9.3.7. Learning Outcome No. 6.

Apply amplifiers
9.3.7.1. Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 6. Apply amplifiers
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Types of amplifiers are identified as per their The trainer to provide
functions assorted amplifier
2. Operational amplifier is identified as per its circuits and their
applications diagrams.
3. Characteristics of operational amplifiers are
determined
OP-APM Adder Circuit:-

Calculation: Adder
Vo = (V1 + V2)
If V1 = 2V and V2 =
2V, then
Vo = (2+2) = -4V.
Calculation: Subtractor
Vo = V2 V1
If V1=4 and V2 = 2,
then
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram. Vo = 4 2 = -2
2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin No 7 and
-15V to pin No 4 of IC 741 respectively.
3. Apply the inputs V1 and V2 as shown.
4. Apply two different signals (DC/AC) to the inputs.
5. Vary the input voltages and note down the
corresponding output at pin 6 of the IC 741 adder
circuit.
6. Notice that the output is equal to the sum of the
two inputs.

Subtractor circuit

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 1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin7 and pin4
of IC741
Respectively.
3 Apply the inputs V1 and V2.
4. Apply two different signals (DC/AC ) to the inputs.
5. Vary the input voltages and note down the
corresponding output at
Pin 6 of the IC 741 subtractor circuit.
6. Notice that the output is equal to the difference of
the two inputs.

9.3.7.2.Information Sheet No. 9/ LO6

Amplifier
An amplifier is an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals,
it is used mainly in sound reproduction to increase the volume of the sound produced
by electric equipment such as guitars, microphones and many other musical
instruments.

Types of amplifiers
Transistor Amplifiers:
1. Voltage Amplifiers:
2. Current Amplifiers: ...
3. Power Amplifiers: ...
4. Audio Frequency Amplifiers (A.F. ...
5. Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers (I.F. ...
6. Radio Frequency Amplifiers (R.F. ...
7. Ultrasonic Amplifiers: ...

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8. Wideband Amplifiers:

Audio Frequency Amplifiers

Audio frequency amplifiers are used to amplify signals in the range of human hearing
that approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

Audio Frequency Amplifier

Audio voltage amplifiers are used to amplify the low level signals from microphones
and disk pickups, Etc. By extra circuitry, the audio amplifiers can also perform
functions such as tone correction, equalization of signal levels and mixing of different
inputs. Audio power amplifiers receive the amplified input from a series of voltage
amplifiers and then provide sufficient power to drive loudspeakers.

Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers

These are tuned amplifiers used in radio, TV sets and radar devices. Their Main
purpose is to provide the majority of the voltage amplification of a modulated signal,
before the audio or video information carried by the signal is separated or
demodulated from the radio signal. These amplifiers operate at a frequency lower than
that of the received radio waves, but higher than the audio or video signals eventually
produced by the system. Example of such an amplifier is shown below.

R.F. Amplifiers
These are tuned amplifiers in which the frequency of operation is governed by a tuned
circuit equipment. This circuit may or may not be adjustable depending on the
purpose of the amplifier. Its bandwidth also depends on use and may be relatively
wide or narrow.
R.F. Amplifier
These amplifiers are used in the earliest stages of a receiver

Wide band Amplifier

Wide band amplifiers are amplifiers with constant gain from DC to several tens of
MHz range. These amplifiers are used in measuring equipment such as oscilloscopes.
In such equipment, there is need to accurately measure signals over a wide range of
frequency range and thus, wide band amplifiers are best suited for this.
DC Amplifiers
DC amplifiers are those types used to amplify DC (0 Hz) voltages or very low
frequency signals where the DC level of the signal is an important parameter. They
are common in many electrical control systems and measuring instruments.
Video Amplifiers
Video amplifiers are a special type of wide band amplifiers that also preserve the DC
level of the signal and are used specifically for signals that are to be applied to CRTs
or other video equipment used. Video signals carry all the picture information on TV
sets, video and radar systems. Bandwidth of video amplifiers depends on use. In TV
receivers it extends from 0 Hz (DC) to 6 MHz and is wider still in radar.

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Buffer Amplifiers
Buffer amplifiers are a specialized type of amplifier that can be found within any of
the other types of amplifiers. They are primarily used for impedance matching
between two stages of amplification. They are placed between two other circuits to
prevent the operation of one circuit affecting the operation of the other circuit. I.e.
they isolate the circuits from each other.
Buffer amplifiers have a gain of one, i.e. they do not actually amplify the signal, so
that their output is the same amplitude as their input wave. Buffer amplifiers have a
very high input impedance and a low output impedance and can therefore be used as
an impedance matching device. Buffer ensures that signals are not attenuated between
circuit parameters, as happens when a circuit with a high output impedance feeds a
signal directly to another circuit having a low input impedance.
Operational Amplifiers (OP-AMP)

amplifier is used in circuits for performing mathematical operations on an input

voltage.
Operational amplifiers were developed for circuits designed for the early analog
computers where they were used for mathematical operations such as
1. Adding and subtracting voltages.
2. Differentiation
3. Integration etc.
Block diagram of an op-amp

Applications of op-amps
Characters of an ideal Op Amp:
1. Open Loop gain
Open loop gain is the gain of the Op Amp without a positive or negative feedback. An
ideal OP Amp should have an infinite open loop gain but typically it range between
20,000 and 2, 00000.
2. Input impedance
It is the ratio of the input voltage to input current. For an ideal op-amp, it should be
infinite without any leakage of current from the supply to the inputs.
3. Output impedance
The ideal Op Amp should have zero output impedance without any internal
resistance. So that it can supply full current to the load connected to the output.
4. Band width

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The ideal Op Amp should have an infinite frequency response so that it can amplify
any frequency from DC signals to the highest AC frequencies.
5. Offset
The output of the Op Amp should be zero when the voltage difference between the
inputs is zero.

3 OPAMP applications:
1. Amplification
The amplified output signal from the Op Amp is the difference between the two input
signals.

If both the inputs are supplied with the same voltage, the Op Amp will then take the
difference between the two voltages and will multiply this with its high gain. The
output voltage will be 0v. When 2 volts is given to one input and 1 volt in the other,
the Op-Amp will takes its difference and multiply with the gain. That is 1 volt x gain.
But this gain is very high so to reduce the gain, feedback from the output to the input
is usually done through a resistor.
Inverting Amplifier:

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 2. Non-inverting Amplifier:

2. Voltage Follower

The circuit above is a voltage follower. Here it provides high input impedance, low
output impedance. When the input voltage changes, the output and the inverting input
will change equally.

3. Comparator
Operational amplifier compares the voltage applied at one input to the voltage applied
at the other input. Any difference between the voltages even if it is small drives the
op-amp into saturation. When the voltages supplied to both the inputs are of the same
magnitude and the same polarity, then the op-amp output is 0Volts

9.3.7.4. Self-Assessment
1. State an amplifier
2. Describe types of amplifier
3. Explain operation of an amplifier
4. Draw and describe a block diagram of an OP-amp

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