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GRAMMAR: REVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH, READING AND
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WAEC 2013 Agricultural

FULL CONTENT AVAILABLE IN JSS 1, FIRST TERM WEEKS 1
Science Questions and
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(https://www.successdeligh
introduction-to-speech-and-the-speech-organs-grammar-nouns-
t.com.ng/waec-2013-
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strategies-vocabulary-members-of-the-family-composition-elements-
of-composition-and-literature-fu/), WEEK 3
(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-three-speech-work-vowel-
sound-i-grammar-verbs-vocabulary-your-school-subjects-
composition-difference-between-descriptive-essay-and-narrative-
essay-and-literature-elements-of-prose-an/) AND WEEK 4
(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-four-speech-work-vowel-
sound-i-grammar-adjectives-composition-narrative-essay-my-
experience-in-my-former-school-and-literature-features-of-oral-
literature/) RESPECTIVELY.

READING AND COMPREHENSION: REVISION OF SPQ3R

FULL CONTENT AVAILABLE IN JSS 1, FIRST TERM, WEEK 2

(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-two-speech-work-pure-vowel-
sounds-grammar-pronouns-reading-and-comprehension-reading-
strategies-vocabulary-members-of-the-family-composition-elements-
of-composition-and-literature-fu/)

COMPOSITION: NARRATIVE ESSAY

HOW I SPENT MY LAST HOLIDAYS

My last holiday lasted for about six weeks, and it was really eventful
and interesting, as I explored so many places, while it lasted. The
school vacated for the session on July 29, 2019 and the break was
slated to last from then till September 9, 2019. 
When I got home that day, I and my siblings gave our mum our report
cards, which she checked through. And seeing that we did well and
excelled, she bought drinks and snacks as a form of reward for us.

That same night, when my dad came back from work, he also saw the
reports and was impressed with our results. Hence, he promised to
take us to the amusement park during the weekend to enjoy ourselves
and have fun.

During the weekend, we got to the amusement park and we had a lot
of fun, engaging in various activities, and playing with several fun
equipments, like the swing ride, merry-go-round, etc. We also played in
the swimming pool, and went horseback riding, before settling for
lunch and then left the place. It was very eventful, and we really
enjoyed ourselves.

The following week, we travelled to see our cousins in Abuja, where

they stay with their parents, who happen to be our own uncle and
aunt. We spent about three weeks in Abuja, going to different places
of interest and also going for coaching classes in the evening. At the
end of the three weeks, we travelled back to Lagos state, to meet our
parents, and we stayed at home till the end of the holiday.

During the last week of the holiday, my mum got us new school bags,
socks, shoes, and books for the new class. It was a great time spent
during the break.

LITERATURE: REVISION OF FEATURES OF PROSE

FULL CONTENT AVAILABLE IN JSS 1, FIRST TERM, WEEK 3

(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-three-speech-work-vowel-
sound-i-grammar-verbs-vocabulary-your-school-subjects-
composition-difference-between-descriptive-essay-and-narrative-
essay-and-literature-elements-of-prose-an/)

LITERATURE: FIGURES OF SPEECH

ALLITERATION AND PERSONIFICATION


OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define figures of speech and list the different figures of speech

Define alliteration, with examples
Define personification, with examples

INTRODUCTION:

A figure of speech is the deviation from the literal meanings of words,

phrases and statements, to give a deeper meaning, in order to achieve
a certain effect. Figures of speech are commonly used in the different
genres of literature, in order to make the language interesting.

There are different types of Figures of speech, but few shall be listed
here and explained. They are:

Simile
Metaphor
Irony
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Pun
Personification
Onomatopoeia
Oxymoron, etc.

ALLITERATION: Alliteration occurs when every word in a sentence

begins with a consonant sound. Alliteration is achieved when words

occur consecutively after each other and begin with the same
consonant sound, rather than the same letter.

This is because, words may begin with the same consonant letter, but
may have different sounds, e.g. time and the. They both start with the
letter “t”, but they sound different, and they each begin with different
consonant sounds.


The words must also occur consecutively because if there are too
many non-alliterative words in between, the purpose of the figure of
speech would be defeated.

Examples of Alliteration are:

She sells seashells at the seashore

Peter piker picked a pepper
Big Betty bought a butter
Daring Deborah danced at the dock.

PERSONIFICATION: This has to do with assigning non-living things or

inanimate objects the features/characteristics of living things. It is a

figure of speech used by writers to bring an inanimate object to life.

Personification helps our imagination widen, as it can only be

understood, by being imagined.

Examples of Personification are:

The sun smiled brightly.

Her alarm yelled at her.
Books teach you a lot.
My heart leapt when I saw them.
My car is not cooperating with me today.

SUMMARY:

Figures of speech deviate from the surface meaning of words, to give

deep and indirect meanings.

ASSESSMENT:

Write five examples of alliteration and personification each.

WEEK TWO:- {Speech Work: Revision of Consonant Sound and

Consonant Cluster, Grammar: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs And
Composition: A place of interest I visited}

English Language JSS2 First Term 

Week 2

OVERVIEW:

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
COMPOSITION

SPEECH WORK

REVISION OF CONSONANT SOUND AND CONSONANT CLUSTER

FULL CONTENT IS IN JSS1, THIRD TERM, WEEK 3

(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-three-speech-work-
introduction-to-consonant-sounds-grammar-the-use-of-passive-voice-
with-examples-vocabulary-words-associated-with-the-kitchen-and-
composition-expository-essay-on-the-ebo/) AND WEEK 6
(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-six-speech-work-consonant-
cluster-grammar-statements-and-question-tags-vocabulary-words-
associated-with-teaching-composition-identifying-the-differences-
between-argumentative-essay-and/), RESPECTIVELY

GRAMMAR

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

FULL CONTENT IN JSS 1, FIRST TERM, WEEK 3

(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-three-speech-work-vowel-
sound-i-grammar-verbs-vocabulary-your-school-subjects-
composition-difference-between-descriptive-essay-and-narrative-
essay-and-literature-elements-of-prose-an/)

COMPOSITION: DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

A PLACE OF INTEREST I VISITED

Last year, I visited the Ikogosi Warm Spring located at Ekiti state and
it was a really great experience, seeing this unique feature of nature,
which produces warm and cold water from the same rock formation.

The Ikogosi Warm Spring is a source of awe to tourists, as it features
a warm spring flowing side by side with a cold spring, originating from
close proximity. They come together at a meeting point and flow
together with each retaining its temperature of being warm and cold.
The meeting point of the spring is what serves as a tourist attraction
for visitors.

And making it more unique is the fact that, it is the only kind, found so
far in the entire world!

The Ikogosi warm spring flows with a temperature and volume up to

150 litres/second, all day long, year in year out. And there is a palm
tree at the source of the meeting point of the warm and cold spring. It
is a unique work of nature that is located in a valley from the
surrounding hills around.

The warm spring has a temperature of up to 700C at its source, but

after meeting the cold spring, its temperature drops to 370C. It also
has a trail which leads to the meeting point of the two springs, and
which would surely fascinate you.

The Ikogosi Warm Spring is an interesting place to visit, to get awed

at the wonders of nature.

WEEK THREE:- {Speech Work: The /iә/ sound, Grammar: Active and
Passive Voice, Vocabulary Development: Hospital, Composition:
Stages in Composition writing And Literature: Features of Folktales}

English Language JSS2 First Term 

Week 3

OVERVIEW:

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
COMPOSITION
LITERATURE

SPEECH WORK: THE VOWEL SOUND /IƏ/

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Describe the vowel sound /iƏ/

List words that carry the /iƏ/ sound.

INTRODUCTION:

The /iƏ/ sound is a diphthong. Diphthongs are sounds that are

produced by gliding from one sound to another, during pronunciation.

The /iƏ/ sound is a diphthong, and it is produced by gliding from

sound /i/ to /Ə/. It appears in words that carry “ea”, “e”.

When it appears in words that carry “e”, it is followed by either “r” or

“l”, in words like: sphere

Examples of words that carry the /iƏ/ sound are: ear, atmosphere, etc

The /iƏ/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

ea- clear, bear

e- sphere, serious

SUMMARY:

The /iƏ/ sound is a sound that is produced by gliding from sound /i/ 
to sound /Ə/
to sound /Ə/.
ASSESSMENT:

Write ten words that carry the /iƏ/ sound.

GRAMMAR: MORE ON ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

FULL CONTENT IS AVAILABLE IN JSS 1, THIRD TERM, WEEK 1

(https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-one-revision-speech-work-
diphthongs-grammar-active-and-passive-voice-vocabulary-words-
associated-with-air-transport-and-composition-introduction-to-
expository-essay/) CONTENT

VOCABULARY: HOSPITAL

A hospital is a place, where injured and sick people go, for medical
care and attention to undergo medical tests and surgeries, get
medications, etc.

Words that are associated with the hospital would be listed and
explained below.

Words Meaning

Doctor A doctor is a person, who has

been licensed to administer
medical treatment to sick and
injured people.

Nurse A nurse is a health worker who

takes care of patients and
administers medications as
instructed by the physician.
They generally take care of
patients, under the supervision
of a doctor.


Surgeon A surgeon is a medical
practitioner that evaluates and
treats medical conditions that
require surgical operations.
They also lead a team of
doctors and nurses, during a
surgical operation.

Patient A patient is a sick or injured

person, who goes to the
hospital to get medical
treatment.

Midwife A midwife is a health worker

who takes care of and supports
pregnant women during
pregnancy, labour and on till
childbirth.

Ambulance An ambulance is a vehicle used

in emergency situations to carry
patients from wherever they are
to the hospital, for medical care.

ICU This stands for Intensive Care

Unit. It is a part of a hospital
where patients who are critically
ill or injured are taken, for
intensive medical care.

Stethoscope A stethoscope is a medical

device used for listening to the
internal sounds in the body,
especially in the heart.


 Ward A ward is a place in a hospital
where inpatients stay for the
period of time, they would be at
the hospital.

Syringe A syringe is a small tube, with a

needle at its end, used for
injecting drugs or taking blood
from a person’s body.

Sanatorium A sanatorium is a place, where

people with long term and
chronic diseases go for
treatment.

Gynaecologist A gynaecologist is a person,

who is involved in the medical
treatment of the female
reproductive system. They
practice gynaecology.

Cardiologist A cardiologist is a doctor who

specializes in the treatment of
the cardiovascular system. For
example, the heart and blood
vessels.

Diagnosis Diagnosis refers to the process

of identifying an illness or
disease, by observing the
symptoms exhibited by the
patient.

COMPOSITION: STAGES IN COMPOSITION WRITING

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this class, students should be able to:

Define Composition writing

List and explain the stages in composition writing

INTRODUCTION:

Composition writing refers to the way a writer puts words together to

create a meaningful piece of writing. A composition can be written in
different ways, which would be discussed in detail below.

Composition writing is a form of writing on any topic, which aims to

inform, persuade, educate, etc. There are four types of composition
writing, and they are as follows:

Narrative composition
Expository composition
Descriptive composition
Argumentative composition.

Now, there are some stages involved in composition writing, and they
are as follows:

Pre-writing stage: This is the first stage in the process of writing a

composition that involves researching and finding out information

about what you want to write. The pre-writing stage is the first
stage when writing a composition, as it is where you source vital
information to put in your writing.
Writing: This is the second stage in writing, where you write and

arrange your points in a logical manner. This is where the ideas

gotten from the pre-writing stage are buttressed on and developed
fully. In the writing stage, it is important that you let your creativity
flow and just write freely.
Editing: This is the last stage in the composition writing process,

where you proofread what has been written and edited to correct
spelling errors, grammatical errors, remove redundant statements,
and just make the writing perfect.

SUMMARY: 
The stages in writing are important as they help us move from having
just a topic to having a well-written composition.

ASSESSMENT:

Write an expository essay on the topic “Honesty”, following the stages

written above.

FEATURES OF FOLKTALES

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define folktales
State some features of folktales

INTRODUCTION:

A folktale is a form of oral literature that deals with stories, which are
passed down from one generation to another.

Folktales are stories that are passed down from generation to

generation and are used to teach morals. They are used by elders to
instil values and ethics into younger ones.

An example of a folktale is the story of The Boy who Cried, Wolf.

FEATURES OF FOLKTALES

Some of the features of folktales are as follows:

Word of Mouth: Folktales are passed on by word of mouth from

one generation to another, throughout time. Grandmothers tell
mothers, and mothers, in turn, tell their own children, as time goes
by.
Its content changes with time: Since folktales are passed down
from one generation to another, there are usually some changes
that occur as time goes on. A person can decide to add to or
remove from the story, and this changes the message being 
passed across as time goes on
 passed across, as time goes on.
It is didactic: Folktales are also used to teach morals, values and
ethics to children and young people. Folktales usually have lessons
to be learnt from, and the stories aim to differentiate between good
and evil, highlighting the rewards of being good, and the
punishment which accompanies doing evil.
The characters vary from humans to animals, witches, magicians:
Folktales make use of humans and animals as characters to tell
the story. And times, some folktales make use of magicians,
witches, goblins, etc.

SUMMARY:

Folktales are stories that are passed down from generation to

generation, used to teach morals and values in society.

ASSESSMENT:

Mention five functions of folktales

<< Previous Lesson (https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-two-

speech-work-revision-of-consonant-sound-and-consonant-cluster-
grammar-transitive-and-intransitive-verbs-and-composition-a-place-of-
interest-i-visited/) Next (https://passnownow.com/lesson/week-four-
speech-work-the-%d3%99u-sound-grammar-tenses-vocabulary-
development-the-police-profession-and-composition-a-local-festival/)

WEEK FOUR:- {Speech Work: The /әu/ sound, Grammar: Tenses,

Vocabulary Development: The Police Profession And Composition: A
Local Festival}

English Language JSS2 First Term

Week 4

OVERVIEW

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY 
COMPOSITION
 COMPOSITION

THE VOWEL SOUND /ƏƱ/

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Describe the /ƏƱ/ sound

List words that carry the /ƏƱ/ sound.

INTRODUCTION:

The /ƏƱ/ sound is a diphthong. Diphthongs are sounds that are

produced by gliding from one sound to another, during the course of
pronunciation.

The /ƏƱ/ sound is produced by gliding from vowel sound /Ə/ to /Ʊ/.
It appears in words that carry “ow”, “oa”, “o”. When it appears in words
with “o”, a consonant follows, then “e” comes next, as in words like:
poke, pole, mole, etc.

Examples of words that carry the /ƏƱ/ sound are: load, fold, road, etc.

The /ƏƱ/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

ow- low, row,

oa- load, goal,
o- mode, code

SUMMARY:

The /ƏƱ/ sound is produced by moving from sound /Ə/ to sound /Ʊ/.

ASSESSMENT:

Write ten words that carry the /ƏƱ/ sound.

VOCABULARY: THE POLICE PROFESSION


The Police are part of the Executive arm of government and they are a
core part of the security system of a nation, responsible for finding
out and investigating crimes, in order to keep the society in order.

They are also responsible for enforcing the rules and regulations in a
nation.

Here, words associated with the police profession shall be listed and
explained.

Words Meaning

Inspector An inspector is a highly ranked

police officer, who is in charge
of sergeants, constables, and
other police staff.

Sergeant A sergeant is a police officer

who plans, assigns and reviews
the work of other subordinate
officers.

Arrest This is the act of apprehending

or taking in a person, who has
been suspected to have
committed a crime, into
detention.

Baton A baton is a cylindrical club

made of wood or metal, used by
the police for protection,
defence, etc.

Police Cruiser A police cruiser is a ground

vehicle used by the police
during patrols, or to respond to
incidents and chase criminals.


 Police Detective A police detective is a trained
police officer, who is
responsible for investigating
crimes, in order to gather
evidence to use during the
process of prosecution.

Handcuffs A handcuff is a device used by

the police to hold a suspect’s
wrists together, during the
arrest.

Patrol A patrol consists of a group of

police officers, or other law
enforcement agents, who are
assigned to a specific location.

Walkie-talkie This is a portable two-way radio

transceiver, which is used for
communicating by the Police.

Police Dog handler A police dog handler is a person

who works with trained dogs,
which are used to detect crime
and find missing persons.

Pistol A pistol is a small handgun used

by policemen.

Speed- cop This is a police officer, who rides

a motorcycle, in order to check
the speed at which other
motorists are driving.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY: A LOCAL FESTIVAL


The first time I attended my village’s new yam festival was in 2017. It
was around August, and we were on a long-term vacation from
school, at the time. Before that year, my grandmother had once told
me the story about how our town came to be, and why we celebrated
the new yam festival.

That particular year, I was very happy to be in the village, when the
festival was to hold, and I made sure to participate actively. The
festival was scheduled to hold for two days, from Saturday morning to
Sunday evening.

On Friday morning, the men in the village began to harvest yams from
their farms, while the youths and children carried them home in big
baskets. Immediately, women in every household came together to
cook different delicacies like Egusi, Vegetable soup, Oha, Abacha, etc.
Yams were also cut and boiled, to prepare for pounding.

I joined the young boys to get firewood and helped with carrying palm
wine, tapped by the youths, while the girls assisted the women with
the cooking.

By Friday evening, people started arriving from different parts of the

country into the village, to attend the festival. It was during that period
that I met one of my uncles who lives in Port Harcourt, with his family.
I got to meet some of my cousins too.

Early on Saturday morning by 6 am, the women started pounding yam,

and finishing up on other meals. By 10 am that day, the festival began
in full gear, with the young ladies dancing to the sound of the drums,
as beaten by the young men. Wrestling matches were done, as well as
Masquerades’ display. Everyone ate to the fullest, and even took some
food home, afterwards.

By Sunday evening, we all went to the King’s palace for the final round
of the festival, where every household head was given a gift by the
King.

It was a great festival, and I look forward to attending it every year. 

WEEK FIVE:- {Speech Work: Revision of
consonant sounds /t/, /d/, /k/ and /g/,
Grammar: The Present Continuous Tense,
Vocabulary Development: A place of Worship
And Composition: Format of a formal and
informal letter}

English Language JSS2 First Term

Week 5

OVERVIEW:

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
COMPOSITION

REVISION OF CONSONANT SOUNDS /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Describe the consonant sounds /t/, /d/, /k/ and /g/

List words that carry these sounds

INTRODUCTION:

Consonant sounds are sounds that are produced with partial or total
obstruction to the vocal cords. Consonant sounds are classified
according to their voicing, place of articulation and manner of
articulation.

The /t/ sound is a voiceless, alveolar plosive sound. When it is

pronounced, the tip of the tongue goes up to the roof of the mouth,
and the upper and lower teeth meet and are parted as the sound is
produced.

It is a voiceless sound; hence, the vocal cords do not vibrate during
the course of its pronunciation.

Examples of words that carry the /t/ sound are: Table, Letter, Result,
etc.

The /t/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

t- seat, tennis, united,

tt- better, bitter, latter

The /d/ sound is a voiced, alveolar plosive sound. When it is

pronounced, the tip of the tongue goes up to the roof of the mouth,
and the upper and lower teeth meet, and are parted as the sound is
produced.

It is a voiced sound; hence, the vocal cords vibrate during the course
of its pronunciation.

Examples of words that carry the /d/ sound are: Daughter, Ladder,
Elder, Mode

The /d/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

d- death, destination, road, made,

dd- ladder, sadder,

The /k/ sound is a voiceless velar plosive sound, that is produced

with the back of the tongue making contact with the back of the
mouth, and then air is suddenly released.

Examples of words that carry the /k/ sound: like, king, kite, kit, cream,
castle, etc.

The /k/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

1. k- kick, kitchen, kit, choke 

2. c- career, crest, core, code
3. ch- chemist, chemical

The /g/ sound is a voiced velar plosive sound, that is produced in a

similar way, to the /k/ sound. The only difference here is that /g/ is a
voiced sound.

It is produced with the back of the tongue, making contact with the
back of the mouth, and then air is released through the mouth.

Examples of words that carry the /g/ sound: girl, again, greet, gag, etc.

The /g/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

1. g- grow, gas, guess

2. gg- ragged, lagged, beggar
3. gh- ghost, ghetto

SUMMARY:

The /t/ and /d/ sound are alveolar plosive sounds, while the /k/ and
/g/ are velar plosive sounds.

ASSESSMENT:

Write ten words, which carry the /t/, /d/, /k/ and /g/ sounds each.

GRAMMAR: THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define tense
Explain the present continuous tense, with examples

INTRODUCTION:

Tenses are used to show the time that an action occurred. There are
three types of tenses, which are: The Present Tense, The Past Tense, 
and the Future Tense However these tenses are expressed in
and the Future Tense. However, these tenses are expressed in
different aspects.

Present Continuous Tense

We use the present continuous tense to show we are in the middle of

an activity that is in progress at this moment. The activity started in
the past and will go on in the future.

Example:

I am praying / I’m writing.

So when we use the present continuous tense we are talking about

something that is still on and not yet finished or complete at the time
of speaking.

Forming the Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense of any verb is formed with the simple
present tense of the verb to be (=am, is, are) and the present
participle of the main verb (verb + ing)

Examples:

I am riding a bicycle to the market.

Micheal is walking out after a row with his girlfriend.

We use the present continuous tense:

For an action that is still happening at the time of speaking.

Example:

She is cooking noodles now.

For an action that is still going on about this time but not
necessary at the time of speaking.

Example:

Joke is teaching at a secondary girls’ school. (She is not actually

teaching now. She may be watching television or playing with his
cat at the moment of speaking.) 
 to talk about an action that has been planned or arranged to take
place at a particular time in the immediate or distant future.

Example:

We are going on an excursion in two weeks.

To describe a situation that is temporary and does not happen as
usual.

Example:

He is usually the hero of the film, but he is playing the role of a

villain.
To describe a repeated action that the speaker finds irritating.

Example:

He is always making me angry with his rude comments.

with ‘always’, ‘very often’, ‘forever, ‘constantly’ to describe an action
that happens many times or frequently.

Example:

My old car is always breaking down.

I very often go to my mum’s house for food.

With present continuous tense questions, we use: am/are/is +

subject + …ing. E.g. Am I angry? What are your cats doing in my

garden? Is your dog barking at the postman?

We use the present continuous tense in the following ways:

Statement: I am eating – we place the verb to be (am/is/are) after

the subject (I).

Negative: He is not reading – we place not after the verb to be

(am/is/are).
Question: Are they coming here? – we place the verb to be

(am/is/are) before the subject (they).

SUMMARY:


The present continuous tense is used to express actions that are
ongoing in the present, in a progressive or continuous form.

ASSESSMENT:

Write ten sentences using the present continuous tense.

VOCABULARY: A PLACE OF WORSHIP

A place of worship refers to a place, where religious activities are

carried out. Some of the words associated with a place of worship
shall be stated and explained below.

Words Meaning

Mosque A mosque refers to the place

where Moslems pray and
worship Allah.

Church A church is a place, where

Christians gather together to
pray, worship God, and learn his
Word

Prayer Prayer is a communication

between God and man, it can
take place in a place of worship,
and anywhere else.

Sermon A sermon is a teaching given by

a priest to the people in the
church or mosque, which aims
to teach, enlighten or admonish
them.

Congregation A congregation refers to a group

of people who go to a house of
worship, for various spiritual
activities

Hymnbook A hymn book is a book
containing series of hymns and
songs, which are sung in a place
of worship.

Cleric A cleric is a religious leader, who

leads a congregation in a place
of worship.

Communion Communion is the exchange of

bread and wine in a Christian
place of worship, which is used
to signify the body and blood of
Jesus Christ.

Offering This refers to the money

collected in a place of worship,
as substance/money offered
unto God in thanksgiving

Incense Incense is an aromatic biotic

material that releases fragrant
smoke when burnt. It is used in
some houses of worship

Mihrab Mihrab refers to a design in the

shape of a niche in a Muslim
praying mat, in which the niche
must be placed in a way that it
points to Mecca, during prayers.

Sacristy This is a place in a church

where sacred vessels and
instruments are kept. It is also
used by priests to prepare
before coming for a meeting or
worship service.


 Vesper This refers to a worship service
that takes place in the evening
or late afternoon.

FORMAT OF A FORMAL AND INFORMAL LETTER

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define formal and informal letter

Write the format of a formal letter and an informal letter

INTRODUCTION:

Letter writing has to do with writing a message, to communicate a

message to another person. Letter writing is an important type of
writing that should be learnt. There are three types of letters, which
are: Formal, Semi-formal and Informal Letters

Formal Letters: Formal letters are letters that are written to important
people in society. It is official and formal in nature. It is usually written
to people such as; The President, Governors, School Principals, Head
Teachers, Teachers, Ministers, etc.

A formal letter is different from an informal letter, in terms of the type

of people it is written to, and the structure of the letter.

THE FORMAT OF A FORMAL LETTER

A formal letter should contain the features explained below, as they

give the structure when writing it.

The Address of the Writer: A formal letter starts with the address
of the writer, which is written at the top right corner. It contains the
house number, street, town, and state of the writer. And in a
situation, whereby the letter is written to someone in another

country, the Country of the writer must be stated in the address.
 Date: The date the letter was written, must appear after the
address of the writer. It should be written in a clear format of Day,
Month, and Year, or Month, Day and Year.
The Name or Position of the Receiver: The next thing to write is the
name, or position of the receiver of the letter. In a situation where
you don’t know the name of the receiver, you write only their
position. For example The Principal, The Governor. This is written
on the left side, immediately after the date has been written.
The Address of the Receiver: The address of the receiver of the
letter is also written. It is usually their official address that is
written, in a formal letter, mostly their workplace address.
Salutation: This is in the form of “Dear Sir,” or “Dear Ma,”; depending
on who you are addressing the letter to. However, if you don’t know
the gender of the person, you write “Dear Sir/Ma,”.
Title: The title of the letter comes next; this is where you write a
short description of why you are writing the letter. For example,
“Permission to go home before school closes”.
Introduction: In the introduction of a formal letter, you immediately
introduce yourself with your name, and state why you are writing
the letter. There is no need for pleasantries and greeting. Keep it
formal!
Body: This is where you explain fully, your reason for writing the
letter. It must not be too long. Go straight to the point, and be
formal in the words you use.
Conclusion: Write a conclusion afterwards, to bring your letter to
an end. You can ask the person to give you a reply if such is
needed.
Complimentary Close: A complimentary close is given in form of
“Yours faithfully,” and a comma is added. This is written at the right
bottom corner of the letter.
Signature: You input your signature, after the complimentary close.
Name of the Writer: You end by writing your name; first name, then
your last name.

Informal letters are letters written to family members, friends, and

loved ones. They are personal letters, written to people that we are

familiar with, and they take a different structure from the formal letter.
The informal letter has some distinct features which make it different
from other forms of letter writing, and they shall be listed and
explained as follows:

The Address of the Writer: An informal letter starts with the

address of the writer, which is written at the top right corner. It
contains the house number, street, town, and state of the writer.
And in a situation, whereby the letter is written to someone in
another country, the country of the writer must be stated in the
address.
Date: The date the letter was written, must appear after the
address of the writer. It should be written in a clear format of Day,
Month, and Year, or Month, Day and Year.
Salutation: This is in the form of “Dear Jessica,” or “Dear John,”.
Here, the first name of the receiver of the letter can be written,
since it is an informal letter.
Introduction: In the introduction of an informal letter, the writer of
the letter is to exchange pleasantries. It could also involve asking
after some people, trying to catch up with some other gist, etc.
Body: This is where you explain fully, your reason for writing the
letter. It can belong, and your tone should be friendly and informal.
Conclusion: Write a conclusion afterwards, to bring your letter to
an end. You can ask the person to give you a reply if such is
needed.
Complimentary Close: A complimentary close is given in form of
“Yours sincerely, Yours, all my love, etc.” and a comma is added.
This is written at the right bottom corner of the letter.
Name of the Writer: You end by writing your first name

SUMMARY:

Letter writing is a means of sending a message from one person to

another, via letters.

ASSESSMENT:

List and explain the differences between the format of a formal letter,
and the format of an informal letter.

WEEK SIX:- {Speech Work: Contrasting Consonants /p/ and /t/,
Grammar: The Past Perfect Tense, Vocabulary Development: Sports
And Composition: What I do everyday}

English Language JSS2 First Term

Week 6

OVERVIEW:

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
COMPOSITION

CONTRASTING VOWEL SOUNDS /p/ AND /t/

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Describe the sounds /p/ and /t/

List words that carry the /p/ and /t/ sound.

INTRODUCTION:

Consonant sounds are sounds that are produced with partial or total
obstruction to the vocal cords. Consonant sounds are classified
according to their voicing, place of articulation and manner of
articulation.

The /p/ sound is a voiceless bilabial plosive sound. When it is

pronounced, the upper and lower lips meet, and that is what makes it
a bilabial sound. And it is plosive because there is a sudden release of
air when it is pronounced.

The /p/ sound is voiceless; hence, the vocal cords do not vibrate
during the course of their pronunciation.

Examples of words that carry the /p/ are: Paper, Pet, Pillow, Applause.

The /p/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following
letters:

p- pest, september, people

pp- Apple, Apply, Appreciate

The /t/ sound is a voiceless, alveolar plosive sound. When it is

pronounced, the tip of the tongue goes up to the roof of the mouth,
the upper and lower teeth meet, and are parted as the sound is
produced.

It is a voiceless sound; hence, the vocal cords do not vibrate during

the course of their pronunciation.

Examples of words that carry the /t/ sound are: Table, Letter, Result,
etc.

The /t/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

t- seat, tennis, united,

tt- better, bitter, latter

SUMMARY:

The /p/ and /t/ sounds are both voiceless and plosive sounds.

ASSESSMENT:

Write ten words, which carry the /p/ and /t/ sounds each.

GRAMMAR: THE PAST TENSE

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define tense
Explain the past perfect tense, with examples

INTRODUCTION: 
Tenses are used to show the time that an action occurred. There are
three types of tenses, which are: The Present Tense, The Past Tense,
and the Future Tense.

Simple Past Tense

We use the simple past tense for events

that happened or started and completed in the past and that have no
relation with the present.

We use the simple past tense:

to describe an action that occurred in the past or at a specified

time or the time is easily understood or already implied.

Example: We finished our breakfast an hour ago. (NOT: We have/had

finished our breakfast an
an hour ago.)
Example: My brother played soccer for Chelsea two weeks ago.

for an action that began and ended in the past.

Example: The dangerous criminal was recaptured after three months

on the run.

to refer to an action completed regardless of how recent or distant

in the past.

Example: Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

Example: My brother joined the circus as a clown last week

Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is formed with the past tense of the
verb to be (was/were) + present participle (verbs ending in …ing).

Example: I/he/she/it was eating spaghetti

at 8 o’clock last night.


 You/we/they were
eating spaghetti at 8 o’clock last

night

The past continuous tense questions are formed with was/were +

subject + … ing.
Example: What were you doing exactly twenty-four hours ago? (NOT:
What did you do exactly
twenty-four hours ago?)

The past continuous tense is used:

for an action that was taking place in the past when a shorter
action (expressed in the simple past tense) happened.

E.g.: I was running when I got hit by a stone.

E.g.: While he was reading his textbook, he fell asleep.
Note: The past continuous tense and the simple past tense are used

together

with while to describe two actions that were going on at the same
time in the past.

Example: While my brother was laughing, the dog was barking.

The past perfect tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to
have (had) and the past participle of the verb (e.g. eaten, stolen,
taken).

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense describes an event that happened in the past
before another event was completed in the past. It tells us which
event happened first regardless of which event is mentioned first or
second in a sentence or conversation.


The Past Perfect Tense is used:

1. to show an action that happened in the past before another event

took place.

Words usually used with the Past Perfect tense are when and after.

Example: They had already left the zoo before I got there.
Example: When he had done his homework, he went for a smoke in
the park.
In each of the above examples, there are two past actions. The past
perfect tense is combined with a past simple tense to show which of
the two actions happened earlier.
The event in the past perfect tense occurred before the event in
the simple past tense.

Words such as already, just and as soon as are also used with the
Past Perfect tense.

Example: It had already stopped raining when I bought an umbrella.

Example: As soon as she bought the fruit, she regretted it.
2. for an action that happened before a definite time in the past.
Example: They had finished their meals by 7:00 pm.

3. for states.
Example: They had become good friends for many years after
meeting on holiday.

When two actions were completed in the past, use a past perfect

tense to clarify which event happened earlier.

a) INCORRECT: The bank occupied the building where the bakery
was.
b) CORRECT: The bank occupied the building where the bakery had
been.

c) INCORRECT: The list of movies you showed me, I saw before.

d) CORRECT: The list of movies you showed me, I had seen before.
In (a), the use of two simple past tenses (occupied; was) imply the
bank and bakery occupied the same building at the same time, which
was not the case. In (b), the use of the perfect tense (had been) sorts 
out the order of occupation of the building.
In (c), ‘I saw before’ clearly indicates it happened before the list was
shown to me, and so should be in the past perfect tense as in (d).

Before and after

As mentioned above, the event expressed in the past perfect tense

occurred earlier than the event in the past simple tense. However,
when before or after is used in a sentence, the past perfect tense
becomes unnecessary as the two words – before or after – already
clarify which action takes place first. We can use the simple past
tense instead. Look at these examples.

a) After she had read the letter, she tore it into pieces.
b) After she read the letter, she tore it into pieces.
c) We had left the cinema before the movie ended.
d) We left the cinema before the movie ended.
Changing the past perfect tense to past simple tense does not affect
the meaning of the sentences as (a) and (b) have the same meaning,
and (c) and (d) have the same meaning.

The past perfect tense and the present perfect tense

The rice bowl was empty. I had eaten the rice.
The rice bowl is empty. I have eaten the rice.
Anna was limping. She had fallen down the stairs.
Anna is limping. She has fallen down the stairs.

Indirect speech
The Past Perfect Tense is often used in Reported or Indirect Speech.
It is used in place of the verb in the:

1. the present perfect tense in the

direct speech:

Direct speech: He said, “I have

lost my key.”

Indirect speech: He said he had

lost his key. 

 2. simple past tense in the direct
speech:

Direct speech: She said,

“I made the biggest mistake of

my life

Indirect speech: She said

she had made the biggest

mistake of her life

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The past perfect continuous tense is formed with the past perfect
tense of the verb to be (= had been) + the present participle (–ing).

Example: I had been singing.

The past perfect continuous is used:

for an action that occurred over a period of time in the past.

Example: He had been playing the drums in the church choir.

for an action that started and finished in the past before another
past action. Here, since or for is usually used.

Example: Jack got a job at last. He had been looking for a job since
last year.
Example: He and his brother had been playing badminton together for
ten years before one of them got married.

in reported speech, the present perfect continuous tense becomes

past perfect continuous tense.

Example: John said, “We have been travelling by train across Europe.”
Example: John said they had been travelling by train across Europe.

SUMMARY: 
The past perfect tense is used to express actions that have occurred
and have been perfected in the past.

ASSESSMENT

Write ten sentences using the past perfect tense.

VOCABULARY: THE LANGUAGE OF SPORTS

Sports refer to physical activities that involve a team competing

against another team, for the sake of entertainment.

Here, words that are associated with sports would be listed and
explained.

Words Meaning

Skiing This involves skiing over snow

with a ski, for recreational or
travels purposes.

Archery This is a sporting activity that

requires shooting with bows
and arrows, at a target.

Swimming Swimming is both a kind of

sport as well as, entertainment.
It has to do with moving through
the water with one’s entire body.

Olympics This is a major international

multi-sport event, that holds
every four years.

Windsurf This is a surface water sport

that involves surfing and sailing
on a body of water, with a
surfing board and other
important equipment.

 Golf This is a sporting activity in
which a golf club is used to hit a
ball into a hole.

Volleyball This is a kind of sport where

two teams consisting of six
players each, are separated with
a net and have to bat a ball over
the net with their hands.

Bat A bat is a round flat piece of

wood, with a handle, which is
used in playing basketball and
cricket.

Dodgeball This is a kind of sport in which

two teams throw balls at their
opponent while trying to dodge
being hit by the ball too.

Medal A medal is a flat piece of coin,

given to the winners of sporting
activities, after winning.

Hurdle This refers to an upright frame

that athletes in a race must
jump.

Referee A referee is an official in any

sporting activity who makes
sure that the rules of the games
are adhered to and punishes
violators.

NARRATIVE ESSAY: WHAT I DO EVERYDAY


Every day when I wake up, I have a daily routine that guides me on
what to do and when to do them. The routine is constant on
weekdays, however, on weekends, I do things in a different way.

I wake up by 6 am every weekday, and pray with my parents and

siblings. By 06:30, I wash the plates, and my siblings sweep the
rooms. While this is going on, my mum prepares breakfast, while I go
to take my bath, brush my teeth and prepare for school.

By 07:15 am, I get ready to leave for school and I quickly eat my
breakfast and collect money for lunch from my parents; after which I
go outside the house to board a bus that would convey me to school.

When I get to school, I join the Assembly and afterwards, go into my

classroom for the activities of the day. By 1 pm, the school goes on
lunch break and I buy snacks and soft drinks to eat. After the lunch
break, classes resume and then by 4 pm, school closes for the day.

After closing time, I walk home with some of my friends, who also live
in my area, and I get home by 04:30. When I get home, I take my bath
again, wash my school uniform and socks, and then eat. Afterwards, I
do my school work and read till about 7 pm.

By that time, my parents are back from work, and my mum would
have finished making dinner since she is always home earlier at about
6 pm. We eat dinner by 7:30 pm and by 08:20 pm, we have our family
devotion where we pray and study the Bible.

By 9 pm, we watch a TV series, and afterwards, I go into my room to

study for 30 minutes more, and by 10 pm, I sleep.

WEEK SEVEN:- {Speech Work: Consonants sounds /f/ and /v/,

Grammar: Making sentences with conjunctions, Vocabulary
Development: Journalism, Composition: A letter to your father on why
you like your new school, Literature: Differentiating between a novel
and novella And Literature: Figures of Speech}

English Language JSS2 First Term


Week 7

OVERVIEW:

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
COMPOSITION
LITERATURE

SPEECH WORK: CONSONANT SOUNDS /f/ AND /v/

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Describe the consonant sounds /f/ and /v/

List words that carry the /f/ and /v/ sound.

INTRODUCTION:

Consonant sounds are sounds that are produced with partial or total
obstruction to the vocal cords. Consonant sounds are classified
according to their voicing, place of articulation and manner of
articulation.

The /f/ sound is a voiceless labiodental fricative sound. During

pronunciation, the upper teeth is placed on the lower lip, and air is
released as it is produced.

It is a voiceless sound; hence, the vocal cords do not vibrate during

the course of its pronunciation.

Examples of words that carry the /f/ sound are: ferry, fish, left, free,
etc.

The /f/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

f- fever, felicitate, golf, life


ff- effective, affirmation, sufficiency
 ff effective, affirmation, sufficiency

The /v/ sound is a voiced labiodental fricative sound. During

pronunciation, the upper teeth is placed on the lower lip, and air is
released.

It is a voiced sound; hence, the vocal cords vibrate during the course
of its pronunciation.

Examples of words that carry the /v/ sound are: van, very, divine,
invest,

The /v/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

v- David, elevate, vast, vice,

CONTRAST OF THE /f/ AND /v/ SOUNDS

/f/ /v/

Fast Vast

Fine Vine

Half Halve

Life Live

Belief Believe

Grief Grieve

Feign Vein

Surf Serve

Calf Carve

SUMMARY:

The /f/ and /v/ sounds are labiodental fricative sounds.


ASSESSMENT:

Write ten words which carry the /f/ and /v/ sound respectively.

MAKING SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define conjunctions, with examples

Make sentences with conjunctions

INTRODUCTION:

Conjunctions are one of the eight part of speech in English Language.

They are known as linking words, as they link words, phrases and
clauses in sentences.

Conjunctions are used to link words, phrases and clauses in English

language. They help to reduce short sentences, as they link up simple
sentences, in order to make compound and complex sentences.

Conjunctions can be used to begin a sentence, as opposed to the

general view that they cannot be used. However, they need to be used
in intervals and not often, in order to give the sentences a smooth
flow.

Examples of conjunctions are: because, after, either-or, neither-nor,

when, although, if, though, inasmuch as, until, since, while, unless,
and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet, etc.

MAKING SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIONS

I would cook the food and wash the clothes.

They would attend the party if they get invited.
She didn’t get to travel, yet she remained in high spirits.
He attended the party because of his sister.
I have been here since the meeting started.

 Inasmuch as she would be anchoring the program, it would be an
interesting one.
Unless my mother permits me, I would not be able to go.
He was cooking, while I was sweeping.
I would not go home, until I see her.
They are either here, or at the museum

SUMMARY:

Conjunctions are used to join words, phrases and clauses, to show

how they relate.

ASSESSMENT:

Make ten sentences with ten conjunctions, listed above.

VOCABULARY: JOURNALISM

Journalism is defined as the gathering, assessing and creating of

news and information to be distributed for public consumption.

Here, words which are associated with journalism shall be examined.

Word Meaning

Journalist A journalist is a person who is

trained to investigate and gather
information, which are
published in newspapers,
presented on television and
radio stations, etc.

Editor An editor is the head of a press

team, who oversees the
publication of news to be
published to the public


Publicist A publicist is a person who
protects the public image of his
clients, by sending good press
release to journalists about their
clients.

Newspapers This is a printed publication,

usually released daily or weekly,
which contains news, articles,
advertisements, etc.

Newscaster A newscaster is a person who

presents or casts news report
on television and radio stations.

Press Corps Press corps is a group of

reporters, working for different
news houses, who are in a
particular place to cover an
important news or event.

Editorial This is an article written by a

publisher or senior editorial
officer of a newspaper or
magazine. It is usually
published on the editorial page
of a newspapers.

Correspondent This is a type of journalist who

is usually present at the scene
of an incident and gives the
news report to a newspaper,
usually from a remote or far
location.


 Photojournalism Photojournalism is a form of
journalism, in which
photos/images/pictures are
used to tell news stories.

Tabloid This is a sensational kind of

journalism that focuses on
celebrity gossips and the likes,
in order to rouse public interest
and excitement.

Yellow Journalism This has to do with using

exaggerated headlines in news
reports to attract readers. It is
not usually well researched, and
does not give a full report about
an incident.

Manuscript A manuscript is a hand written

news that is yet to be published.

Misprint This is an error made in a news

report

Gag writing This is a comic kind of news,

written by a gag writer.

Lede This is the first sentence of a

news report that summarizes
the important information
contained in the body of the
news report.

COMPOSITION: INFORMAL LETTER

A LETTER TO YOUR FATHER ON WHY YOU LIKE YOUR NEW SCHOOL


5, Elevation Street,
 Opebi
Ikeja,

Lagos
State.

16th May,
2021.

Dear Daddy,

Good afternoon, sir. How are you doing and how is everyone at home?
I hope you are all fine and everything is going on well? Thank you very
much for the money you sent to me last week, through the house
mistress. I have been able to get the text books I needed and started
using them.

I am writing this letter to tell you what I like about this new school that
I just got into, and this is because of the following reasons.

To start with, I like my new school because of the quality of teachers

we have. The teachers know how to teach complex topics in the
simplest way, also, they really carry everyone along in the classroom
and make classes enjoyable.

Also, in my new school, we have extra-curricular activities, which

expose us to activities which are outside our academics. We have
various clubs such as; Red Cross, Jet Club, Debating and Literacy
Club, Creative Arts Club, etc.

Another reason why I like my new school is because of the intra and
inter-school competitions organized. Last month, our school
participated in an inter-school Spelling competition, and we came
second in the competition.

I would stop right here for now. I hope you would be coming for the
next visiting day; I have really missed you and would love to see you
and mum. I love you all, my regards to Kendra and Daniel.

 Your son,

Felix.

LITERATURE: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A NOVEL AND NOVELLA

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define novel
Define novella
State the differences between a novel and a novella

INTRODUCTION:

Literature is a written work of art that mirrors life, and tells stories in
various ways. There are three genres of literature which are: Prose,
Poetry and Drama.

Novel: A novel is a fictional and long narrative work, which is written in

form of prose. A novel is made up of fictional or imaginary characters,

who are used to tell a story in order to teach a lesson, challenge
societal ills, tell the tales of history, etc.

It is divided into chapters and paragraphs, and a novel must have at

least 40,000 words and above.

Novella: A novella is a fictional narrative, written in a prose like

manner, which is shorter than a novel, but longer than a short story.
They have a simple and straight forward plot, and they contain about
7,500 to 40,000 words.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A NOVEL AND A NOVELLA

Novel Novella


 A novel must contain about A novella should have about
40,000 words and above. 7,500 to 40,000 words.

A novel has a complicated plot A novella has a straight forward

structure, with sub plots and plot.
twists

A novel has more characters A novella contains less

and themes characters and themes

A novel is divided into many A novella may not have so many

chapters, and may be even chapters.
developed in volumes.

SUMMARY:

A novel and a novella are forms of narrative prosaic work, which tell a
story.

ASSESSMENT:

Mention five similarities between a novel and a novella.

FIGURE OF SPEECH: PERSONIFICATION AND ONOMATOPOEIA

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Define personification, with examples

Define onomatopoeia, with examples

INTRODUCTION:

Figure of speech is the deviation from the literal meanings of words,

phrases and statements, to give a deeper meaning, in order to achieve
a certain effect. Figures of speech are commonly used in the different
genres of literature, in order to make the language interesting.

There are different types of Figures of speech, but few shall be listed
here and explained. They are:

Simile
Metaphor
Irony
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Pun
Personification
Onomatopoeia
Oxymoron, etc.

Personification: This has to do with giving inanimate objects or non-

living things the characteristics of living things. It has to do with

personifying non-living things, as if they were living.

Examples:

The sun smiled at me.

Here, the sun is not a living thing, however, it has been given the
feature of a living thing, which is to smile. The statement means that
the sun shined brightly.

The sky cried last night

This means that rain fell from the sky, the sky cannot cry because it is
not a living thing.

Onomatopoeia: This has to do with using words to make sound. It is

also a kind of figure of speech.

Examples:

Tick tock

This is used to imitate the sound a clock makes, as it moves.

Boom boom

This is used to imitate the sound of a gun, or any heavy thing.

Cluck cluck

This is used to imitate the sound of a chicken

SUMMARY:

Figure of speech are used to make a deviation from the surface

meaning of sentences.

WEEK EIGHT:- {Speech Work: Consonant sounds /l/ and /r/,

Grammar: Making requests with “will”, “could” and “may”
Composition: My Favourite Teacher}

English Language JSS2 First Term

Week 8

OVERVIEW:

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
COMPOSITION

SPEECH WORK: CONSONANT SOUNDS /l/ AND /r/

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Describe the /l/ sound, with examples

Describe the /r/ sound, with examples

INTRODUCTION:

Consonant sounds are sounds that are produced with partial or total
obstruction to the vocal cords. Consonant sounds are classified
according to their voicing, place of articulation and manner of
articulation.


The /l/ sound is a voiced alveolar liquid sound. When it is produced,
the tip of the tongue is placed at the back of the upper teeth.

It is a voiced sound, and when it is produced, narrow space is made in

the mouth through which air passes.

Examples of words that carry the /l/ are: leave, left, would, intentional,
etc.

The /l/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

l- liver, last, child, would

ll- bell, call, filled

The consonant sound /r/ is a voiced palatal liquid sound. When it is

produced, the tongue is placed near the roof of the mouth. And it is
also a voiced sound because the vocal cords vibrate when it is
produced.

Examples of words that carry the /r/ sound are: rest, relieve, orange,
greet, etc.

The /r/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following

letters:

r- very, run, parent, country

rr- hurry, current, territory

SUMMARY:

The /l/ and /r/ sound are both liquids, they are also called
approximants.

ASSESSMENT:

Write ten words that the /l/ and /r/ sound each carry in a tabular form.

GRAMMAR: MAKING REQUESTS WITH WILL, COULD AND MAY


OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this class, students should be able to:

Define modal verbs

Make requests with “will, could and may”

INTRODUCTION:

Verbs are words used to show action, doing and state of being. There
are various kinds of verbs in English Language, such are:

Lexical verbs: dance, walk, sleep, clean, work, etc.

Auxiliary verb: is, are, was, being, being, am, etc

Modal verbs: may, might, will, would, shall, should, can, ought, etc.

Modal verbs are part of auxiliary verbs, and they are used to assist the
main/lexical verbs in a sentence.

Examples of modal verbs include: may, might, will, would, shall,

should, can, could, must, ought, etc.

WILL:

Will you give me your book?

Will you wash the car today?
Will you help me push the cart?
Will she buy the books, please?

COULD:

Could you kindly pass the salt?

Could I use your book?
Could you open the door?
Could you complete the task for me?

MAY:

May I work with you?

May I use your car?
May they come over? 
 May I travel with you?

SUMMARY:

The modal verbs “will”, “could” and “may” are used to make polite
requests.

ASSESSMENT:

Make five requests with each of the modal verbs; “will”, “could” and
“may”.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY: MY FAVOURITE TEACHER

The name of my favourite teacher is Mr Michael and he is my

Physical and Health Education teacher. He is a tall and dark man, who
has a lot of knowledge in Physical and Health Education and even in
Sports. He is lanky and has a beard running from his cheek down to
his jaws.

He has a B.Ed and M.Ed in Human Kinetics and Health Education

from the University of Lagos and is always investing in himself, as you
would always see him reading a book.

Physical and Health Education class is one that I always look forward
to, because of the way he teaches. He presents the topics in a
relatable and practical way that makes us understand them, and be
able to practice them, when we are out of class, in the field

He makes the class lively and interactive so much that as students we

can give our opinions on the topic being taught, and explain some
things that we understand about the topic too.

Another thing that endears him to me, as my teacher is the fact that
he is very dedicated to his work. He does not miss his classes, gives
complete notes, and makes us feel involved.

Also, during our Physical and Health Education practical session,

where we engage in sporting and physical activities, he participates

actively by playing football with us, acts as our referee a time, and
really makes us feel at ease with him.

WEEK NINE:- {Speech Work: Consonant Sound /h/, Grammar: Direct

and Indirect Speech And Composition: A letter of invitation as a guest
speaker}

English Language JSS2 First Term

Week 9

OVERVIEW

SPEECH WORK
GRAMMAR
COMPOSITION

CONSONANT SOUND /h/

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Describe the /h/ sound

List words that carry the /h/ sound

INTRODUCTION:

Consonant sounds are sounds that are produced with partial or total
obstruction to the vocal cords. Consonant sounds are classified
according to their voicing, place of articulation and manner of
articulation.

The /h/ sound is a voiceless glottal fricative sound. When it is

pronounced, the tongue is lowered in the mouth, the lips are apart and
the vocal cords do not vibrate, since it is a voiceless sound.

When producing the /h/ sound, the mouth can take any shape,
depending on the next sound following it in a word.

Examples of words that carry the /h/ sound are as follows: house,

hard, who, behind, etc.
The /h/ sound appears in different words, in form of the following
letters:

h- hall, heavy, downhill, behave

wh- who, whom, whose

SUMMARY:

The /h/ sound is a glottal sound, which can be silent in some words.

ASSESSMENT:

List ten words that carry the /h/ sound.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Define direct and indirect speech

Change statements from direct speech to indirect speech

INTRODUCTION:

There are two speech forms in the English Language, which are:
Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.

Direct Speech is used when a person makes a statement directly. It

requires the use of inverted commas, to quote the statement made.

Example: “I want to go to the mall”, Bola said.

In the example given above, Bola is the speaker, and she gives a direct
speech, saying she wants to go to the mall.

However, indirect speech, also known as reported speech is when a

person reports what was said by another person.

DIRECT SPEECH: Direct speech refers to when a person says

something directly. When a direct speech is made, inverted commas 

are used to capture the speech and to show that it is a direct speech
are used to capture the speech and to show that it is a direct speech.

Examples of Direct Speech are:

“I will go home tomorrow”, Shola said.

“She has carried the books home”, her mother said.
“That is the house I want to buy”, he said.
“They should be here tomorrow”, Stephen said.

INDIRECT SPEECH: The reported/indirect speech has to do with

reporting what another person said. It is usually used to talk about the
past, hence, the tense of the verb in the direct speech is changed,
when it is changed to an indirect/reported speech.

Reporting verbs, such as “tell”, “say” are usually used, and the word
“that” is used to introduce the reported speech. Inverted commas are
not used, unlike indirect speech, where they are used.

CHANGING STATEMENTS FROM DIRECT SPEECH TO REPORTED

SPEECH

The following statements would be changed from direct speech to

reported speech, following the rules given above.

1. Direct Speech: “I visited the museum last week”, he said.

Indirect Speech: He said that he had visited the museum the previous
week.

2. Direct Speech: “We wrote the test”, the children said.

Indirect Speech: The children replied that they had written the test.

3. Direct Speech: “Have you seen the box?”, her father asked.

Indirect Speech: Her father asked if she had seen the box.

4. Direct Speech: “Wash the clothes”, mummy said.

Indirect Speech: Mummy told me to wash the clothes.

5. Direct Speech: “He would be here tomorrow”, her sister said.


Indirect Speech: Her sister said that he would be there the following
day.

SUMMARY:

Direct speech is used to say things in a direct manner, while indirect

speech is used to report what has been said in an indirect manner.

ASSESSMENT:

Write ten direct statements and change them into indirect speech.

COMPOSITION: FORMAL LETTER

A LETTER OF INVITATION AS A GUEST SPEAKER

23, Adenuga Street,

Bariga,

Lagos
State.

4th May
2021.

The Director,

Human Affairs Commission,

Lagos State.

Dear Sir,

A LETTER OF INVITATION AS A GUEST SPEAKER

Good afternoon, sir. My name is Chukwudi Amarachi, and I am a JSS2

student of Sterling High School.

I am writing this letter to invite you to my school press club, to speak

and educate us on human rights and the human rights affair 
commission which you direct in Lagos State
commission, which you direct in Lagos State.

My school press club is dedicated to finding out, gathering, writing

and reading the news to the students in the school to make us aware
and informed about the happenings in the society, nation and the
world at large. And one of our goals for this year is to educate
students on their human rights, and how to exercise them.

We would be glad to have you amidst us, and the details of the talk go
as follows:

Theme: My Rights are Mine

Location: Sterling High School, Bariga.

Date: 5th, August 2021

Time: 2pm.

We would be glad if you accept our invitation, and come speak to us.
We await your favourable response.

Yours
faithfully,

Chukwudi Amarach.

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