Annotated Bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography: Effectiveness of Addressing Diversity-Related Issues Among

Forensic Population
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Annotated Bibliography: Effectiveness of Addressing Diversity-Related Issues Among

Forensic Population
Engel, R. S., Corsaro, N., & Ozer, M. M. (2017). The impact of police on criminal justice
reform. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(2), 375-
402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12299
In this article, Engel et. al describes the role of police in criminal justice reform and
pretrial justice concerning the Cincinnati Police Department. The department addresses
the aspects of a fair, effective, and efficient criminal justice system via balancing the
accused individual's rights with the public's safety. According to the authors, these
practices reduce the cases of incarceration in the Cincinnati Police Department.
However, the article also addresses the significant concerns where police officers do not
view arresting the accused as a standard response but as a limited practice. In this
context, police officers employ several strategies to establish repeat regions, challenges,
and individuals committing crimes within the area. They, therefore, use evidence-based
policing ideas in reducing the use of arrests hence promoting pretrial justice and other
criminal justice reforms.
Linder, L. (2020). Expanding the Definition of Dignity: The case for broad criminal justice
reform that accounts for gender disparities. University of Louisville Law Review, 58(3),
435.
The article addresses women's unique needs and requirements in relation to the criminal
justice system. The author accesses the national dignity movement and encourages the
organization to incorporate reform on the disproportionate impacts of the justice system
on women. The dignity reform will then provide strategies to reduce the incarceration
rates among women.

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Lofstrom, M., Martin, B., & Raphael, S. (2020). Effect of sentencing reform on racial and ethnic
disparities in involvement with the criminal justice system: The case of California's
proposition 47. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(4), 1165-
1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12527
Lofstrom et. al analyzes the effects of California reform, including incarceration,
booking, and arrest rates, on different ethnic and racial communities in California. The
authors describe how the California voters reduced the rates of property crime arrests
and drug arrests by passing proposition 47. The proposition led to the conversion of
numerous wobbler and felony offenses to straight misdemeanors. The group conducted
research through the American Community Survey to establish the rates of interracial
arrests. They witnessed a deduction in the booking numbers for each race. However, the
Whites recorded a higher decrease. The more significant reduction for the White
arrestees was caused by the distinctive distribution of arrests across different crime
fields. Although the conditional booking racial gap was widening, the authors observed
some more significant booking declines for Hispanics and African Americans
concerning Asians and Whites. The article explains how the authors conducted a further
study to demonstrate the alterations in the proportions incarcerated each day and how the
alterations varied by ethnicity and race. The results showed reducing incarceration rates
among African American males.
Whitman, C. N. (2016). Transgender criminal justice: Ethical and constitutional
perspectives. Ethics & Behavior, 27(6), 445-
457. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1183490
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In this article, Whitman describes the challenges individuals identifying as transgender
face concerning criminal justice. The author claims that gender nonconforming people
undergo increased victimization, harassment, and discrimination than cisgender people.
Although transgender individuals experience increased discriminatory rates, they are
hesitant to report to the criminal justice system for fear that they will face
criminalization and revictimization. The individuals are at a higher risk in the criminal
justice system based on their lack of homes, poor socioeconomic status, and historical
identity criminalization. Next, the author describes the difficulties transgender
individuals experience after incarceration; they face sexual abuse, physical abuse, verbal
harassment and discrimination in the arms of other inmates and the criminal justice
system. Finally, the author proposes ways to implement the American Psychological
Association’s code of ethics to reduce the violation of transgender human rights.

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Annotated Bibliography: Effectiveness of Addressing Diversity-Related Issues Among

Annotated Bibliography: Effectiveness of Addressing Diversity-Related Issues Among

reform. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(2), 375-

practices reduce the cases of incarceration in the Cincinnati Police Department.

criminal justice reforms.

organization to incorporate reform on the disproportionate impacts of the justice system

rates among women.

proposition 47. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(4), 1165-

Lofstrom et. al analyzes the effects of California reform, including incarceration,

among African American males.

Whitman, C. N. (2016). Transgender criminal justice: Ethical and constitutional

perspectives. Ethics & Behavior, 27(6), 445-

In this article, Whitman describes the challenges individuals identifying as transgender

undergo increased victimization, harassment, and discrimination than cisgender people.

Although transgender individuals experience increased discriminatory rates, they are

identity criminalization. Next, the author describes the difficulties transgender

Association’s code of ethics to reduce the violation of transgender human rights.

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