D”P gva¨wgK ● hyw³we`¨v (cÖ_g cÎ) ● Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi

cÖ_g Aa¨vq : hyw³we`¨v cwiwPwZ

1. DÏxcK-1 wZwb Zvi `¶Zv ev †KŠkj‡K cª‡qvM K‡ib| Avevi,
mf¨Zvi m~Pbv jMœ n‡Z gvbe mgvR AvZ¥i¶v‡_© bvbv A‡bK †¶‡Î Kjv ej‡Z †KD †KD †Kv‡bv wewae×
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i Avm‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ cªvYxi AvµgY Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kiv‡K ey‡S _v‡Kb| hyw³we`¨v
n‡Z i¶vi †KŠkj wQj GK mgq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| ˆea hyw³i wKQy wbqgKvbyb wk¶v †`q| Gme wbq‡gi
cªvK…wZK `y‡h©vM n‡Z i¶vi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i GLbI bvbv Ávb ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kiv hvq| Gw`K †_‡K hyw³we`¨v‡K
†KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| Zvq‡Kvqv‡›`v GK ai‡bi Kjv e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|
†KŠkj| wKQy wk¶v_©x AbvKvwO&¶Z cwiw¯’wZ Gov‡bvi DÏxc‡K Zvq‡Kvqv‡›`vi †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i
Rb¨ G †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i mdjZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| wk¶v_©x‡`i kvixwiK Avµg‡Yi g‡Zv AbvKvwO&¶Z
DÏxcK-2 cwiw¯’wZ Gov‡bvi welqwU Kjvwe`¨vi Abyiƒc|
gnvKl©xq Zi½ kbv³ Kivi c×wZ D™¢veb I M‡elYvi
Rb¨ 2017 mv‡j cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i gvwK©b M‡elKiv| N. DÏxcK-1 I DÏxcK-2 Kjv I weÁvb wn‡m‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki ZiæY weÁvbx cwigj KvR K‡i‡Qb G hyw³we`¨vi ¯^iæc‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
M‡elYvq| 1915 mv‡j AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb †h hyw³we`¨v‡K wewfbœ hyw³we` wbR¯^ `…wó‡KvY †_‡K
gnvKl©xq Zi‡½i K_v e‡jb, Zv 2015 mv‡ji 14 msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| hyw³we`¨vi ¯^iæc wb‡q wewfbœ
†m‡Þ¤^i cªgvwYZ nq| hyw³we` wfbœ wfbœ gZ w`‡q‡Qb| hyw³we` n¨vwgjUb,
K. Kjv Kx? Ugmb g‡b K‡ib, hyw³we`¨v GKwU weÁvb| KviY
L. hyw³we`¨v‡K mKj weÁv‡bi weÁvb ejv nq wPšÍv m¤úwK©Z KZ¸‡jv wbqgbxwZ cª`vb KivB n‡jv
†Kb? M.DÏxcK-1 hyw³we`¨vi †Kvb welqwU‡K hyw³we`¨vi KvR| A_©vr, weÁv‡bi g‡Zv hyw³we`¨v
wb‡`©k K‡i? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| wbR¯^ welqe¯Íy‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wKQy ¯^Zš¿
N. DÏxcK-1 I 2 Gi ¯^iæc cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K wbqgKvbyb cªYqb K‡i| ZvB ZvwË¡K w`‡Ki Ici
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Zviv hyw³we`¨v‡K weÁvb e‡j AwfwnZ
1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi K‡i‡Qb|
K. Kjv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡kl Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kivi Ab¨w`‡K, wKQy hyw³we` hyw³we`¨v‡K Kjv e‡j
†KŠkj‡K †evSvq| AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| hyw³we` A¨vjwWªP g‡b K‡ib,
L. weÁvb n‡jv cªK…wZi †Kv‡bv we‡kl wefvM m¤ú‡K© hyw³we`¨v n‡jv Kjv| wZwb e¨envwiK w`‡Ki Ici
myk…•Lj I mymse× Ávb| ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q hyw³we`¨v‡K Kjv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
cªwZwU weÁv‡bi wKQy wbR¯^ wbqg I c×wZ i‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡Z, hyw³we`¨v Kjvwe`¨vi g‡Zv hyw³c×wZi
cªwZwU weÁv‡bi wbqgbxwZ †hŠw³K wfwËi Ici wbqgvejx‡K ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kivi wk¶v †`q| ZvB
cªwZwôZ| weÁvb mZ¨‡K cªwZwôZ Ki‡Z Pvq| Avi hyw³we`¨v n‡jv Kjvwe`¨v|
mZ¨‡K cªwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ cªwZwU weÁvb‡K hyw³i wKQy hyw³we` hyw³we`¨v‡K Kjv I weÁvb DfqB e‡j
Ici wbf©i n‡Z nq| GRb¨ hyw³we`¨v‡K mKj AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb | hyw³we` wgj I †nv‡qUwj
weÁv‡bi weÁvb ejv nq| hyw³we`¨v‡K Kjv I weÁvb DfqB e‡j‡Qb| Zv‡`i
M. DÏxcK-1 hyw³we`¨vi Kjvwe`¨v ev Kjvi w`K‡K g‡Z, hyw³we`¨v weÁvb GB Kvi‡Y †h, GwU wbf©yj
wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| wPšÍvi wb‡`©k cª`vb K‡i| Avevi, hyw³we`¨v Kjv GB
mvaviYZ Kjvwe`¨v ej‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡kl Ávb‡K Kvi‡Y †h, GwU hyw³i mvaviY wbqgvejx‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e
ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kivi †KŠkj‡K †evSvq| Avevi, Kjv cª‡qv‡Mi Kjv‡KŠk‡ji Ávb `vb K‡i| ZvB hyw³we`¨v
ej‡Z `¶Zv, cvi`wk©Zv ev ˆbcyY¨I †evSvq| Kjv I weÁvb DfqB|
hyw³we`¨vi RbK Gwi÷Uj g‡b Ki‡Zb, Kjvwe`¨v
Ggb GKUv wKQy hv Øviv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ GKwU wel‡qi 2. iwe, mygb I wjmv GKv`k †kªwY‡Z c‡o| K¬v‡mi
cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡ib| A_©vr, wb‡Ri `¶Zv Øviv dvu‡K AvÇvq wjmv ej‡jv, Ôj¶ K‡iwQm? Avgv‡`i
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ GKwU welq‡K wbR¯^ iƒc w`‡Z cv‡ib| cvV¨welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU welq Av‡Q, †hwU
hLb GKRb e¨w³ cv_i w`‡q g~wZ© ˆZwi K‡ib ZLb Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Pjvi mwVK wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z
 cv‡i|' mygb ej‡jv, ÒwVK e‡jwQm, †mwU Avgv‡`i Ávb `vb K‡i| Avevi cªv‡qvwMK we`¨v wn‡m‡e
wewfbœ wel‡q Kg©c×wZi mÜvb †`q|' iwe †hvM K‡i, †bŠwe`¨v Avgv‡`i †kLvq Kxfv‡e †bŠhvb Pvjv‡Z
ïay wK ZvB| G welqwU weÁv‡bi mv‡_I m¤úwK©Z|' n‡e|
K. 'Logic' kãwU †Kvb fvlv n‡Z DrcwË? DÏxc‡K mygb Ggb GKwU wel‡qi K_v e‡j, †hwU
L. Kjv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? Avgv‡`i wewfbœ wel‡q Kg©c×wZi mÜvb †`q| myg‡bi
M. DÏxc‡K wjmvi e³‡e¨i †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v G e³e¨ hyw³we`¨vi e¨envwiK w`‡Ki mv‡_
K‡iv| mv`…k¨c~Y©| Avevi iwe e‡j, G welqwU weÁv‡bi
N. DÏxc‡K mygb I iwei e³e¨¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zywg mv‡_I m¤úwK©Z| A_©vr Zvi e³e¨ hyw³we`¨vi ZvwË¡K
wK GKgZ? †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI| w`‡Ki mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©|
2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K mygb I iwei e³‡e¨
K. hyw³we`¨vi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã 'Logic' kãwUi DrcwË hyw³we`¨vi mvgwMªK w`K cªKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
n‡q‡Q wMªK kã 'Logike' †_‡K|
L. Kjv (Art) ej‡Z `¶Zv, cvi`wk©Zv, ˆbcyY¨ ev 3. ivwRe I wgivR LyeB Nwbô eÜy| Zviv 2016 mv‡j
†Kv‡bv we‡kl Ávb‡K ev¯Íe †¶‡Î cª‡qvM Kivi GBPGmwm cvm K‡i‡Q| Zviv Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi
†KŠkj‡K †evSvq| fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z Pvq| ZvB cwiKíbv K‡i Zviv
Kjv n‡”Q GKwU cªv‡qvwMK we`¨v| G we`¨v †Kv‡bv `y'RbB w`bvRcyi KvwiMwi cªwk¶Y †K‡›`ª fwZ© n‡q
we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ ˆeÁvwbK Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cªwk¶Y MªnY Ki‡Q| ivwRe cªwk¶Y Mªn‡Yi cvkvcvwk
cª‡qvM Kivi wbqg-Kvbyb I †KŠkj wk¶v †`q| †hgb- GKwU Kw¤úDUvi µq K‡i Zvi AwR©Z Ávb ev¯Í‡e
kj¨wPwKrmv we`¨v (Surgery) mwVKfv‡e A‡¯¿vcPvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i| Aciw`‡K, wgivRI GKwU Kw¤úDUvi
Kivi wbqgKvbyb I †KŠkj wk¶v †`q | µq Ki‡e e‡j wPšÍv Ki‡Q|
M. DÏxc‡K wjmvi e³‡e¨ hyw³we`¨vi Av`k©wbô K. hyw³we`¨v Kv‡K e‡j?
(Normative) w`KwU cªKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y L. hyw³we`¨v Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Kxfv‡e
Zvi e³e¨wU Aek¨B †hŠw³K| mnvqZv K‡i?
hyw³we`¨v GKwU Av`k©wbô weÁvb| Gi g~j Av`k© M. DÏxc‡K ivwR‡ei Kg©KvÐwU †Kvb welqwU‡K
n‡jv mZ¨Zv| mZ¨Zvi Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡K hyw³we`¨v Bw½Z Ki‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
mwVK wPšÍv c×wZ I Gi wbqgvewj wba©viY K‡i| N. cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K ivwRe I wgiv‡Ri
†hgb- gvgjvq Rqjv‡fi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z wg_¨v mv¶¨ Kg©Kv‡Ði ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY K‡iv|
†`Iqv wVK bq| †Kbbv, GwU mZ¨Zv Z_v hyw³we`¨vi 3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
Av`‡k©i cwicš’x| K. †h we`¨v ˆea hyw³ †_‡K A‰ea hyw³‡K c…_K Kivi
DÏxc‡Ki wjmv Ggb GKwU wel‡qi K_v e‡j‡Q †hwU c×wZ I wbqgmg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K
Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Pjvi mwVK wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z hyw³we`¨v (Logic) e‡j|
cv‡i| †hŠw³Kfv‡eB wjmvi e³e¨wU hyw³we`¨vi L. hyw³we`¨v Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨v
Av`k©wbô w`‡Ki mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©| †Kbbv, hyw³we`¨vB mgvav‡b, mZ¨ D˜NvU‡b Ges åvwšÍ wbim‡b mnvqZv
mZ¨Zvi Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡K Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b K‡i|
Pjvi mwVK wb‡`©kbv cª`vb K‡i| hyw³we`¨vi `ywU w`K- 1. weÁvb welqK Ges 2.
N. n¨vu, mygb I iwei e³‡e¨i mv‡_ Avwg GKgZ| KviY Kjvwe`¨v welqK| weÁvb wn‡m‡e hyw³we`¨v wbf©yj
myg‡bi e³‡e¨ hyw³we`¨vi e¨envwiK w`K Ges iwei wPšÍvi bxwZmg~n Avwe®‹vi K‡i| cvkvcvwk Kjvwe`¨v
e³‡e¨ ZvwË¡K w`K dy‡U D‡V‡Q| wn‡m‡e mZ¨ Ki‡Z Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡i|
hyw³we`¨vq cªavbZ `y'wU w`K i‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡jv M. m…Rbkxj 1 Gi ÔMÕ bs cª‡kœvËi †`‡Lv|
ZvwË¡K ev weÁvb welqK w`K Ges Ab¨wU e¨envwiK N. DÏxc‡K ivwR‡ei Kg©KvÐ e¨venvwiK ev cªv‡qvwMK
w`K| cªK…wZi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welq m¤ú‡K© weÁvb w`K‡K Ges wgiv‡Ri Kg©KvÐ ZvwË¡K w`K‡K wb‡`©k
Avgv‡`i ZvwË¡K Ávb cª`vb K‡i| Avi e¨envwiK ev K‡i|
cªv‡qvwMK we`¨v †m Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kivi Avgiv Rvwb, myk…•Lj I mymse× Av‡jvPbv n‡jv
Kg©c×wZ I †KŠkj wk¶v †`q| †hgb, ZvwË¡K weÁvb ZvwË¡K welq ev weÁv‡bi KvR| Avi ZvwË¡K Ávb‡K
wn‡m‡e c`v_©weÁvb c`v‡_©i MVb I cªK…wZ m¤ú‡K© ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM K‡i †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi
wbqg-Kvbyb I †KŠkj †kLv‡bv n‡jv cªv‡qvwMK ev Kjv
 we`¨vi KvR| A_©vr ZvwË¡K Ávb‡K hLb e¨envwiK hyw³we`¨v ïay weÁvb bq, Avevi ïay KjvI bq| eis
Rxe‡b cª‡qvM Kiv nq ZLb Zv cªv‡qvwMK we`¨vq hyw³we`¨v GKvav‡i GKwU weÁvb I GKwU Kjv|
cwiYZ nq| †hgb- RxeweÁvb Rxe‡`‡ni MVb I weÁvb wn‡m‡e hyw³we`¨v mwVK hyw³c×wZi wbqg-
Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K Ávb cª`vb K‡i| Avi Kvbyb m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i‡K Ávb `vb K‡i| Avi Kjv
kj¨wPwKrmv we`¨v (Surgery) †kLvq Kxfv‡e mwVK wnmv‡e hyw³we`¨v Gme wbqg‡K Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe
c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv †ivMxi A‡¯¿vcPvi Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv wPšÍv‡¶‡Î myôyfv‡e cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mZ¨‡K Avwe®‹vi
Rvwb, ZvwË¡K wel‡qi cwiwa e¨envwiK wel‡qi †P‡q Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
e¨vcK| KviY ZvwË¡K welq n‡jv e¨envwiK wel‡qi DÏxc‡K †LvKb hyw³we`¨v‡K Kjvwe`¨v e‡j| KviY
c~e©eZ©x Ae¯’v| Kjvwe`¨vi b¨vq hyw³we`¨v we‡kl Kg© m¤úv`‡bi
DÏxc‡K ivwR‡ei Kg©KvÐ e¨envwiK ev cªv‡qvwMK Kjv‡KŠkj wk¶v †`q hv ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi Ici
w`‡Ki mv‡_ Ges wgiv‡Ri Kg©KvÐ ZvwË¡K w`‡Ki wbf©ikxj| Avevi hyw³we`¨vi ZË¡MZ w`K we‡ePbv
mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©| K‡i mygb hyw³we`¨v‡K GKwU weÁvb wn‡m‡e D‡jøL
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK w`‡Ki g~j K‡i| weÁv‡bi b¨vq hyw³we`¨vi wba©vwiZ I myk…•Lj
cv_©K¨ n‡jv- ZvwË¡K welq ev weÁvb wbR wbR Av‡jvP¨ welq Av‡Q Ges Av‡jvP¨ welq e¨vL¨vi Rb¨
Av‡jvP¨ welq m¤ú‡K© myk…•Lj I µymse× Ávb `vb ch©vß wbqg Av‡Q| myZivs Zv‡`i gZ c¶cvZ †`v‡l
K‡i| Avi cªv‡qvwMK we`¨v Z_v Kjv †Kv‡bv we‡kl `yó| KviY, hyw³we`¨v Avgv‡`i‡K ZvwË¡K I
D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ weÁv‡bi Ávb‡K ev¯Íe †¶‡Î e¨envwiK Dfq Ávb `vb K‡i| GRb¨ GwU GKvav‡i
cª‡qvM Kivi †KŠkj †kLvq| Kjv I weÁvb|

4. hyw³we`¨vi K¬vm †k‡l †LvKb ej‡jv, 'hyw³we`¨v N. Ôhyw³we`¨v GKwU Avw` Kjv I †miv weÁvb - cwji
cªK…Zc‡¶B Kjvwe`¨v |' mygb Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i K_vq hyw³we`¨vi cªK…Z ¯^iƒc dy‡U D‡V‡Q|
ej‡jv, 'hyw³we`¨v n‡jv GKwU weÁvb|' Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv GKwU we`¨v‡K Kjv n‡Z n‡j †mwU‡K `ywU kZ©
weZ‡K©i GKch©v‡q cwj G‡m ej‡jv, 'hyw³we`¨v GKwU cvjb Ki‡Z nq| cª_gZ, †mB we`¨v‡K we‡kl †Kv‡bv
Avw` Kjv I †miv weÁvb|' Kg© m¤úv`‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj wk¶v w`‡Z n‡e|
K. hyw³we`¨vi RbK †K? wØZxqZ, Zv‡K †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi Ici
L. Logic Gi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© e¨vL¨v K‡iv| wbf©ikxj n‡Z n‡e| Aciw`‡K †Kv‡bv GKwU Áv‡bi
M. DÏxc‡K hyw³we`¨v m¤ú‡K© †LvKb I mygb-Gi kvLv‡K weÁvb n‡Z n‡j Zvi g‡a¨ `ywU kZ© _vK‡Z
weZK©wU cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iv| n‡e| cª_gZ, †mB kvLvi wba©vwiZ I myk…•Lj Av‡jvP¨
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cwji e³e¨wU we‡kølY welq _vK‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ, Av‡jvP¨ welq e¨vL¨vi
K‡iv| Rb¨ ch©vß wbqgKvbyb _vK‡Z n‡e|
4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cwj hyw³we`¨v‡K GKvav‡i GKwU weÁvb I GKwU Kjv
K. hyw³we`¨vi RbK n‡jb cªL¨vZ wMªK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj e‡j‡Q| weÁvb wnmv‡e hyw³we`¨v mwVK hyw³c×wZi
(Aristotle)| wbqg-Kvbyb m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Ávb `vb K‡i| Avi
L. Logic Gi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© nj – wPšÍv, fvlv I weÁvb| Kjv wn‡m‡e hyw³we`¨v Gme wbqg‡K Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe
A_©vr hyw³we`¨v nj fvlvq e¨eüZ wPšÍvi weÁvb| wPšÍv‡¶‡Î myôyfv‡e cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mZ¨Zv‡K
hyw³we`¨vi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã 'Logic'-Gi DrcwË wMªK Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
'Logike' kã †_‡K| Logike Gi we‡kl iƒc cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, hyw³we`¨v GKvav‡i GKwU Kjv I
weÁvb| ïay wPšÍvev Abygvb m¤ú‡K© K‡qKwU wbqg
'Logos'| wMªK cwifvlvq Logos Gi wZbwU A_©
Kvbyb cªYqb KivB hyw³we`¨vi KvR bq| †m¸‡jv‡K
i‡q‡Q- wPšÍv, fvlv I weÁvb| wZbwU wel‡qi mv‡_B
h_vh_fv‡e ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cª‡qvM KivI hyw³we`¨vi
hyw³we`¨vi †gŠwjK m¤ú…³Zv i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB
j¶¨| myZivs cwji K_vq hyw³we`¨vi ZË¡MZ I
ey¨rcwËMZ A‡_© Logic n‡jv fvlvq cªKvwkZ wPšÍv
e¨envwiK Dfq w`‡KiB wb‡`©k cvIqv hvq|
m¤úwK©Z weÁvb|
M. hyw³we`¨v GKwU weÁvb, bv GKwU Kjv- G cªkœ wb‡q
5. GKv`k †kªwY‡Z fwZ© nIqvi mgq cov‡kvbvi welq
†LvKb Ges myg‡bi g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva †`Lv hvq|
wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q mvwR` ej‡jv, RxeRMr I
RoRM‡Zi †h †Kv‡bvwU‡Z we‡kl Ávb jv‡fi my‡hvM
 Av‡Q, Ggb welq Avwg co‡Z PvB | G K_v ï‡b DÏxc‡Ki mvwR` GKv`k †kªwY‡Z fwZ© nIqvi mgq
myRb ej‡jv, ïay we‡kl Ávb jvf bq eis †h we‡kl cov‡kvbvi welq wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j, 'RxeRMr
Ávb‡K ev¯Íe ev e¨venvwiK Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq Ggb I RoRM‡Zi †h †Kv‡bvwUi we‡kl Ávb jv‡fi my‡hvM
welq Avwg co‡Z PvB | mvwR` I myR‡bi K_v ï‡b Av‡Q, Ggb welq Avwg co‡Z PvB'| mvwR‡`i G
dvwinv ej‡jv, we‡kl Ávb Ges †m Ávb‡K e¨envwiK e³e¨ hyw³we`¨vi ZvwË¡K ev weÁvb welqK w`‡Ki
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq, †miƒc †Kv‡bv welq‡K Avwg †e‡Q mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©|
†be| N. DÏxc‡K myRb I dvwinvi e³‡e¨ hyw³we`¨vi mvgwMªK
K. hyw³we`¨v Kv‡K e‡j? w`K Z_v ZvwË¡K ev weÁvb Ges e¨venvwiK ev
L. hyw³we`¨v‡K AvKviMZ weÁvb ejv nq †Kb? Kjvwe`¨v welqK Dfq w`K dy‡U D‡V‡Q|
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n‡q‡Q| K‡i Ges Kjvwe`¨v ˆeÁvwbK Ávb‡K ev¯Íe †¶‡Î
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we‡kølY Ki| ga¨hy‡Mi gymwjg `vk©wbK I hyw³we`MY n‡jb— Avj-
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reflective thinking". jvf K‡i‡Q|
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cª_g e¨w³ Z_v wMªK `vk©wbK
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N. DÏxc‡K hyw³we`¨vi DrcwË I µgweKv‡ki D‡jøL
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w`‡q hyw³we`¨v eZ©gvb iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q|
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weÁvb| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wgRvb I gviæd ev¯ÍeRxe‡b
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eR©b Ki‡Z cvwi| weÁvb ejv nq|
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hyw³we`¨vq cªavbZ `y'wU w`K i‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡jv cªKvk †c‡q‡Q|
ZvwË¡K ev weÁvb welqK w`K Ges Ab¨wU n‡jv hyw³we`¨vi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv Abygvb| Abygvb
e¨envwiK w`K| cªK…wZi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welq m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Ávb jv‡fi cªavb Drm| †Kv‡bv Rvbv
weÁvb Avgv‡`i ZvwË¡K Ávb cª`vb K‡i| Avi wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv‡bv ARvbv welq m¤^‡Ü
e¨envwiK ev cªv‡qvwMK we`¨v †m Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Ávb jv‡fi gvbwmK cªwµqv‡K Abygvb e‡j| †hgb
Kivi Kg©c×wZ I †KŠkj wk¶v †`q| †hgb, ZvwË¡K `~‡i meyR ebvbxi Dci w`‡q †avuqv Do‡Z †`‡L Avgiv
weÁvb wn‡m‡e c`v_©weÁvb c`v‡_©i MVb I cªK…wZ Abygvb Kwi †h, †mLv‡b †Kvb evwo‡Z Av¸b †j‡M‡Q|
m¤ú‡K© Ávb `vb K‡i| Avevi cªv‡qvwMK we`¨v wn‡m‡e G‡¶‡Î †avuqv Avgv‡`i Rvbv welq, KviY G‡K Avgiv
†bŠwe`¨v Avgv‡`i †kLvq Kxfv‡e †bŠhvb Pvjv‡Z mivmwi †`L‡Z cvw”Q| G Rvbv I †`Lv wel‡qi Dci
n‡e| wbf©i K‡i Avgiv ARvbv I A‡`Lv Av¸‡bi welqwU
iv‡mj, iZb I wicv K¬v‡mi dvu‡K cvV¨welq wb‡q Abygvb Kwi|
Av‡jvPbv Kivi mgq iv‡mj e‡j, G welqwU wewfbœ DÏxc‡K N‡ii `iRv †Lvjv I ZvjvfvOv G¸‡jv n‡jv
ZË¡ Avwe®‹vi K‡i, hv hyw³we`¨v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i KviY, †`Lv A_©vr Rvbv welq, Avi ÔN‡i †Pvi G‡mwQj'
hyw³we`¨v Avgv‡`i ZvwË¡K ev weÁvb welqK Ávb ARvbv welq| wRkvb Rvbv welq (N‡ii `iRv †Lvjv
cª`vb K‡i| Avevi, e¨envwiK ev cªv‡qvwMK w`‡Ki I Zvjv fvOv) Gi Ici wfwË K‡i ARvbv welq (N‡i
Kvi‡Y hyw³we`¨vi gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kivi Kg© †Pvi G‡mwQj) m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf K‡i| GB Rvbv welq
c×wZ I †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© wk¶v cvIqv hvq hv iZ‡bi †_‡K ARvbv wel‡qi Ávb jvfB n‡jv Abygvb|
e³‡e¨i mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©| N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ '`iRv †Lvjv, Zvjv fv½v' AskUyKy
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, iv‡mj I iZ‡bi cªZ¨¶ Ávb Ges 'N‡i †Pvi G‡mwQj' AskUyKy c‡iv¶
e³‡e¨i gva¨‡g hyw³we`¨vi ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK Z_v Ávb|
mvgwMªK w`K cªKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, Rvbv wel‡qi Ici wfwË K‡i †Kv‡bv
ARvbv welq m¤ú‡K© Ávb jv‡fi gvbwmK cªwµqvB
9. wRkv‡bi evev-gv `yRbB PvKywiRxex| †m K‡jR †_‡K n‡jv Abygvb| Abygvb `yB ai‡bi Áv‡bi mgš^‡q
evmvq wd‡i †`‡L N‡ii `iRv †Lvjv, Zvjv fvOv| MwVZ| GK cªZ¨¶ Ávb I `yB c‡iv¶ Ávb|
†fZ‡i wM‡q †`Lj mewKQy G‡jv‡g‡jv Ae¯’vq c‡o Abygv‡bi †¶‡Î †hgb cªZ¨¶ Ávb cª‡qvRb †Zgwb
Av‡Q| ZLb †m eyS‡jv, N‡i †Pvi G‡mwQj| c‡iv¶ Ávb I Acwinvh©| gvbyl †Kej eZ©gvb msµvšÍ
K. hyw³we`¨v Kv‡K e‡j? Ávb wb‡q mš‘ó _vK‡Z Pvq bv| eis †m Pvq AZxZ I
L. hyw³we`¨v‡K Av`k©wbô weÁvb ejv nq †Kb? fwel¨Z‡K Rvb‡Z| GB AZxZ I fwel¨Z Ávb n‡”Q
M. DÏxc‡K wRkv‡bi fvebvq hyw³we`¨vi †Kvb c‡iv¶ Ávb| wKš‘ cªZ¨¶ Ávb e¨ZxZ c‡iv¶
welqwU cªKvk †c‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| ÁvbvR©b Am¤¢e| KviY, c‡iv¶ Áv‡bi wfwË n‡jv
N. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb AskwU cªZ¨¶ Ávb Ges †Kvb cªZ¨¶ Ávb|
AskwU c‡iv¶ Ávb Zv we‡kølY K‡iv| DÏxc‡K wRkvb cªZ¨¶ Ávb Ô`iRv †Lvjv, Zvjv
9 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi fvOv' Gi wfwˇZB wKš‘ c‡iv¶ Ávb 'N‡i †Pvi
K. wK †h we`¨v ˆea hyw³ †_‡K A‰ea hyw³‡K c…_K Kivi G‡mwQj' AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g Avgiv Abygvb wn‡m‡e
wbqg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K hyw³we`¨v e‡j| AvL¨vwqZ Kwi|
 cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, cªZ¨¶ Ávb I c‡iv¶ Áv‡b mgš^q ZvwË¡K ÁvbvR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i; c¶všÍ‡i wØZxqwU
n‡”Q Abygvb| (‡bŠwe`¨v, ivbœvi KvR, msMxZ, wPÎKg© cªf…wZ welq)
Ávb cª‡qvM Ki‡Z ev Kv‡R jvMv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G
10. c`v_©, imvqb, Dw™¢`, cªvwYweÁvb cªf…wZ welq Kvi‡Y cª_g welqwU n‡jv weÁvb I wØZxq welqwU
Avgv‡`i‡K Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z ev Rvb‡Z †kLvq| Gi n‡jv Kjv|
fvlv n‡”Q GwU †bŠwe`¨v, ivbœvi KvR, msMxZ, wPÎKg© N. DÏxc‡K wea…Z welq `ywUi mv‡_ hyw³we`¨vi Awe‡”Q`¨
cªf…wZ wel‡q Avgv‡`i Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z ev m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv hyw³we`¨v‡K weÁvb I Kjv
cª‡qvM Ki‡Z †kLvq| Dfq wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
K. Gwi÷Uj cª`Ë hyw³we`¨v‡K Kx ejv nq? weÁvb I Kjvi mv‡_ hyw³we`¨vi wbweo m¤úK©
L. ey¨rcwËMZ w`K †_‡K hyw³we`¨vi msÁv `vI| we`¨gvb| hyw³we`¨v Df‡qi mv‡_ A½vAw½fv‡e
M. DÏxcKwU †h welq `ywUi Bw½Z enb K‡i, Zvi RwoZ| weÁvb, Kjv I hyw³i j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kv‡Ri
e¨vL¨v `vI| c×wZ GK I Awfbœ| †hgb— mK‡j mZ¨‡K Rvb‡Z
N. DÏxc‡K wea…Z welq `ywUi mv‡_ hyw³we`¨vi Pvq Ges mZ¨‡K Rvbvi †¶‡Î GKwU myk…•Lj c×wZ
†Kv‡bv m¤úK© Av‡Q wK? †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY AbymiY K‡i| †KDB †Kv‡bv welq wePvi-we‡kølY bv
K‡iv| K‡i AÜfv‡e MªnY K‡i bv| KjvweÁvbI hyw³we`¨vi
10 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi hvPvBKiY bxwZ AbymiY K‡i mZ¨‡K Avwe®‹vi K‡i|
K. Gwi÷Uj cª`Ë hyw³we`¨v‡K cªZxKx hyw³we`¨v I hyw³we`¨v I Kjvwe`¨v weÁv‡bi wbZ¨bZyb Avwe®‹vi‡K
Av‡ivn hyw³we`¨v ejv nq| ev¯Íe †¶‡Î mwVKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi ixwZbxwZi
L. ey¨rcwËMZ w`K †_‡K hyw³we`¨v n‡jv fvlvq cªKvwkZ wk¶v †`q|
wPšÍvi weÁvb| DÏxc‡K wea…Z welq `ywUi mv‡_ hyw³we`¨vi m¤úK©
hyw³we`¨vi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã 'Logic'-Gi DrcwË wMªK me©Rbxb Ges Df‡qi j¶¨ Kj¨vY mvab| ZvB
'Logike' kã †_‡K| 'Logike' kãwU 'Logos' Df‡qi m¤ú‡K©i cª‡qvRbxqZv ev¯Íe †¶‡Î AZ¨šÍ
k‡ãi we‡klY| wMªK cwifvlvq 'Logos' Gi wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| hyw³we`¨v, weÁvb I Kjv G‡K Ac‡ii
A_© i‡q‡Q— wPšÍv, fvlv I weÁvb| wZbwU wel‡qi cwic~iK| GKwU Qvov Ab¨wU Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
mv‡_B hyw³we`¨vi Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB weÁvb ïay Avwe®‹vi K‡i wKš‘ weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹vi‡K
ey¨rcwËMZ A‡_© hyw³we`¨v n‡jv fvlvq e¨eüZ wPšÍv gvby‡li cª‡qvR‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Kjv I hyw³we`¨v
m¤úwK©Z weÁvb | DfqB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| A_©vr Giv
M. DÏxcKwU 'weÁvb' I 'Kjv' welq `ywUi Bw½Z enb cª‡Z¨‡KB ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj|
K‡i|
hyw³we`¨vi `ywU cªavb w`K n‡jv— ZvwË¡K ev weÁvb
welqK w`K Ges e¨envwiK ev Kjvwe`¨v welqK w`K|
†Kv‡bv mvaviY wbq‡gi wfwˇZ cªK…wZi GKwU we‡kl
wel‡qi myk…•Lj I mymse× Av‡jvPbv n‡”Q weÁvb|
A_©vr weÁvb †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó welq m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K
Ávb cª`vb K‡i| †hgb— c`v_© weÁvb c`v‡_©i MVb
I cªK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv
c`v_© m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K Ávb jvf Kwi| Ab¨w`‡K
Kjvwe`¨v n‡”Q cª‡qvwMK we`¨v, hv †Kv‡bv we‡kl
D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ ˆeÁvwbK Ávb‡K ev¯Íe †¶‡Î
cª‡qvM Kivi
wbqg-Kvbyb I Kjv-‡KŠk‡ji wk¶v †`q| †hgb- †bŠ
we`¨v †kLvq Kxfv‡e †bŠhvb Pvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
iÜbwkí we`¨v †kLvq Kxfv‡e ivbœv mevi Kv‡Q my¯^v`y
I AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z n‡e|
DÏxcKwU‡Z Av‡jvwPZ `ywU wel‡qi cª_gwU (c`v_©,
imvqb, Dw™¢`, cªvwYweÁvb cªf…wZ welq ) Avgv‡`i