IC Engine

Q1. What is the difference between SI & CI?
A: SI and CI refer to two different types of internal combustion engines. SI

stands for Spark Ignition, and CI stands for Compression Ignition. The main
difference between the two is the way fuel is ignited in the engine.
In SI engines, fuel is mixed with air and then ignited by a spark plug, which
creates a flame front that propagates through the combustion chamber.
This type of engine is commonly used in gasoline-powered vehicles.
On the other hand, in CI engines, air is compressed in the combustion

chamber until it becomes hot enough to ignite the fuel, which is injected
into the chamber as a fine mist. This type of engine is commonly used in
diesel-powered vehicles.
Q2. What is knocking? What is the method to detect the phenomenon

of knocking?
A: Knocking is an undesirable phenomenon that can occur in internal

combustion engines. It happens when the fuel-air mixture in the engine's
combustion chamber detonates spontaneously before the flame front from
the spark plug arrives, causing a sharp increase in pressure that can
damage the engine.
The method to detect knocking is to use a microphone or accelerometer to

listen for the characteristic sound that it produces. Knocking can be
detected using a device called a knock sensor, which is mounted on the
engine block and measures the vibrations caused by the detonation. The
engine control unit can then adjust the timing and fuel injection to prevent
knocking from occurring.
Q3. Define the following terms:
i. Speed: Speed refers to the rate at which an object moves or operates. In

the context of engines, speed usually refers to the rotational speed of the
engine's crankshaft, which is typically measured in revolutions per minute
(RPM).
ii. Fuel & air consumption: Fuel and air consumption refer to the amount
of fuel and air that an engine consumes in order to operate. Fuel
consumption is typically measured in units such as liters per 100 kilometers
(L/100km) or gallons per mile (mpg), while air consumption is typically
measured in cubic meters per minute (m3/min) or cubic feet per minute
(cfm).
 iii. IHP, BHP, FHP:
 IHP: IHP stands for Indicated Horsepower, which is a measure of the power
output of an engine based on the pressure inside the combustion chamber
during the power stroke of the engine cycle. It is calculated using a formula
that takes into account the engine's displacement, speed, and pressure.
 BHP: BHP stands for Brake Horsepower, which is a measure of the power
output of an engine as measured by a dynamometer attached to the
engine's output shaft. It represents the power that is available to do useful
work, such as turning a wheel or propelling a vehicle.
 FHP: FHP stands for Frictional Horsepower, which is a measure of the
power that an engine consumes to overcome frictional losses within the
engine itself. It represents the power that is lost as heat or noise rather than
being available to do useful work.
Q4. Explain Dual & Multi fuel engines?
Dual and multi-fuel engines are types of internal combustion engines that are
designed to operate on more than one type of fuel. The main difference
between the two is the number of fuels that they can use.
A dual-fuel engine is designed to operate on two different types of fuel,

typically diesel and natural gas. The engine is designed to run on diesel fuel as
the primary fuel, but can also use natural gas as a secondary fuel. The natural
gas is injected into the intake air stream and ignited by the diesel fuel, which
acts as a pilot fuel.
A multi-fuel engine, on the other hand, is designed to operate on multiple

types of fuel, such as diesel, gasoline, biofuels, and even hydrogen. These
engines typically have a flexible fuel system that can adjust the fuel injection
and timing to accommodate the different fuels.
Q5. Explain Working principles of Rotary engine.

The rotary engine, also known as a Wankel engine, is a type of internal
combustion engine that uses a rotary design to convert pressure into
rotational motion. The basic working principle of the rotary engine is as
follows:
1. The engine has a triangular rotor that rotates inside an oval-shaped housing.
The rotor has three sides, each of which is shaped like a curved equilateral
triangle.
2. As the rotor rotates, it moves around the housing, creating three separate
chambers of varying sizes between the rotor and the housing.
3. As the rotor moves past the intake port, air and fuel are drawn into one of the
chambers. As the rotor continues to rotate, the chamber gets smaller,
compressing the air and fuel mixture.
4. At the spark plug, the air and fuel mixture is ignited, creating a high-pressure
explosion that forces the rotor to turn.
5. As the rotor rotates past the exhaust port, the spent gases are expelled from
the chamber.
6. The process repeats as the rotor moves around the housing, with each
chamber going through the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes
in turn.
Because the rotary engine has a continuous combustion cycle, it is able to

produce high power output for its size and weight. However, it also has some
drawbacks, such as poor fuel economy and high emissions due to its design.
Q. 6. What is meant by Diesel Power plant?
A diesel power plant is a type of power generation facility that uses diesel
engines to generate electricity. The diesel engine drives a generator, which
converts the mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy. These
power plants are commonly used in remote locations, as they can be more
efficient and cost-effective than other types of power generation facilities in
such areas.
The basic components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine,
generator, fuel tank, and control panel. The engine is typically fueled by diesel
fuel, which is stored in a fuel tank on-site. The generator converts the
mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy, which is then
distributed to the electrical grid or used on-site.
Q7. Explain Thermodynamic cycle.
A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes that convert

heat energy into mechanical work, or vice versa. These cycles are used in many
types of engines and power plants to convert thermal energy into useful work.
The most commonly used thermodynamic cycle is the Rankine cycle, which is
used in steam power plants. The Rankine cycle consists of four basic processes:
1. Heat addition: High-pressure steam is generated in a boiler by heating water

with a fuel source such as coal, oil, or natural gas.
2. Expansion: The high-pressure steam expands through a turbine, which
converts the steam's energy into mechanical work.
3. Heat rejection: The low-pressure steam leaving the turbine is condensed back
into water in a condenser by transferring the heat to a cooling medium such
as water or air.
4. Pumping: The condensed water is pumped back to the boiler to begin the
cycle again.
Other examples of thermodynamic cycles include the Otto cycle, which is used
in gasoline engines, and the Brayton cycle, which is used in gas turbines. These
cycles are designed to optimize the conversion of heat energy into mechanical
work, while minimizing losses due to friction, heat transfer, and other
inefficiencies.
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Q1. What is the difference between SI & CI?

A: SI and CI refer to two different types of internal combustion engines. SI

On the other hand, in CI engines, air is compressed in the combustion

Q2. What is knocking? What is the method to detect the phenomenon

A: Knocking is an undesirable phenomenon that can occur in internal

The method to detect knocking is to use a microphone or accelerometer to

Q3. Define the following terms:

i. Speed: Speed refers to the rate at which an object moves or operates. In

 iii. IHP, BHP, FHP:

Q4. Explain Dual & Multi fuel engines?

A dual-fuel engine is designed to operate on two different types of fuel,

A multi-fuel engine, on the other hand, is designed to operate on multiple

Q5. Explain Working principles of Rotary engine.

Because the rotary engine has a continuous combustion cycle, it is able to

Q. 6. What is meant by Diesel Power plant?

A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes that convert

1. Heat addition: High-pressure steam is generated in a boiler by heating water

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