Review Module – RCD Beam – Working Stress Design & Serviceability Requirement

429.4 PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES 424.2.3 CALCULATION OF IMMEDIATE DEFLECTIONS

429.4.1 Stresses in concrete shall not exceed: 424.2.3.1 Immediate deflections shall be calculated using methods or formulas
Flexure 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 for elastic deformations, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on
429.4.2 Tensile stress in reinforcement 𝑓𝑠 shall not exceed member stiffness.
For Grade 280 MPa 140 MPa 424.2.3.2 Effect of variation of cross-sectional properties, such as haunches,
For Grade 420 MPa 170 MPa shall be considered when calculating deflections.

429.6 FLEXURE 424.2.3.3 Deflections in two-way slab system shall be calculated taking into
account size and shape of the panel, conditions of support, and nature of
For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line theory (for flexure) restraints at the panel edges.
shall be used with the following assumptions.
424.2.3.4 Modulus of elasticity, Ec, shall be permitted to be calculated in
429.6.1 Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis, except for deep accordance with section 419.2.2.
flexural members with overall depth-span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous
spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be 424.2.3.5 For non-prestressed members, effective moment of inertia, Ie, shall be
considered. calculated by Eq. 424.2.3.5a (show below) unless obtained by a more
comprehensive analysis, but Ie shall not be greater than Ig.
429.6.2 Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under service loads
within permissible service load stresses. 𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟑 𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟑
𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝑰𝒆 = ( ) 𝑰𝒈 + [𝟏 − ( ) ] 𝑰𝒄𝒓 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 (424.2.3.5a)
429.6.3 In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no tension. 𝑴𝒂 𝑴𝒂
where:
429.6.4 It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio 𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 /𝐸𝑐 as the nearest 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = Moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete.
whole number (but NOT less than 6). Except for calculations for deflections, value 𝐼𝑒 = Effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection.
of n for lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same as for normal 𝐼𝑔 = Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the centroidal axis,
weight concrete of the same strength. neglecting reinforcement.
429.6.5 In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular ratio of 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = Cracking moment.
𝟐𝑬𝒔 /𝑬𝒄 shall be used to transform compression reinforcement for stress 𝑀𝑎 = Maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
computations. Compressive stress in such reinforcement shall NOT exceed
permissible tensile stress. Cracking Moment, Mcr, is calculated by:
𝒇𝒓 𝑰𝒈
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = (424.2.3.5b)
419.2.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 𝒚𝒕
419.2.2.1 Modulus of elasticity 𝐸𝑐 for concrete shall be permitted to be taken as where:
𝑦𝑡 = Distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement.
𝒘𝟏.𝟓 ′
𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑√𝒇𝒄 (𝒊𝒏 𝑴𝑷𝒂)
424.2.3.6 For continuous one-way slabs and beams, Ie shall be permitted to be
for values of 𝑤𝑐 between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m³. taken as the average of values obtained from Eq. 424.2.3.5a for the critical
For normal weight concrete, 𝐸𝑐 shall be permitted to be taken as positive and negative moment sections.
𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇′𝒄 . 424.2.3.7 For prismatic one-way slabs and beams, Ie shall be permitted to be
taken as the value obtained from Eq. 424.2.3.5a at mid-span for simple and
419.2.3 MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF CONCRETE, 𝒇𝒓 continuous spans, and at the support for
419.2.3.1 Modulus of rupture, fr, for concrete shall be calculated by: cantilevers.
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 (419.2.3.1)
424.2.4 CALCULATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT DEFLECTIONS
where the value of λ is in accordance with Section 419.2.4 (Lightweight Concrete) 424.2.4.1.1 Unless values from a more comprehensive analysis, additional time-
419.2.4 Lightweight Concrete dependent deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
419.2.4.1 To account for the properties of lightweight concrete, a modification shall be calculated as the product of the immediate deflection caused by the
sustained load and the factor λΔ.
factor λ is used as a multiplier of √𝑓𝑐′ in all applicable provisions of this Code.
𝝃
419.2.4.2 The value of λ shall be based on the composition of the aggregate in 𝝀∆ = (424.2.4.1.1)
the concrete mixture in accordance with Table 419.2.4.2 or as permitted in 𝟏 + 𝟓𝟎𝝆′
Section 419.2.4.3. where:
Table 419.2.4.2 Modification Factor 𝜉 = Time-dependent factor for sustained load
Concrete λ 𝜆∆ = Multiplier used for additional deflection due to long-term effects
All-lightweight 0.75
424.2.4.1.2 In the equation above, 𝜌′ shall be calculated at mid-span for simple
Lightweight, fine blend 0.75 to 0.85
and continuous spans, and at the support for cantilevers.
Sand-lightweight 0.85
𝑨′𝒔
Sand-lightweight, coarse blend 0.85 to 1.00 𝝆′ = at midspan for simple and continuous span
Normal-weight 1.00 𝒃𝒅
𝑨𝒔
419.2.4.3 If the measured average splitting tensile strength of lightweight 𝝆′ = for cantilever
𝒃𝒅
concrete, fct, is used to calculate λ, laboratory test shall be conducted in
accordance with ASTM C330M to establish the value of fct and the corresponding 424.2.4.1.3 In the equation above, values of the time dependent factor for
value of fcm and λ shall be calculated by: sustained load, ξ, shall be in accordance with Table 424.2.4.1.3 (shown below).
𝑓𝑐𝑡
𝜆= ≤ 1.0 (419.2.4.3) Table 424.2.4.1.3: Time-Dependent Factor for Sustained Loads
0.56√𝑓𝑐𝑚 Sustained Load Duration Time-Dependent factor, ξ
3 months 1.0
The concrete mixture tested in order to calculate λ shall be representative of that
to be used in the Work. 6 months 1.2
where: 𝑓𝑐𝑚 = measured average compressive strength of concrete, MPa. 12 months (1 year) 1.4
60 or more months (5 years) 2.0
 Table 424.2.2 (Maximum Permissible Calculated Deflections)
Deflection
Member Condition Deflection to be Considered
Limitation
Flat roofs Immediate deflection due to maximum of Lr, S, and R l / 180
Not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to
Floors be damaged by large deflections Immediate deflection due to L l / 360
Likely to be damaged by That part of the total deflection occurring after attachment of l / 480
Roof or Supporting or attached to large deflections nonstructural elements, which is the sum of the time-dependent
Floors non-structural elements Not likely to be damaged deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection
due to any additional live load
l / 240
by large deflections

SITUATION: A two span continuous reinforced concrete beam has a SITUATION: Precast joists with typical section as shown are cast using
total length 𝜉of=6m. It has a crossfactor
Time-dependent section of 300mmload.
for sustained x 600mm and is a concrete strength, fc’ = 27.5 MPa. The resulting tensile strength, ft =
reinforced with 5 – 28mm Ø. The beam supports a live load of 80kN/m 2.75 MPa. The joists are to be simply supported on a span of 6m. Unit
𝜆 = Multiplier
and superimposed for additional
deadload of 50kN/m.long-time deflection. weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3

Using steel cover of 75mm, fc’ = 28MPa, fs = 138MPa. Let fc = 0.45f’c Given data:
1. Determine the moment capacity of the beam. a=200mm
2. Determine the mode of design. b=500mm
3. Determine the adequacy of the beam. c=150mm
d=200mm
SITUATION: Given a beam with b = 300mm and h = 550mm. The beam
has a length of 8m and fixed at both ends. The beam is reinforced with 3
– 28mm at the tension side and 2 – 25mm at the compression side. Using
a steel cover of 70mm. f’c = 21MPa, fy = 276MPa. Use 24kN/m3 as unit
weight of concrete.
Super Imposed Deadload = 8kN/m,
Live load = 12kN/m
Using Alternate Design method:
11. Find the cracking moment, in kN-m.
4. Determine the distance of the outermost compression fiber from the 12. How much uniform load can the joist safely carry (not including its
neutral axis. own weight) if the cracking moment in the beam is 40 kN-m.
5. Determine the transformed moment of inertia with respect to the 13. If the joists are reinforced with 3-25 mm ø bars with their centroid
neutral axis. located at 435mm from the top determine the cracking moment (kN-
6. Determine the actual stress of concrete at the midspan. m) use modular ratio, n = 8
7. Determine the actual stress of tension steel at the midspan.
SITUATION: A 250 mm x 400 mm is reinforced with 3 – 20 mm steel
bars with steel cover of 60 mm. Using f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 414 MPa. Unit
SITUATION: A concrete beam has a depth of 600 mm and a width of
weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3.
300 mm. The concrete compressive strength, f’c, is 34 MPa and the
tensile strength, ft = 3.4 MPa. 14. Determine the effective moment of inertia of the beam which carries
8. Calculate the cracking moment of the section. a concentrated live load P = 60 kN at the free end of a 2.0 m
9. If the beam is cast with provision for a 180 mm diameter pipe located cantilever span.
concentrically, calculate the new cracking moment of the section. 15. Determine the immediate deflection of the beam.
16. If the immediate deflection due to DL alone is equal to 0.223 mm,
10. If the beam is cast with provision for a square duct 100 mm x 100
calculate the long-term (total) deflection of the beam if 50% of the
mm located concentrically, calculate the new cracking moment of live load will be sustained for 1 year. The deflection due to DL and
the section. sustained LL is equal to 6.861 mm.