV transmission.(any two points each for
2 marks and any 8 for 4 marks)

Ans: Necessity of EHV:

i) To transmit same amount of power at same power factor if line

voltage increases,magnitude of current reduces which reduces cross sectional
area of conductor.

ii)As magnitude of current reduces, the total line losses get reduced
which increases transmission efficiency.

iii) E.H.V. transmission is very helpful for interconnection of power

systems on large scale, hence it is adopted.
 iv) Power transmission capacity of line is in square proportion (V2 )
of the transmission voltage, hence it is beneficial.
v) Transmission of huge block of power over a very long
distance is economically feasible in case of E.H.V.
vi) For maximum flexibility for future system growth, EHV is adopted.
vii) It provides better voltage regulation.

Importance of EHV Transmission: - 1. As Transmission voltage

increases, for same power transfer, the current decreases.

2. As current decreases, required cross section of conductor decreases.

3. As cross section of conductor decreases, its weight decreases.

4. As weight of the conductor decreases, design of tower becomes lighter in weight.

5. As current decreases, cross section of bus bar and size of switch-gear contact etc.
reduces.

6. Due to above advantages, transmission cost per km decreases.

7. As transmission voltage increases, current decrease, so copper losses

in transmission line reduces. (as Cu losses  I 2 )

Q.10 State the highest EHVAC line in India

The highest voltage of EHVAC lines in India is 765 KV AC

Q.11 Explain the phenomenon of Corona. State how Corona effect can be reduced?

Ans: Phenomenon of Corona: The ionization of air surrounding the high

voltage transmission line conductor accompanied by faint luminous violet
glow, hissing sound and production of ozone gas, is called Corona Discharge or
Corona Effect. This phenomenon occurs when the electrostatic field across the
transmission line conductors produces the condition of potential gradient. The
air gets ionized when the potential gradient at the conductor surface reaches the
value of 30kV/cm at normal pressure and temperature. In transmission lines,
conductors are surrounded by the air. Air acts as a dielectric medium. When the
electric field intensity is less than 30kV/cm, the induced current between the
conductor is not sufficient to ionize the air. However, when the electric field
intensity at the surface of conductor exceeds the value of 30kV/cm, the
charging current starts to flow through the air. The air surrounding the
conductor get ionized. The ionized air act as a virtual conductor, producing a
hissing sound with a luminous violet glow and liberation of ozone gas.

Corona effect can be reduced by following techniques:

1. By increasing spacing between two conductors. i.e. by using longer cross arm.
 2. By using larger size (diameter) of conductor e.g. using ACSR, bundled conductors

3. By using smooth body conductor and hardware (i.e avoiding sharp edges, points, corners
etc.)

By using corona ring at the terminals of high voltage equipment

Q.26 Give the classification of HVDC transmission system. Draw layout

of monopolar HVDC transmission system.
Ans:
Classification of HVDC transmission system:
1. Monopolar HVDC transmission System
2. Bipolar HVDC transmission System
3. Homopolar HVDC transmission System
4. Back to Back HVDC coupling System
5. Multi-terminal HVDC System
Layout of Monopolar HVDC transmission system:
Q.26 Draw layout of homopolar HVDC transmission line mention polarity of overhead
conductor.
Ans:
Homopolar HVDC transmission line

Q.48 State the meaning of FACTS and explain in brief d-types facts controller.

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS):- ( 3 Marks)

A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is defined as it is
a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is
meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is
generally a power electronics-based system.

D-types facts controller:

1. Shunt compensation
In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It works
as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types:
2. Shunt capacitive compensation
This method is used to improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the
transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt
capacitor is connected which draws current leading the
source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor.
3. Shunt inductive compensation

This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when there is very
low load at the receiving end. Due to very low, or no load – very low current flows through the
transmission line. Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification
(Ferranti effect). The receiving end voltage may become double the sending end voltage
(generally in case of very long transmission lines). To compensate,
shunt inductors are connected across the transmission line. The power transfer capability is
thereby increased depending upon the power equation
4. Series compensation
FACTS for series compensation modify line impedance: X is decreased so as to
increase the transmittable active power. However, more reactive power must be provided.

State the meaning of ferranti effect and proximity effect.

i) Ferranti effect :
When long distance transmission is lightly loaded or there is no load condition than it is
observe that receiving end voltage (VR) is found to be greater than sending end voltage
(VS). This phenomenon is known as Ferranti effect.
ii) Proximity effect: ( 3 Marks)

Explanation:
Let two alternating current carrying conductors placed near to each other as shown in figure. Due
to electro-magnetic action, flux produced by each conductor links with each other. Due to
this super –impose of magnetic field on conductor causes current in each conductor is re-
distributed. This is known as proximity effect.

Define voltage regulation and Transmission Efficiency.

Voltage regulation is nothing but voltage drop in transmission line expressed in
% of receiving end voltage

Sending End Voltage  Re ceiving End Voltage

% Regulation = Re ceiving End Voltage  100

Define Transmission efficiency:-

Output power at receiving end
Transmission Efficency = X100
Input power at sending end

State features of wireless power transmission.

1. Energy delivered anywhere in the world
2. Zero fuel cost
3. Less losses

4. Less use of copper wires

5. More efficiency
 6. Minimum long-range environmental impact

UNIT-5 DISTRIBUTION LINE COMPONENTS,PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

Q. Define: primary and secondary distribution system

Primary Distribution: It is link between receiving substation & distribution
transformer
Secondary Distribution: It is link between distribution transformer substation &
consumer.

Q.classify distribution system

Q.State the classification of distribution substation or

Q. State the type of distribution substation
1. Pole mounted distribution substation
2. Plinth mounted distribution substation

3. Compact/prefabricated distribution substation

4. Underground distribution substation
5. Indoor distribution substation
6. Outdoor distribution substation
 Q. Compare feeder and distributor on any two parameters.

Sr.No. Feeder Distributor

1. It is link between receiving It is link between distribution
substation and distribution transformer substation & consumer.
transformer
2. It is generally a 3 - phase, 3 - wire It is essentially a 3 - phase, 4 - wire

system. (R-Y-B) system. (R-Y-B-N)

3. While designing feeder, its current While designing distributor, its voltage
carrying capacity is the main drop along the length of conductor is the
consideration. main consideration.
4. There is no tapping at all on feeders Distributors are tapped throughout its
along its complete length. Length according to application.
5. Feeder voltage is generally of 11kV Distributor voltage is 400 Volts for 3-ph
/ 22kV / 33kV. consumers and 230Volts for single phase
consumers.
6. Feeder forms the primary distribution Distributors forms secondary distributor
system. system.
7. Its loading point is at substation only. Distributors loading points are
throughout
its length.
8. Current through it always remains The current flowing through it does not
same. remain same.
9. The length of the feeder is The length of the distributor is
usually longer than that of the usually longer than that of the service
distributor. mains.
10. The line conduction, which transmits The line driver, which transmits the
electrical power from the substation electric power from the substation to the
to the distributor, is called a feeder or service mains conductor, is called a
feeder. distributor.
Q. Draw the simple arrangements for radial distribution system.
Q. State any two advantages of ACSR conductors.
1The mechanical strength of the ACSR conductor is high.
2.The tensile strength of the ACSR conductor is high.
1) Higher reliability due to the steel wires, which ensures the safety margins of the
ACSR conductors.
2) Due to the highest mechanical resistance, better transport capacity and high
tensile strength the
3) ACSR conductors can be used for medium and long spans and needs less support.
4) Low weight and economical design

Q. Draw the typical layout diagram of 11 kV/400 sub station.

Q. Classify distribution substation on the basis of –

(i) Service requirement
 (ii) Constructional feature
Ans:
Classification of Distribution Substations on the Basis of Service
Requirement:
1. Transformer Sub-station.
2. Switching sub-station.
3. Power factor correction sub-station.
4. Frequency changer sub-station.
5. Converting sub-station.
6. Industrial sub-station (Bulk Supply Industrial Consumer Substation).
7. Traction substation.
8. Mining Substation.
9. Mobile Substation.
Classification of Distribution Substations on the Basis of Construction
Feature:
1. Indoor Substation.
2. Outdoor Substation.
3. Gas insulated Substation.
4. Underground Substation.
5. Pole mounted substation.
6. Plinth Substation.
7. Compact/prefabricated substation.
Q. Describe ring main system of distribution with diagram. Also state any two
advantages of ring distribution load.
Ans:
Ring main system of distribution:
In this system, each distribution transformer is fed with two feeders but in different paths.
The feeders in this system form a loop which starts from the substation bus-bars, runs
through the load area feeding distribution transformers and returns to the substation bus-
bars. The following figure shows a typical single line diagram of a ring main distribution
system.

Advantages:
i) Supply to distribution transformer centre is given through two different Feeders
ii) Reliability to maintain supply is more even when there is a fault on any one feeder,
as the continuity of the supply is ensured from the alternative path.
iii) Reliability to maintain supply is more even when there was maintenance on any one
 feeder, as the continuity of the supply is ensured from the alternative path.
iv) There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer‟s terminals.
v) Voltage at far away load from substation is less affected.

Q. Draw single line diagram or layout of 33/11 kv substation

Single line diagram 33/11 kV substation :