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The Final Complete RC Notes

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The Final Complete RC Notes

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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY:

NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY: NTDEGUMA

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Steel MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF CONCRETE, fr CALCULATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT DEFLECTIONS

fs - allowable tensile stress of steel (MPa) Modulus of rupture, fr, for concrete shall be calculated by:
CONCRETE Unless values from a more comprehensive analysis, additional
fs - 0.50 fy ( beams/slabs/footings) time dependent deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of
a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other aggregates held fs - 0.40 fy ( columns) fr = 0.62 l fc' (MPa)
flexural members shall be calculated as the product of the immediate
together in a rock-like mass with a paste of cement and water. where the value of λ is modification factor deflection caused by the sustained load and the factor λΔ.
fy - yield stress of steel (MPa)
ADMIXTURES gsteel - unit weight of steel Lightweight Concrete x
materials added to concrete to change certain characteristics - 77 KN/m3 To account for the properties of lightweight concrete, a modification lD =
such as workability, durability and time of hardening. factor λ is used as a multiplier of fc' in all applicable provisions of 1 + 50 r '
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete
this Code.
- 200,000 MPa
JOSEPH ASPDEN Modification Factor
where:
lD = Time-dependent factor for sustained load
an English bricklayer who obtained a patent for Portland WSD & SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS - BEAMS Concrete l x = Multiplier used for additional deflection due to long-term
cement All-lightweight 0.75 effects
PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES Lightweight, fine blend 0.75 to 0.85 p'= shall be calculated at mid-span for simple and
JOSEPH MONIER Sand-lightweight 0.85 continuous spans, and at the support for cantilevers.
Stresses in concrete shall not exceed:
a Frenchman who invented reinforced concrete a received a
patent for the const. of concrete basins and tubs and reservoirs
Flexure ---------------- 0.45 fc' Sand-lightweight, coarse blend 0.85 to 1.00
p' = As'
bd
at midspan for simple and continuous beams
Tensile stress in reinforcement fs shall not exceed Normal-weight 1.00
reinforced w/ wire mesh and iron wire in 1867.
For rade 280 MPa ---------- 140 MPa As
If the measured average splitting tensile strength of lightweight p = for cantilever beams
For rade 420 MPa ---------- 170 MPa concrete, fct, is used to calculate λ, laboratory test shall be
bd

DESIGN METHODS: conducted in accordance with ASTM C330M to establish the value of In the equation above, values of the time dependent factor for
fct and the corresponding value of fcm and λ shall be calculated by: sustained load, ξ
1. WSD - Working Stress Design, Alternate
fct Time-Dependent Factor for Sustained Loads
Stress Design,or Straight-Line Design For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line theory (for l = < 1.0
flexure) shall be used with the following assumptions. 0.56 fcm Sustained Load Duration Time-Dependent factor, x
2. USD - Ultimate Stress Design or Strength Design a. Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis, 3 months 1.0
except for deep flexural members with overall depth-span The concrete mixture tested in order to calculate λ shall be 1.20
6 months
ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for representative of that to be used in the Work.
I. WORKING STRESS DESIGN simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be where: 12 months (1 year) 1.40
considered. fcm = measured average compressive strength of 60 or more months (5 years) 2.0
b. Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under concrete, MPa.
PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES service loads within permissible service load stresses.
c. In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no tension. CALCULATION OF IMMEDIATE DEFLECTIONS
a. Stresses in concrete shall not exceed: d. It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio n = Es/Ec, as FACTORED LOAD COMBINATION
Flexure ------ 0.45 fc' the nearest whole number (but NOT less than 6). Except for For non-prestressed members, effective moment of inertia, Ie, shall
calculations for deflections, value of n for lightweight concrete be calculated (show below) unless obtained by a more (1) 1.4D
b. Tensile stress in reinforcement fs shall not exceed
shall be assumed to be the same as for normal weight comprehensive analysis, but Ie shall not be greater than Ig. (2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R )
For Flexural reinforcement ------0.50fc'
concrete of the same strength.
e. In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular (3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R ) + ( 0.5L or 0.8W )
3 3
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: ratio of 2Es/Ec shall be used to transform compression Icr < Ie = Mcr Ig + 1 - Mcr Icr < Ig (4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5( Lr or S or R )
reinforcement for stress computations. Compressive stress in Ma Ma
Concrete such reinforcement shall NOT exceed permissible tensile (5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S
stress. (6) 0.9D + ( 1.6W or 1.0E )
fc - allowable compressive stress of conc. where:
Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to
- 0.45 fc' ( beams/slabs/footings) concrete.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY DL - Dead Load E - Earthquake Load
- 0.25 fc' ( columns) Ie = Effective moment of inertia for computation of
deflection. LL - Live Load H - Earth Pressure
fc' - specified compressive strength of conc.
For concrete shall be permitted to be taken as Ig = Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the W - Wind Load
at 28 days curing (MPa)
1.5 centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement.
- unit weight of concrete Wc 0.043 fc' (MPa) Mcr = Cracking moment.
conc.
for values of Wc between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m³. Ma = Maximum moment in member at stage deflection is
- 23.54 KN/m 3 computed.
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete For normal weight concrete, Ec shall be permitted to be taken as
Cracking Moment, Mcr, is calculated by:
4700 fc' (MPa)
for values of W��between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m³.
fr Ig
1.5 Mcr = yt
Ec - Wc 0.043 fc' (MPa)

For normal weight concrete,

where:
yt = Distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting
Ec - 4700 fc' (MPa)
reinforcement.

CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483
CECC-483 CE
STRUCTURAL
COMPREHENSIVE
DESIGN
COURSE
AND CONSTRUCTION
2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2/10
------ CC2
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY: NTDEGUMA

DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE (WSD) II. ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD) Stress of steel (fs) based on the strain diagram:
STRESS OF CONCRETE
fs/Es 0.003
where: =
b b fc = 0.45 fc' Mc (kd) A. BEAMS (FLEXURAL STRESS) d-c c
fc = Mc - resisting moment
C
IN.A. of concrete d-c
kd 1. SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM fs = 600 c
N.A. (SRRB)
h
d-kd
STRESS OF STEEL
b 0.85 fc' ec = 0.003 NOMINAL BENDING MOMENT (Mn)
As z nAs fc/n C = 0.85 fc'ab
fs = Ms (d - kd) where:
c
a
c
n IN.A. Ms - resisting moment
d
Beam Section Transformed Stress Diagram of steel d - a/2 Mn = C(d-a/2) or Mn = T(d-a/2)
Section N.A. Mn
d-c Mn = 0.85fc'ab(d-a/2) Mn = Asfs(d-a/2)
e t = e s= fs/Es
where: COMPRESSIVE FORCE OF CONCRETE As T = As fs
h = overall depth of the beam (mm) Beam Section Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
z = steel covering (measure from the centroid of bar) C = 1/2 fc kd b ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENT (Mu)
d = effective depth of the beam (mm) Depth of compression block "a".
d = h -z Mu = fC(d-a/2) = f T(d-a/2)
a = b1 c
As = area of the reinforcement ( square millimeters) TENSILE FORCE OF STEEL
fc' = compressive strength of concrete (MPa) For fc' < 28 MPa , use b1 = 0.85
Mu = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2)
fs = tensile strength of steel (MPa) T = As fs For fc' > 28 MPa , Mu = f Asfs (d-a/2)
b = base of the beam (mm)
b1 = 0.85 - 0.05 (fc' - 28) > 0.65
n = modular ratio(always a whole number) where:
7
n = Es /Ec
MOMENT ARM ( jd ) From the stress diagram:
a = depth of equivalent stress block or compression block
As = area of tension reinforcement, square millimeters
d = jd + kd/3 C=T b = width of the compression face of member
LOCATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS (kd) j = 1 - k/3 0.85fc'ab = Asfs c = distance from extreme compression fiber to N.A. (mm)

As fs d = distance from extreme compression fiber to

S M N.A. = 0 a = centroid of tension reinforcement (mm)
0.85 fc' b
b(kd)(kd/2) - nAs (d - kd) = 0 Assuming steel yields (fs = fy)
CONSTANT ( k ) MOMENT REDUCTION FACTOR( f )
kd = -------- As fy
n a =
k = ( For Design Only ) 0.85 fc' b
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE TRANSFORMED n + fs/fc TEN I N C NT E
SECTION MINIMUM STEEL RATIO:
If fs > 1000, et > 0.005 use f = 0. 0
The larger value of the ff:
I N.A.= (1/3)(b)(kd)³ + nAs (d - kd)² k = 2rn + (rn)² - rn (For Investigation)
Only ) rmin = 1.40 or rmin = 0.25 fc'
fy fy C MP E I N C NT E
RESISTING MOMENT OF CONCRETE:
STEEL RATIO If fs < fy, et < 0.002 use f = 0. 5
Mc = C(jd) MAXIMUM STEEL RATIO:
Mc = fc/2 (b)(kd)(jd) r = As
bd T AN ITI N C NT E
Mc = (1/2)(fc)(kj)(bd²) rmax = 0.85fc' b1 3
fy 8 If fy < fs < 1000, or 0.002 < et < 0.005 use
RESISTING MOMENT OF STEEL: fs - fy
f = 0. 5 + 0.25
STEEL REINFORCEMENT RATIO: 1000 - fy
Ms = T jd
f = 0. 5 + ( et - 002) 250
ract. = As 3
Ms = As fs jd bd

b 0.85 fc' 0.003 d'

STEEL REINFORCEMENT INDEX w 5. Compute the reinforcement steel area As 5. Calculate the ultimate moment fMn
a C' e s'
As = rbd As' C
fMn = fC(d-a/2) = f0.85fc ab (d-a/2) c-d' c
w= r fy fMn = fT(d-a/2) = fAsfs (d-a/2) d
6. Check if tension controlled (as initial assumption) for N.A.
fc' d-c
f = 0.90
2. DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM T e t = e s= fs/Es
BEAM COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (Rn) C=T (DRRB) As
0.85fc'ab = Asfs (assume steel yields)
As fy Beam Section Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
Rn = fc' w ( 1 - 0.59 w) a =
0.85 fc' b b 0.85 fc' From the stress diagram: From the strain diagram:
Mu Solve for fs: a C'
Rn = As' C + C' = T d-c
f bd 2 d-c C fs = 600
fs = 600 0.85fc'ab + As'fs' = Asfy c
c d
c - d'
N.A. fs'= 600 c
If fs ≥ 1000 Mpa, tension controlled, correct assumption
T
ACTUAL VALUE STEEL REINFORCEMENT RATIO: Use: As = r bd As STEPS IN INVESTIGATION PROBLEMS FOR DOUBLY
REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM (DRRB)

STEPS IN INVESTIGATION PROBLEMS FOR SINGLY b 0.85 fc' 1. Calculate the values of r and rmax.
r = 0.85 fy 1- 1-
2 Rn
REINFORCED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE BEAM a/2
fc' 0.85fc' C ract. = As rmax = 0.85fc' b1 3
bd fy 8
d - a/2
As 1 M u1 If r < r max , the beam is SRRB
STEPS IN DESIGN PROBLEMS FOR SINGLY
1. Calculate the values of a and c, assuming steel yields
If r > r max , the beam is DRRB
REINFORCED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE BEAM C=T
T1 = As 1fs
0.85fc'ab = Asfs (assume steel yields, fs = fy) 1st STAGE
As fy 2. Solve for "a"and "c", by assuming steel yields at both
a = tension and compression.
0.85 fc' b d'
1. Compute for the ultimate applied moment As' fs'
Mu = 1.2 M + 1.6 M c = a/b1 C' C + C' = T
As' 0.85fc'ab + As'fs' = Asfy (assume all steel yields)
2. Compute for the coefficient of resistance Rn,
2. Check if steel will yield or not using the calculated values of d - d' 0.85fc'ab + As'fy = Asfy fs'= fs = fy
(assuming f = 0.90 and tension controlled) M u2
Mu a and c. a = _____ c = a/b1 = ______
d-c As 2
Rn = fs = 600
f bd 2 c
T2 = As 2fs 3. Check if compression steel yields.
If fs ≥ fy, steel yields, correct assumption proceed to step 4
3. Calculate the actual value of steel reinforcement: c - d'
Use fs = fy 2nd STAGE fs'= 600 c
fs < fy, steel not yield, wrong assumption,
If fs' ≥ fy, steel yields, correct assumption proceed to step 4
Use fs value computed on step 3
r = 0.85 fc' 1- 1-
2 Rn Use fs' = fy
fy 0.85fc' If fs' < fy, steel not yield, wrong assumption,
3. For fs < fy, calculate the new fs value: 1st STAGE 2nd STAGE
proceed to step 5.
4. Check for the actual r value and compare to rmax and rmin C=T Forces: Forces:
4. Since fs' > fy, compression steel yields (use f = 0.90)
0.85fc'ab = Asfs C = 0.85 fc' ab C' = As' fs'
rmin = 1.40 d-c MU = MU1 + MU2
r 0.85fc' b1 3 0.85fc' b1c = As 600 c T 1 = As 1 fs T2 = As 2 fs
max =
fy
fy 8 choose the c = _____ MU = f 0.85fc'ab(d-a/2) + f As'fy (d-d')
rmin = 0.25 fc' bigger value
Resisting Moment: Resisting Moment:
fy a = b1 c 5. Since fs' < fy, compute the value of fs'
fs = 600
d-c Mu1 = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) Mu2 = f As'fs' (d-d') C + C' = T
Check if rmax < r > rmin c 0.85fc'ab + As'fs' = Asfy
Mu1 = f As1 fs (d-a/2) Mu2 = f As2 fs(d-d')
4. Compute the value of strength reduction factor f using c - d'
0.85fc' b1c + As' 600 c = As fy
If r < rmax, design as singly reinforced, proceed to no. 5 the computed value of fs TOTAL : c - d'
c = _____ fs'= 600 c
r > rmax, design as doubly reinforced If fs > 1000, use f= 0.90 If fs < fy, use f= 0.65
T = T1 + T2 A S = As 1 + As2 a = _____ fs' = _____
fs - fy M = MU1 + MU2
If r < rmin, choose the value of rmin as r If fs > fy and fs<1000, use f = 0.65 + 0.25 MU = MU1 + MU2
1000 - fy MU = f 0.85fc'ab(d-a/2) + f As'fs' (d-d')

SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS FOR WEB

3. SHEARING STRESS AND DIAGONAL STEPS IN VERTICAL STIRRUPS DESIGN
STEPS IN DESIGN PROBLEMS FOR DOUBLY REINFORCEMENTS
REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM (DRRB) TORSION

SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (Vc) 1. Compute the factored shear force, Vu

1. Solve for Mnmax 1. hen Vu < fVc/2, STI PS A E NOT NEE E
For non-prestressed members without axial force, force Vc 2. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete, Vc
The max. reinforcement ratio corresponding to a net tensile
strain of 0.005 in order to obtain a reduction factor of 0.90 can be calculated by: Vc = 0.17l fc' bw d 2. If Vu < fVc, but Vu > fVc/2, spacing "S" should be:
(tension controlled)
Vc = 0.17l fc' bw d If Vu > f Vc, stirrups is necessary, proceed to to Step 3. Based on the minimum shear area requirement:
es = 0.005
If Vu < f Vc, but Vu > f Vc/2, proceed to Step 4. Av fyt Av fyt
fs = 0.005 (200,000) = 1000 MPa
SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY STEEL S < S <
fs = 600(d-c)/c = 1000 If Vu < f Vc/2, stirrups are not needed 0.062 fc' bw 0.35 bw
c = 3d/8 = Vs for shear reinforcement can be calculated by: 3. Calculate the shear strength provided by the stirrup, Vs
Based on the NSCP maximum spacing requirement
a = b1 c Av fyt d
Vs = Vn = Vu/f S < d/2 or 600 mm
Mnmax = 0.85fc’ab (d-a/2) S
Vs = Vu/f - Vc
From the given applied moment load: NOMINAL SHEAR CAPACITY OF THE BEAM (Vn) 2 1
If Vs < 3 fc' bw d , proceed to step 4 3. hen Vs < 3 fc' bw d and Vu < 3fVc
Mu = 1.2 M L 1.6 MLL
2
Mn = M /f f = 0.90 Vn = Vc Vs If Vs > 3 fc' bw d , adjust the beam size Based on the minimum shear area requirement:
Vn = Vu/f f for shearing = 0.75
If Mnmax > Mn, design as Singly Reinforced beam Av fyt Av fyt
4. Calculate the spacing "S" of the stirrups S < S <
If Mnmax < Mn, design as DRRB, then proceed to step 2 SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (S) 0.062 fc' bw 0.35 bw
Av fyt d
2. Solve for As1 S=
Av fyt d Vs
Based on strength requirement
Mnmax = As1fy(d-a/2) S= If S < 25mm, increase the value of shear area Av
Vs Av fyt d
As1 = where: S <
Maximum spacing, S: Vs
S = computed spacing of stirrups
or As1 can be solve using: Av = total area of shear reinforcement
where: 1 Based on the NSCP maximum spacing requirement
As1 = rmax bd = for 2 legs Av = 2Ab If Vs < fc' bw d , Smax = d/2 or 600mm
rmax = 0.85fc' b1 3 for 3 legs Av = 3 Ab
3
fy 8
fyt = yield strength of shear reinforcement 1 S < d/2 or 600 mm
the 3/8 factor is taken from the d = effective depth of the beam If Vs > 3 fc' bw d , Smax = d/4 or 300mm
requirement for tension- controlled Vs = shear strength provide by steel
3. Solve for the excess moment Mn2 If Vu < fVc, but Vu > fVc/2
MAXIMUM SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Avmin = 0.35 bwS/fyt, if Av > Avmin , OK! 4 . hen Vs > 13 fc' bw d and Vs < 0.66 fc' bw d
Mn = Mn1 Mn2 = Mu/f where Mnmax = Mn1
4. Compute for As2
DETAILED METHOD IN CALCULATING Vc FOR Based on strength requirement
Mn2 = As2fy (d-d') Maximum spacing, S (in mm)
NON-PRESTRESSED MEMBERS WITH AXIAL
As2 = COMPRESSION S < Av fyt d
Vs Vs
5. Stress check for compression bars fs’ Non-prestressed Prestressed
c - d' beam beam Based on the NSCP maximum spacing requirement
fs'= 600 c
0.16 l fc' + 17 rw Vu d bw d
If fs’>fy, compression steel yields, use fs’= fy 4h - d S < d/2 or 600 mm
If fs’<fy, compression steel yields, use fs’= computed value above) d/2 3h/4 Mu - N u (a)
8
Lesser
6. Solve for As' < 0.33 fc' bw d of : Lesser of
600 600 (a), (b) Equation not applicable if
If fs’ > fy, use fs' = fy If fs’< fy, use fs' = fycomputed value 5. hen Vs > 0.66 fc' bw d, EVISE EAM SI E!
at no. 5 and (c)
T2 = C’ T2 = C’ 4h - d (b)
Mu - N u < 0
As2 fy = As’ fs’ As2 fy = As’ fs’ d/4 3h/8 8
As' = As2 As' = As2 (fy)/fs'
Lesser
> 0.33 fc' bw d of :
300 300 0.29N u
7. Solve for the area of tensile bars (As) 0.29 l fc' bw d 1 + (c)
Ag
As = As1 + As2

(a) Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered

4. T-BEAMS
A. Steps in determining the Tension Steel III. a > t B. Steps in Determining Mu of a T-Beam
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs Area As of a T-Beam with given Mu with given As.
and beams that a replaced monolithically. As a result, the
two parts act together to resist loads. In effect, the beams I. Assume that the entire flange is in compression b 0.85 fc' I. Assume steel yields (fs = fy) and compute the
have extra widths at their tops, called flanges, and the and solve for Mu1: t 1 C1 t/2 0.85 fc' area of compression concrete, Ac
a
resulting T-shaped beams are called T beams. Compression force in concrete: z 2 C2
The analysis of T beams is quite similar to the analysis of d' d-t/2 d'-z/2 C=T
rectangular beams in that the specifications relating to the C = 0.85 fc' b ft
As 0.85 fc' Ac = As fy
strains in the reinforcing are identical. To repeat briefly, it is Mu1 = C(d - t/2) T1 = As1 fy T2 = As 2 fy
desirable to have et values ≥ 0.005, and they may not be less bw Mu1 Mu2
Ac = _____
than 0.004 unless the member is subjected to an axial load ≥ Mu1 = 0.85 fc' b t(d
f - t/2)
Area of compression flange, Af = b f tf
0.10 fc Ag. You will learn that et values are almost always
much larger than 0.005 in T beams because of their very Mu1 = _____________ Mu = Mu1 + Mu2 If Ac < Af, a < t, proceed to Step II
large compression flanges. For such members, the values of c Mu1 = the same value in Step 1 If Ac > Af, a > t, proceed to Step III
are normally very small, and calculated et values very large. If Mu1 > Mu, then a < t, proceed to Step II
Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
If Mu1 < Mu, then a > t, proceed to Step III II. a < t
Mu2 = C 2 (d'-a/2) b 0.85 fc'
t a C =0.85 fc' ab
Mu2 = 0.85 fc' bw z (d'-z/2) d d-a/2
II. a < t
b 0.85 fc' z = _______
t a C =0.85 fc' ab T = As fy
d d-a/2
A. T-Beams B. L-Beams T=C
Solve for a:
b should be smallest of the ff. b should be smallest of the ff. T = As fy As fy = C1 + C2
1. bw + 16t 1. bw + 6t As fy = 0.85 fc' b t + 0.85 fc' bw z Ac = bf (a) Mu = As fy (d-a/2)
2. bw + S1/2 + S2/2 2. bw + S1/2 Solve for a: a = ____
3. bw + Ln/4 3. bw + Ln/12 Mu = C (d-a/2) As = _______
Verify if steel yields(this may not be necessary)
where: Mu = 0.85 fc' ab (d-a/2) Solve fo = 1.4 / fy and compare with As
Ln = clear distance between column supports
min c=a/ 1 fs = 600 (d-c) / c
bwd
a = _______ If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
Dimensional Limits for ffective verhanging Flange If As > min , design is OK! If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
idth for T-Beams ( SC 2015) T=C bw d
As fy = 0.85 fc' ab III. a > t
As = _______ If As < min , use = min (seldom)
bw d b 0.85 fc'
Solve for As C1 t/2
max and compare with t 1 0.85 fc'
bf d As = min b wd a
z 2 C2
d
If As < max , design is OK! d' d-t/2 d'-z/2
bf d Solve for As max.
As
If As
T1 = As 1 fy T2= As 2 fy
> max , beam needs compression 600 d bw
bf d steel (seldom happen) a=
1
Mu1 Mu2
600 + fy Solve for z:
Solve fo min = 1.4 / fy and compare with As As max = 0.75 A sb
bw d Ac = A f + b w z
0.85 fc' ( b f t + (a-t) b w (see Steps I for values of Ac and Af)
If As > min , design is OK! As max = 0.75
bw d fy Verify if steel yields:
a = t + z = _____
If As < min , use = min (seldom) If As < As max, value is OK
bw d c=a/ 1 = ______ fs = 600(d-c)/c = _____
If As > As max, the beam needs If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
As = min bw d If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
compression steel (seldom happens)
Mu1 = 0.85 fc' A (d - tf / 2)
Mu2 = 0.85 fc' b w z (d' - z / 2)
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2

ACI MOMENT COEFFICIENTS (NSCP BEAMS) CODE PROVISION FOR MINIMUM THICKNESS
5. Compute for the coefficient of resistance Rn,
Simplified Method of Analysis for Non-prestressed (assuming f = 0.90 and tension controlled)
Continuous Beams and One-way Slabs Code Provisions: Mu
NSCP Table 409-1 – Minimum Thickness of One-way Slabs Rn =
f bd 2
It shall be permitted to calculate Mu and Vu due to gravity Unless Deflections are Computed
loads in accordance with this section for continuous beams 6. Calculate the actual value of steel reinforcement:
and one-way slabs satisfying (a) through (e) Minimum Thickness, h
a. Members are prismatic
b. Loads are uniformly distributed Simply One-end Both end r = 0.85 fc' 1- 1-
2 Rn
c. L < 3D supported continuous continuous Cantilever fy 0.85fc'
d. There are at least two spans Member
e. The longer of two adjacent spans does not extend the shorter Beams with more than 2 spans supported by columns at both ends Members not supporting or attached to partitions
or other construction likely to be damaged by large 7. Check for the actual r value and compare to rmax and rmin
by more than 20 percent.
deflections
rmin = 1.40
r 0.85fc' b1 3 fy
max = 8
fy choose the
rmin = 0.25 fc' bigger value
Mu due to gravity loads shall be calculated in accordance with Solid one-way fy
the table below: L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slabs
Check if rmax < r > rmin

If r < rmin, decrease thickness of the slab

Beams with more than 2 spans but supported by spandrel beams at Beams or ribbed r > rmax, increase thickness of the slab
the ends. one-way slabs L/16 L/18.5 L/28 L/10
If rmax < r > rmin compute the value of steel area As

As = rbd
Values given shall be used directly for members with normal
weight concrete (wc = 2300 kg/m3) and Grade 415 reinforcement.
For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows: 7. Compute the spacing of slab main reinforcement, S
· For structural lightweight concrete having a unit weight in S = Area of the bar (Ab) x 1000
the range 1500-2000 kg/m3, the values shall be multiplied As
by (1.65 – 0.0003wc) but not less than 1.09, where wc is the 8. Compute the steel area of slab temperature bars, Ast
unit weight in kg/m3.
Beams with two spans only supported by columns at both ends. Ast = rbd
• For fy other than 420 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by
(0.4 fy/700). a. Slabs with Grade 280 and Grade 530 deformed bars are used . .
use r = 0.002
b. Slabs where Grade 415 def.bars or welded wire fabric are used . . .
use r = 0.0018
c. Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding 415 MPa
ONE-WAY SLABS measured at a yield strain of 0.35% is used.....
use r = 0.0018(415)/fy

STEPS IN DESIGNING ONE-WAY SLABS 9. Compute the spacing of temp. bar reinforcement, S

Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams Beams with two spans only, supported by spandrel beams at both S = Area of the bar (Ab) x 1000
and One way Slabs ends. 1. Assume thickness of slab as required by the code As
2. Consider one meter strip of the slab, where b = 1000 mm
3. Compute factored load and ultimate moment SPACING OF BAR DIAM T R
4. Compute value of d; d= h – clear covering – ½(bar diameter) Main bar : 100 < S < 3t or 450mm
( if S < 100mm, increase bar diameter
Temperature bars : S < 5t or 450mm whichever is smaller
where:

w = total unit load per unit length Slabs with spans not exceeding 3 m.
L = clear span for positive moment and shear
average of adjacent spans for negative moments

2. SPIRAL COLUMNS Ratio of spiral reinforcement ρs shall not be less than the value given by:
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS
COLUMNS
P
Dc D
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS ex

A. ACCORDING TO REINFORCEMENT PLASTIC CENTROID ey

x
The plastic centroid of a concrete column is the point through which the
1. TIED COLUMNS
resultant axial force on a cross section must act to produce uniform strain
Pu at failure. It is obtained by determining the location of the resultant force
Applied Axial Load: produced by the concrete and steel, assuming that both are stressed in y
S compression to 0.85 fc’ and (fy – 0.85 fc’) respectively. For symmetrical
s cross sections, the plastic centroid coincides with the centroid of the P P P
Pu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL s section. If the applied axial load does not pass through the plastic P P
longitudinal bars
s centroid, it will create bending moment which will be equal to the
product of the axial load multiplied by the distance between the force ex
and the plastic centroid. ey
Resisting Axial Load:
Mx = Pey
Applied Axial Load: P
COMPRESSIVE FORCE OF STEEL
Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] P
Pu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
a. Considering the area displaced by compression bars My = Pex My = Pex
Pu = f 0.80 [0.85fc'(Ag-Ast)+ Ast(fy)]
Cs = As fy – 0.85 fc’ As
Resisting Axial Load: Cs = As (fy – 0.85 fc’)
f= 0.65 for tied column Note: A. COMPRESSION PLUS UNIAXIAL BENDING
rg = gross steel area Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] a. Neglecting the area displaced by compression bars
To be safe, Pu act. < Pu res.
= As/Ag
Pu = f 0.85 [0.85fc'(Ag-Ast)+ Ast(fy)] emin = 0.10 h for rectangular section
As = total steel area Cs = As fy if fs'= fy
ACI Code specs: Cs = As fs emin = 0.05 D for circular section
db = bar diameter
f= 0.70 for spiral column
1. rg = 0.01 - 0.08
where:
2. Minimum side covering = 40 mm
To be safe, Pu act. < Pu res. B. ACCORDING TO SLENDERNESS
h = column dimension parallel to
3. Minimum vertical bars ACI Code specs: eccentricity (mm)
1. SHORT COLUMNS
4 - 16mm dia. - for rec. section
rg= 0.01 - 0.08 D = column diameter (mm)
6 - 16mm dia. - for round section 1. when KLu/r < 34 - 12 M1/M2
4. Minimum lateral tie bar dia. 2. minimum diameter = 250 mm
3. min. vertical bars = 6-16 mm 2. SLENDER COLUMNS
10mm dia.- for < 32 db main bar 4. minimum spiral = 10 mm
when KLu/r > 34 - 12 M1/M2 1. when e = 0 Pu
12mm dia.- for > 32 db main bar 5. clear distance between vertical bars
a) 1.5 times bar diameter
5. Spacing of lateral ties (use the smallest) c.g.
b) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate
a. 16 vert. bar diameter 6. spacing of spirals C. ACCORDING TO LOAD
b. 48 lateral tie bar diameter a) not more that 75 mm
c. least column dimension b)not less than 25 mm
c) not less than 1.5 times coarse aggregate 1.AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
6. Minimum side dimension of d) not more than one-sixth
column = 200 mm 2. ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS Axially Loaded Column:
7. Spacing of spiral tie:
7. Clear distance between longitudinal bars
a. Uniaxial bending
a) 1.5 times bar diameter b. Biaxial bending Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)]
b) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate
8. Minimum covering of ties D. ACCORDING TO SECTION
a) 40 mm for interior columns
b) 50 mm for exterior columns where:
c) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate S= spacing of spiral Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)]
As = area of spiral 1. SQUARE/RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
9. When there are more than four vertical bars, additional ties shall db = diameter of spiral
Dc = core diameter
2. ROUND/CIRCULAR COLUMNS
be provided so that every longitudinal bar will be held firmly in
position. No bar can be located at a greater distance than 150 Dc = D - 80
mm clear in either side from a laterally supported bar. ρs = spiral ratio

FAILURES WHICH OCCURS DUE TO CRUSHING OF CONCRETE AND THE STRAIN DISTRIBUTION, STRESSES and INTERNAL DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD
2. e = e min Pu YIELDING OF STEEL BARS. FORCES for a BALANCED CONDITION of AND BENDING USING NSCP 2015
e
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS
1. PURE FLEXURE
c.g. The section in this case is subjected to a bending moment Mu,
emin where the axial load Pu = 0. METHODS OF ANALYSIS:
2. BALANCED CONDITION
A balanced condition is reached when the compression strain in Pb
A. ANALYTICAL METHOD
Axially loaded (Neglect the effect of moment) the concrete reaches 0.003, the strain in the tensile reinforcement
reaches the yield strain εy = fyEs, simultaneously. · Similar to analysis of beams; strain compatibility equations are
used
Failure of concrete occurs at the same time as the steel yields, the · Unlike beams where the priority is that tension steel yields,
Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] moment that accompanies this load is called the balanced moment
ab for columns, compression steel must always yield
Pb
Mb = Pb eb
Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] where
Pn
b is called the balanced load T
eb as the balanced eccentricity.

3. COMPRESSION CONTROLS C C' = As'fs'

3. e min < e < eb This occurs when there is a large axial load, acting at a small
εy
eccentricity. Failure occurs by crushing of the concrete on the dt
compression side with a strain 0.003 whereas the yield strain on εs' a
Pu the steel on the tension side is less than the yield strain, that is 0.003 Pn
e εs < εy , therefore fs ≠ fy
Eccentrically loaded d-cb cb
c.g. 4. TENSION CONTROLS
Consider effect of moment This occurs when the axial load is small and the eccentricity is T
emin
large causing the tension steel bars to yield before actual crushing
Failure by crushing of concrete of concrete. At the point of failure, the strain in the tension side
C C' = As'fs'
εs > εy whereas the strain in concrete reaches 0.003, therefore fs =
fs' = fy cb 600d ab = b1 cb
fy. = εy
fs < fy (fy + 600)
4. e = e b εs'
0.003
Modes of Failure in Eccentrically Loaded Columns

Pu Two initial conditions of failure are as follows:

c b - d' d-c c
e a. Tension failure by initial yielding of steel at the tension fs'= 600
side. cb
Eccentrically loaded
c.g. b. Compression failure by initial crushing of the concrete at T + Pn = C + C'
eb Consider effect of moment the compression side.
fs' = fy Asfy + Pn = 0.85fc'ab + As'fs'
fs = fy T + Pb = C + C'
SMT =0
5. e b < e Asfy + Pb = 0.85fc'ab + As'fs'
Pn(dt) = C (d-a/2) + C'(d-d')
Pu if fs' > fy, use fs' = fy
e
Eccentrically loaded Pn(dt) = 0. fc'ab (d-a/2) + As'fs'(d-d')
c.g. Consider effect of moment
eb Pb = 0.85fc'a b b
Failure initiated by yielding
of tension steel use
Mb = Pb (eb) fs'= fy
fs = fy a = b1c
Two cases of Tension Failure:
6. e b <<< e
where
1. Tension steel yields and compression steel yields.
Pb - balanced load
Pu Very large moment and 2. Tension steel yields but compression steel does not yield eb - balanced eccentricity.
e negligible axial load Mb - balanced moment
cb - distance of compression fiber to N.A. at
c.g. Column behaves like a Case of Compression Failure: balanced condition
eb beam ab - depth of compression block at
Tension steel will not yield but compression bars will yield. balanced condition
In all these cases the strain-compatibility must be maintained

DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL ACI Moment Magnifier Method

B. USE OF COLUMN INTERACTION CHARTS LOAD AND BENDING USING NSCP 2015
Factored Design Moment: STEPS IN SOLVING SLENDER COLUMNS
An interaction diagram is a family of curves that plot the axial load
capacity of a column against the moment capacity,depending on
various variables (i.e.amount and distribution of reinforcement) A. Columns braced against sidesway Mc = dbM 2b + ds M2s 1. Check if the column is slender using the formula:
1. When Klu/r < 34 -12 M 1 /M 2 , column is short.
2. When Klu/r > 34 -12 M1 /M 2 , column is slender. where: Klu/r > 34 -12 M1 /M2
IMPORTANT POINTS ON INTERACTION DIAGRAM
b = bending
M1/M2 is negative for single curvature; positive for s = sidesway 2. Solve for Ec for normal-weight concrete
reverse curvature bending d = moment magnification factor
Ec = 4700 fc' (MPa)
A B. Unbraced Columns Moment Magnifiers 3. Solve for Ig = gross inertia of the column cross section
about the centroidal axis being considered
Axial Load Resistance, Pn

1. When Klu/r < 22, column is short.

2. When Klu/r > 22, column is slender. Cm
B db = > 1.0 4. Compute for bd.
1 - Pu
f Pc bd = factored axial dead load
Design Codes factored axial total load

C For slenderness ratio: Cm 5. Solve for EI.

For non sway frames, slenderness effects may be ignored if the ds = > 1.0 Ec Ig / 2.5
following expression is satisfied: 1 - S Pu EI =
1 +bd
fS Pc
D
Klu/r > 34 -12 M1 /M2 6. Solve for Euler buckling load, Pc
E
Moment Resistance, Mn Pc =
p 2 EI
Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 M1 /M2 > 0.40
Where (Klu) 2
k = effective length factors
r = radius of gyration ; (for braced without transversed loads) 7. Solve for the modification factor, Cm
1. Point A: Pure axial compression,no moment. 0.3h for tied column Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 M1/M2 > 0.40
2. Point B: Zero strain at the tension face of column; onset of 0.25D for spiral column
where:
cracking Lu= unsupported length of column 8. Solve for the moment magnifier, d
3. Point C: Balanced condition; tension steel yields M1 = smaller end moment Cm = 1.0 (for all other cases)
4. Point D: Tension controlled limit M2 = bigger end moment Cm
If M1/M2 = 1, then the column is axially loade M1 / M 2 = smaller end moment db = > 1.0
1 - Pu
bigger end moment
f Pc
= + for single curvature
BRESLER’S RECIPROCAL EQUATION
Magnification of Column Moments in on-sway Frames = - for double curvature
f = 0.65 for tied column
= 0.70 for spiral column
Describes the interaction of section capacities for columns
subjected to biaxial bending When a column is subjected to moment along its unbraced
length, it will be displaced laterally in the plane of bending. The 9. Solve for the minimum moment, Mc
result will be an increased or secondary moment equal to the
1
=
1
+
1
-
1 axial load times the lateral displacement or eccentricity. In the Pc =
p 2 EI EI =
Ec Ig / 2.5
Mc = d Mu
Pni Pnx Pny Po figure, the load P causes the column moment to be increased by (Klu) 2 1 +bd 10. Solve for magnified "e"
an amount PD. This moment will cause δ to increase a little more,
with the result that the PD moment will increase, which in turn e = Mu/Pu
will cause a further increase in and so on until equilibrium is where:
reached. 11. Compare e with emin
Ec = 4700 fc' (MPa)
3
Ig = bh /12 emin = 15 + 0.03h (mm) for tied columns
emin = 15 + 0.03D (mm) for spiral columns
bd = factored axial dead load
factored axial total load
when e emin , neglect the effect of eccentricity, treat as axially
Klu/r = slenderness ratio loaded column only
when e emin , consider the effect of eccentricity, treat as
r = 0.30h for rectangular eccentrically loaded column
= 0.25D for round column
Pu = Pdl + Pll

FOOTINGS Where
Pc = column load C. ONE -WAY OR BEAM SHEAR
Af = area of the footing, LxH
-- are structural members used to support columns and walls and A. AXIALLY LOADED FOOTINGS
transmit their loads to the underlying soils. Reinforced concrete Shear Force Vu
is a materialadmirably suited for footings and is used as such for PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL d
both reinforced concrete and structural steel buildings, bridges, Vu = qu (L)(x) L
towers, and other structures.
SPREAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING)
Actual Shear Stress

TYPES OF FOOTINGS:
L P u=
Vu B d
fbd
1. Spread Footing (Isolated Footing)
2. Wall Footing Allowable Shear Stress
B
3. Combined Footing x
uallow= 0.1 l fc
4. Mat and Raft Foundation
5. Footing on Piles qu
d t
q To be safe, uallow uact
SPREAD FOOTING T

Modes of failure: c+d

B
D. TWO -WAY OR PUNCHING SHEAR
1. Bearing of soil
AXIAL LOAD ONLY: Pu
2. Bending or Flexure
P
3. One-way Shear or Beam Shear L c+d
4. Two-way Shear of Punching Shear
Pu
d
COL MN FOOTIN M ST B D SI N D FOR A 6 d z qu
STR N TH CONDITIONS: x
B
1. Bearing (compression) from column on top of q c+d
footing. c d
2. Dowels into the footing c+d c L
3. Strength of soil beneath the footing P P A. NET PRESSURE ON SOIL
q= = qu
4. Shear strength Af B(L)
c+d
5. Reinforcements provided qnet = qallow - wtsoil + wt footing c+d
6. Development length of bar B
AXIAL LOAD PLUS BENDING where:
P qallow - given soil bearing stress Punching Force, Vu
ROSS AND N T PR SS R ON FOOTIN S: M wtsoil - weight of soil above the footing base
wt footing - weight of concrete above the footing base Vu = qu (c+d)2 - Pu
ross Pressure - is the total pressure at the base of q1 = P - 6M
footing die to the applied column loads, B(L) B2(L) Punching Shear Stress
B. DIMENSIONS OF FOOTING
footing slef weight and overburden soil Vu
P 6M up = b0 = (c + d)(4)
pressure above footing. q2 = + f b0 d
where c and d in mm
B(L) B2(L) P +P
qgross = qnet + wtsoil + wt footing Area of footing = DLq LL
net
q1 q2
Net Pressure - is the pressure due to column loads
only.
qnet = Pc/Af

llowable unching hear tress N RE N R EMENT Pressure Distribution Under an

Eccentrically Loaded Footing DESIGN REQUIREMENTS:
hoose the smallest of the following: rea of the bar ( b)
= x 1000
s a. hen eccentricit e L/6 1. Minimum Pile Spacing
0.90 m oncrete iles
uallow= 0.33l fc' uallow= 0.17 (1 + 2 ) l fc' qmin = - 6 (e) 0.76 m Timber/ teel piles
b M TN T EN . RE N R EMENT L2( )
(L)
L 2. Pile embedment to Pile Cap
150 mm minimum
uallow= 0.083 (2 + as d ) l fc' 1000 qmax = + 6 (e)
b0 Nb = qmin
(L) L2( ) 3. Minimum Edge Distance of Pile
where: qmax 450 mm from nearest concrete surface
where: Nb = no. of reinforcements
b - the ratio of the longer side to shorter side of the column S = Spacing of reinforcements (multiple of 10) 4. Minimum clear cover to reinforcement
as 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns and 20 for b. hen eccentricit e = L/6 75 mm above the tip of pile embedded in
corner columns
footing

To be safe, uallow > up

A. FOOTING SUBJECTED TO
L Design of pile cap under an eccentric loading or a concentric
AXIAL AND BENDING qmin = 0 load is based on the following assumptions:
E. FACTORED DESIGN MOMENT 1. The cap is perfectl rigid.
2. ile heads are hinged to the pile cap, therefore no bending
oil bearing stress distribution underneath the footing
becomes non uniform due to effect of bending qmax = 2 moment is transmitted from the pile cap to the piles.
actored Design Moment
L 3. iles are considered as an elastic column, therefore the
L deformation and stress distribution are planar.
b. hen eccentricit e > L/6 4. ile caps, similar to spread footings, ma have pedestals,
c KERN
Mu = qu (L)(x)(x/2) stepped or sloping tops.
n eccentric axial compressive load shall be applied within 5. ile caps should be large enough to have a minimum edge
the ern region to prevent uplift (tensile stress) distance of 150 mm of concrete be ond the outside face of the
where: exterior piles.
x = ( c)/2 L 6. iles are embedded at least 150 mm in the cap.
L/3 7. The reinforcing bars are placed at a clear distance of 75 mm
qmin = 0 above the pile head.
8. Depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less
x than 300 mm for footing on piles.
qmax = 2 9. nder a concentric load, all piles in the same group are assumed
TEEL RE N R EMENT NEEDED: L to carr equal axial loads.
/3
10. The soil under the pile cap is not assumed to offer an support
ompute for the coefficient of resistance Rn, qu
(assuming = 0.90 and tension controlled) FOOTINGS ON PILES
Mu
Rn = where:
bd 2 b=L L iles ma be used when the surface soil la ers are too soft to support ANALYSIS ASSUMPTIONS:
the loads from the structure. iles loads are either transmitted to a
alculate the actual value of steel reinforcement: stiff bearing la er below the ground surface or ma be transmitted to 1. actored moments and shears shall be permitted to be
the soil b friction along the length of pile. calculated with the reaction from an pile assumed to
f the load is applied within the ern/middle third (e B/6) be concentrated at thecentroid of pile section.
fc' 2 Rn 2. alculation of factored shear on an section through a pile cap
= 0.85 1- 1- shall be in accordance with with the following:
fy 0.85fc'
= + 6M where: MODES OF FAILURE FOR A PILE CAP: Entire reaction from an pile with its center
hec for minimum steel reinforcement ratio: (L) L2( ) M= e located dpile/2 or more outside the section shall be considered
a) rushing under the column or over the pile. as producing shear at that section
Reaction from an pile with its center located dpile/2 or
min = 1.40 = 0.25
fc' = + 6 (e) b) ursting of the side cover where the pile transfers its load
to the pile cap. more inside the section shall be considered producing
L2( )
fy min
fy (L) no shear onthat section
c) ielding of the tension tie connecting the top of the piles.
or intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of
d) nchorage failure of the tension tie. the pile reaction to be considered as producing shear on that
6(e) e) Two wa shear failure.
se: As = bd = 1+ f) ailure of the compression struts.
section shall be based on a linear interpolation between full
value at dpile/2 outside the section and ero value inside the
(L) L section.

A. AXIALLY LOADED FOOTING ON 3. CRITICAL SECTION FOR COMPUTING TWO-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TERMINOLOGIES DEFLECTION: the displacement or bending of a structural element under load. in rc
Pu
PILES SHEAR STRESS OF FOOTING design, deflection control is critical to prevent excessive bending and maintain
REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC): a composite material made of concrete and steel serviceability.
d/2 d/2 reinforcement (usually rebar) that work together to resist different types of loads, with DURABILITY : the ability of reinforced concrete to withstand environmental conditions
Pu concrete handling compression and steel handling tension. without significant deterioration over time. factors like water-cement ratio, cover, and
1. CRITICAL SECTION FOR COMPUTING MOMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: the maximum compressive stress that a concrete material quality influence durability.
specimen can withstand without failure. This is typically determined by standardized ANCHORAGE: the embedment of reinforcement into concrete to provide adequate bond
Pu tests on concrete cubes or cylinders. and ensure load transfer.
TENSILE STRENGTH: the resistance of concrete to tensile forces. Concrete has low CONTRACTION JOINT: it is formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to
Ultimate Load per Pile tensile strength, so it is usually reinforced with steel rebar to resist tensile stresses. create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY: a measure of a material's stiffness, specifically the ratio of dimensional change of different parts of the structure.
POISSON'S RATIO: the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain in a material under
Pu 3R 3R 3R
stress to strain in the elastic range of concrete. For concrete, it's generally lower than
R = 3R 3R that of steel. axial stress. In rc design, it's used to assess concrete deformation and behavior under
N YIELD STRENGTH: the stress at which steel reinforcement begins to deform plastically. loading conditions.
d beyond this point, deformations become permanent. This is a critical factor in SLENDERNESS RATIO: the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least radius of
N = total no. of piles gyration. it indicates a column's susceptibility to buckling, with higher ratios meaning
c+d designing reinforced concrete structures.
c+d c+d REBAR (REINFORCING BAR): steel bars embedded in concrete to provide additional higher risks of instability.
c+d tensile strength. It is typically ribbed or textured to improve the bond with concrete. SPALLING: the breaking or flaking of concrete surfaces, often due to freeze-thaw cycles,
3R 3R 3R 3R 3R SHEAR STRENGTH: the ability of a structure to resist shear forces, which are internal corrosion of embedded steel, or impact forces.
forces that cause sliding failure along a plane. In rc design, shear strength is often PLASTIC HINGE: a region in a beam or column where plastic deformation occurs under
R enhanced with stirrups or ties. extreme loading, allowing the structure to redistribute forces.
M SHEAR REINFORCEMENT: reinforcement (such as stirrups or ties) placed perpendicular
COVER: the minimum thickness of concrete layer around reinforcement to protect it from
corrosion and fire, as well as to ensure adequate bond strength. to the longitudinal rebar in beams and columns to resist shear forces and prevent
Punching Force Vu NEUTRAL AXIS: the line within a cross-section of a beam where there is zero stress diagonal cracking.
during bending. Above the neutral axis, concrete is in compression; below it, concrete ONE-WAY SLAB: a slab that primarily spans in one direction, transferring loads to
d1 Vu = Pu R and reinforcement are in tension. supports on opposite sides. Reinforcement is mainly provided in one direction to resist
MOMENT OF INERTIA: a property of a cross-section that indicates its resistance to bending.
bending or flexural stresses. In rc design, it affects the stiffness and deflection of TWO-WAY SLAB: a slab that spans and distributes loads in two perpendicular directions,
3R 3R
Punching Shear Stress beams. requiring reinforcement in both directions. This type is commonly used for square or
d2 nearly square slab panels.
Flexural Strength: the capacity of a beam or slab to resist bending, a critical factor in
Vu beam and slab design. It depends on the amount and placement of reinforcement and DIAGONAL TENSION: tensile stress that acts diagonally across a concrete member due
Moment M up = b0 = (c + d)(4) concrete strength. to combined shear and bending. this can lead to diagonal cracking and is resisted by
f b0 d shear reinforcement.
where c and d in mm DUCTILITY : the ability of reinforced concrete to undergo significant deformation before
M = 3R(d2) + 3R(d1) failure. This property is largely provided by the steel reinforcement and is essential in COMPRESSION ZONE: the area in a cross-section of a concrete element (like a beam)
Allowable Punching Shear Stress earthquake-resistant design. that is in compression under bending. this area is located above the neutral axis in a
ULTIMATE LOAD: the maximum load a structural member can carry before failure. It is simply supported beam.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH: the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
2. CRITICAL SECTION FOR COMPUTING ONE-WAY used to design reinforced concrete elements under ultimate limit state conditions.
uallow= 0 33l c SERVICE LOAD: the load a structure is designed to carry safely during its life under the tension reinforcement in a flexural member (such as a beam or slab). It influences
SHEAR STRESS OF FOOTING normal conditions. This load is generally lower than the ultimate load. the member's bending strength.
STIRRUP: closed-loop steel bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcement in PUNCHING SHEAR: a type of shear failure that occurs around column supports in flat
beams to resist shear and prevent diagonal cracking. slabs or footings due to concentrated loads. it leads to the slab “punching” through
Pu B. AXIAL LOAD PLUS BENDING ON TIED COLUMN: a type of rc column with longitudinal reinforcement held together by around the column and requires special reinforcement.
Shear Force Vu Pu closely spaced ties. it is commonly used in structures where bending moments are PRE-STRESSING: a method of reinforcing concrete by preloading it with internal forces
d FOOTING ON PILES minimal. through tendons, allowing it to carry higher loads and span longer distances with
Mu
Vu = R DEVELOPMENT LENGTH: the minimum length of rebar embedded in concrete needed reduced cracking.
to achieve the full bond and transfer stresses. Proper development length ensures SEGREGATION: the separation of concrete components (aggregates, cement paste, and
Reaction on Piles water) during placement, often due to improper handling or excessive water content.
adequate anchorage.
For one way shear: SPLICING: the method of connecting two pieces of rebar in line to extend the length of segregation can weaken the structure and reduce durability.
reinforcement. it can be achieved through overlapping or mechanical couplers. BLEEDING: the upward movement of water to the surface of freshly poured concrete.
Vu f Vc Pu + M(x) PRESTRESSED CONCRETE: concrete in which internal stresses are introduced through excessive bleeding can cause surface weakening and affect the bond between
R= tensioned steel strands before applying external loads. This technique improves the concrete and reinforcement.
Vu f 0 1 l c bd N Ad2 strength and reduces cracks in concrete. PLASTIC SHRINKAGE CRACKING: cracks that occur in the surface of fresh concrete as
CRACK CONTROL: methods used to limit crack width in concrete, such as appropriate it loses moisture and shrinks before hardening. proper curing techniques help prevent
3R 3R 3R 3R 3R these types of cracks.
d1 d3 reinforcement placement and spacing. Crack control is essential for durability,
where: d2 d4 particularly in aggressive environments. BEAM-COLUMN JOINT: the intersection where beams and columns meet, which must
Actual Shear Stress N = total no. of piles CREEP: the time-dependent deformation of concrete under sustained load. Creep causes be designed to transfer both axial and shear forces. proper detailing is essential,
x = location of pile from axis gradual elongation in concrete elements, which can affect long-term deflections and especially in earthquake-resistant design.
Vu A = area of pile (assume 1) stress distribution. PUNCHING SHEAR: a localized shear failure that occurs around column supports in
u= SHRINKAGE: the reduction in concrete volume over time due to moisture loss, especially slabs and footings, where the concrete is "punched" by concentrated loads. this is
fbd d
d = distance from the axis
during the curing process. shrinkage can lead to cracking if not properly managed or particularly important in flat slab design.
reinforced. SHEAR WALL: a vertical wall that resists lateral forces like wind and seismic loads,
Allowable Shear Stress TENDON: high-strength steel strands or wires used in prestressed concrete to provide primarily through in-plane shear. shear walls are critical in high-rise buildings for
tensile force. tendons are either pre-tensioned or post-tensioned to induce stability and resistance to lateral forces.
Reaction on Piles (BIAXIAL BENDING) compression in concrete. YIELDING: the stage at which rebar undergoes plastic deformation and cannot return to
uallow= 0 1 l c BOND STRENGTH: the adhesive force between rebar and concrete, which allows them its original shape. yielding is a key indicator in reinforced concrete design as it
to act together under load. good bond strength is crucial for transferring stresses signifies the beginning of significant plastic deformation.
effectively. FACTOR OF SAFETY: a safety margin used in design to account for uncertainties in
Pu + My(x) + Mx(y) LAP SPLICE: the overlap of two adjacent reinforcing bars to maintain continuity in loads, material properties, and environmental conditions.
R=
N Adx2 Ady2 reinforcement where a single rebar length is insufficient. proper lap splice length
ensures adequate stress transfer.
OVER-REINFORCED SECTION: a section with excessive reinforcement, leading the
concrete to reach its compressive capacity before the steel yields. Over-reinforced
sections are generally undesirable due to a lack of ductility.

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PROBLEM 11
SAMPLE PROBLEMS PROBLEM 5 For the beam shown, if fc'= 34 MPa and fy = 415 MPa,
PROBLEM 16
A 6-m simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular beam is 250 a. Compute the distance from NA to the centroid of the tension steel. A simply – supported beam is reinforced with 4 – 28 mmØ at the bottom
mm wide. The effective depth of the beam is 500 mm. Concrete cover b. Compute the strain in the compression steel. and 2 – 28 mmØ at the top of the beam. Steel covering to centroid of
ANALYSIS/INVESTIGATION ON RECTANGULAR BEAMS c. The design moment in kiloNewton-meter. reinforcement is 70 mm at the top and bottom of the beam. The beam
for tension and compression bars is 100 mm. It is reinforced for
tension only with 3-25mm diameter bars. It carries a 150 mm thick has a total depth of 400 mm and a width of 300 mm. fc’ = 30 MPa fy =
300 415 MPa.
PROBLEM 1 slab which is 5 meters wide. Weight of concrete is 24 kN/m^3. Fy =
248 MPa and fc' = 28 MPa. Using USD, What is the unfactored uniform a. Determine the depth of compression block.
Given the following data for a singly reinforced rectangular beam: b = 300 65
b. Determine the design strength of the beam.
liveload in kN/m.
mm, h = 500 mm, fc' = 21 MPa, fy = 414 MPa. Steel covering is 65 mm. The 3-20Ø c. Determine the live load at the midspan in addition to a DL = 20 kN/m
beam is reinforced with 6-25 mm diameter bars (tension only). Determine including the weight of the beam if it has a span of 6 m. Use U = 1.2D
the following: + 1.6L
a. The reinforcement ratio in percent PROBLEM 6 500
b. The depth of compression concrete block in millimeters. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of PROBLEM 17
c. The design moment in kiloNewton-meter. 450 mm. It is reinforced with a total steel area of 1875 mm2 placed at
an effective depth of 375 mm. fc’ = 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa. 5-32Ø A reinforced concrete beam 300 mm width has an effective depth of 450
a. Determine the depth of compression block. mm. It is reinforced with 6 - 32mmØ at the tension side and 2 - 28mmØ
PROBLEM 2 65 at the compression side located 65 mm from the top. Fy = 345 MPa, fc'
b. Determine the moment capacity reduction factor.
A rectangular beam has b = 320 mm and h = 550 mm. The beam is = 345 MPa, fc' = 34.5 MPa. Assume all steel yields and the contribution
c. Determine the factored moment capacity of the beam.
reinforced with 3-28mm diameter at the top, Ec = 32 900 MPa, fy = 350 of compression steel may not be neglected. what the nominal moment
MPa and 60mm clear cover from the top and bottom of the beam.
Compute the steel reinforcement index.
PROBLEM 12 capacity of the beam.
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 350 mm, effective
depth of 650 mm. The steel covering both top and bottom PROBLEM 18
PROBLEM 3 PROBLEM 7 reinforcement is 65 mm. It is reinforced for tension As = 4000 mm²
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the doubly-reinforced beam
and for compression As' = 1000 mm². If fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 400
The beam shown is reinforced with 5-25mmØ at the bottom and A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth section shown if fc’= 34.5 MPa and fy = 345 MPa( Refer to figure)
MPa.
3-20mmØ at the top. of 410 mm. The beam is reinforced for tension with a steel area of 3690 a. What is the depth of compression block? 300
Given data: mm2. fc’ = 27.1 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa b. What is the nominal moment capacity of the beam?
fc'= 34 MPa fy = 415 MPa fyv = 275 MPa a. Compute the actual tensile stress of the reinforcing bars. c. What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam?
Lateral ties = 12 mmØ b = 260 mm b. Compute the total compressive force acting on the section.

60
a. Which of the ff. most nearly gives the flexural design analysis of the c. Compute the factored moment capacity of the beam.
beam.
A. SRRB B. DRRB PROBLEM 13 2-28Ø
C. T-beam D. None of the above A reinforced concrete beam having a width of 300mm and an effective
PROBLEM 8 depth of 400mm is reinforced with a total tensile area of 2500 mm2.

560
b. Compute the distance of the centroid of tensile reinforcements to
the neutral axis in millimeters. fc’= 21MPa fy = 415 MPa
A reinforced concrete beam with b = 300 mm and d = 525 mm is reinforced Cover to the centroid of reinforcements = 70mm
c. Calculate the nominal moment capacity of the beam in kN-m. 6-32Ø
with 5-25mmØ bars. Use fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. a. Determine the depth of compression block.
a. Which of the following gives the failure classification of the section. b. Determine the ultimate moment capacity.

100
60 A. Compression Controls c. Determine the compressive force of concrete.
B. Transition Controls allowed by NSCP
C. Tension Controls
D. Transition Controls not allowed by NSCP
b. Calculate the tensile force (kN) of the tension reinforcements.
PROBLEM 14 PROBLEM 19
575 c. Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam
A fixed ended beam with width “b” = 400mm, total depth “h’ = 500mm, is A reinforced concrete beam with b = 300 mm, h = 450 mm, d = 380 mm,
subjected to factored design forces resulting to factored moment at the fc' = 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, with simple span of 5 meters carries the
fixed ends 440 kN-m. fc’= 20.7 MPa following loads other than its own weight. Sp.gr. of concrete is 2.4.
fy = 415 MPa ,concrete cover to the centroid of steel = 65 mm Superimposed dead load -------------------- 16 kN/m
PROBLEM 9 a. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of concrete. Live Load ---------------------------------------- 14 kN/m
60 A reinforced concrete beam with width of 380 mm and 520 mm deep must b. Determine the tension reinforcement required for factored moment. a. Compute the maximum moment at the ultimate condition in kN-m?
resist a service live load moment of 150 kN-m and a service dead load c. Determine the compression reinforcement requiredfor factored b. If the design ultimate moment is 200 kN-m, compute the number of
b moment of 250 kN-m. fc'= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Effective concrete moment 16 mm bars required.
cover is 65 mm and Ø = 0.90. c. If the beam carries only an ultimate concentrated load of 50 kN at
PROBLEM 4 midspan neglecting its weight, what is the number of 16 mm bars
a. Compute the force (kN) of compression steel reinforcements. PROBLEM 15 required.
Beam section is b = 300mm, h = 450 mm. Effective depth is 380 mm. b. Compute the number of 20 mm dia. compression steel. A 12m simply supported beam is provided by an additional support at
Compressive strength of concrete fc’ = 30 MPa, steel strength fy = 415 c. Compute the number of 25 mm dia. tension steel. midspan. The beam has a width of b= 300mm and a total depthh =
MPa. The beam is simply supported on a span of 5m and carries the 450mm. It isreinforced with 4 – 25mm dia. at the tension side and 2 – PROBLEM 20
following loads: 25mm dia. at the compression side with 70mm cover to centroid of A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth
Superimposed dead load = 16 kN/m PROBLEM 10 reinforcements. fc’ = 30 MPa, of 600 mm. Compressive reinforcement (if required) will be placed at d' =
live load = 14 kN/m A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 400 mm and an effective depth fy = 415 MPa. Use NSCP 2015 PROVISIONS 60 mm. fc' = 27.5 MPa, fy = 415 MPa. Use NSCP 2010. The beam is to
U = 1.2D + 1.6L of 600 mm. It is reinforced for tension with 4 – 28 mm ø bars. fc’ = a. Determine the depth of compression block. support a factored bending moment of 670 kN-m.
a. What is the maximum moment at ultimate condition? b. Determine the nominal bending moment.
20.7 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa. a. Calculate the area of of the steel required as tension reinforcement of
b. Find the number of 16mm dia. bars required if the design moment c. Determine the total factored uniform load including
a. Determine the percent increase in nominal moment if the depth is the strain in the extreme tension steel is 0.004.
at ultimate load is 200 kN-m.c the beam’s weight
increased to 700 mm. b. Determine the area of steel required as tension reinforcement if the
c. Find the number of 16mm dia. bars required if the ultimate
b. Determine the percent increase in nominal moment if fc’ is increased minimum strain in the extreme tension steel is limited to 0.005.
concentrated load at the midspan is 50kN to 27.6 MPa.
c. Determine the percent increase in nominal moment if the steel is
change to 4 – 32 mm ø.

CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483
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T-BEAMS SHEAR STRESS ON BEAMS SLABS CRACKING MOMENT, LIVELOAD REDUCTION,

NSCP SHEAR AND MOMENT COEFFICIENT
PROBLEM 21 PROBLEM 28 PROBLEM 33 PROBLEM 38
Refer to figure below, the design of a beam yields the following: The section of a solid one-way slab is shown . The concrete is lightweight
T-Beam section with bf = 500mm and tf = 125 mm, bw = 250 mm and d = with density of 1950 kg/m³. The reinforcing steel used has a yield From the figure shown, the beam carries a service dead load of 1 kN/m and
560 mm if reinforced with 5-28mmØ. Use fc’= 21MPa and fy= 414 MPa. As = 5-28mmØ As' = 4-28mmØ fc' = 34 MPa
strength of fy = 276 MPa. a service live load of 2.5 kN/m.
a. Compute the depth of compression block in mm. ds = 10 mmØ ties fy = 413 MPa fyv = 275 MPa
b. Determine the nominal moment capacity of the T-beam in kN-m. h1 = 110 mm h2 = 490 mm b = 400 mm
S-01 S-02 S-03
a. Effective cover to the centroid of As = 75 mmCompute the shear
strength (kN) provided by 12 mm diameter ties spaced at 120 mm
center to center. 4m 8m 6m
PROBLEM 22
b. Compute the shear strength provide by concrete in kiloNewtons
A reinforced concrete T-beam with bf = 813 mm, d = 300mm, bw = considering a lightweight concrete. a. Compute the minimum thickness of slab S-01.
200mm, t = 102mm, fc' = 20.7 MPa and fy = 414 MPa is to be designed to c. The beam is to be redesigned for a shear force of 455 kN. Using 10mm b. Compute the minimum thickness of slab S-02.
carry a factored moment of 221 kN-m. Determine the required steel area diameter ties spaced at 100 mm center to center, how much is the c. Compute the minimum thickness of slab S-03.
As in square millimeters. required width (mm) of the beam? Assume a normal concrete

h1 PROBLEM 34
PROBLEM 23 As'
The one-way slab has a thickness of 200 mm. It is reinforced with 25 mmØ a. Which of the following gives the factored uniform load?
A floor system shown in the figure consists of a 75 mm concrete slab bars spaced at 150 mm on center. Clear covering of 18.75 mm, fc' = 20.7 b. Which of the following gives the factored moment at C.
Supported by continuous T beams with a 7.5 m span, 1.2 m on centers. d MPa, fy = 276.5 MPa, wt. of concrete is 24 kN/m³. Span of slab is 3.6 m c. Which of the following gives the factored moment at H.
Web dimensions, as determined are bw=275mm and d=500mm. What h2 center to center of support. Compute the service live load in kPa that the
tensile steel area is required at midspan to resist a factored moment of slab could carry, assuming the only dead load is the weight of the slab.(Use
725 kN-m if fy=420 MPa and fc’=21 MPa? As NSCP 2010) PROBLEM 39
For the framing plan shown, the design live load of the structure is 2.4 kPa.
b PROBLEM 35
PROBLEM 24 Using Floor live load reduction in NSCP 2015
A T-beam having a span of 6 m has a web thickness of 300 mm and an PROBLEM 29 A 3-meter one-way slab with more than 2 spans is 100 mm thick and a. Compute the concentrated load on beam BC due to live load in KN.
overall depth of 610 mm with 60 mm steel covering. The beams are A reinforced concrete beam has a simple span of 4.5 meters and carries a supported by 300 mm x 600 mm beam. It is reinforced with 6-10 mmØ b. Compute the axial load of column G due to live load KN.
spaced 1.20 m center to center and the slab thickness is 100 mm. Use dead load of 20 kN/m and live load of 35 kN/m. fc' = 28 MPa, fyv = 276 bars per meter length at the most critical section. Unit weight of concrete
ultimate strength design with fc' = 28 MPa and fy = 400 MPa. If an MPa for stirrups, fy = 415 MPa for main bars. Use steel covering of 75 mm. is 24 kN/m³, fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Clear cover is 20 mm. 5m 6m 7m
ultimate moment is 1300 kN-m, what is the required steel area in The width of the beam is 250 mm. At what point is the web a. Compute the flexural strength (kN-m) of the slab per meter length. A B C M
square millimeters? reinforcement no longer required measured from the support in meters? b. Compute the total factored uniform load (kN/m) the slab could
support per length.
4m
PROBLEM 25 c. Compute the maximum service floor live load (kPa) the slab could
PROBLEM 30 support?
A T-beam has the following properties:
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 320 mm, effective depth of 640 D E
bf = 820 mm, bw = 250 mm, F N
d = 470 mm tf = 100 mm. mm. If the conc. strength is 25 MPa and the reinforcing steel strength fy =
400 MPa, the design shear force which results from the application of PROBLEM 36 5m
Concrete compressive strength us 20.7 MPa
yield strength of steel is 414 MPa. factored loads is 200 kN. What is the shear capacity of stirrups. A three-span continuous one-way skab with clear spans of 3.5 meters and
Compute the require tensile steel area if MDL = 150 kN-m thickness of 100 mm is supported on beams 300 mm wide. The slab has an
and MLL = 120 kN-m. effective depth of 74 mm and carries a total factored floor load of 8.54 kPa. G H I O
PROBLEM 31 fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Unit wt of concrete is 23.50 kN/m³.
A simply supported beam 6 meters long is 300 mm wide with an effective a. Compute the moment at the most critical section of the interior slab 6m
depth of 500 mm. It supports a total factored uniform load of 120 considering 1 m strip.
PROBLEM 26 kN/m. fc'= 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa and fyt = 275 MPa. b. Compute the spacing of 12 mmØ main reinforcing bars at at the J L P
K
A precast concrete T-beam section has a flange width of 600 mm, flange a. Calculate the factored shear at critical section. most critical section of the interior slab.
thickness of 100 mm, width of web of 350 mm, effective depth of 580 mm b. Compute the nominal shear strength provided by concrete.
and total depth of 650 mm. Use fc'= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The section c. When the shear reinforcement is required, determine the minimum
is reinforced with 5-28mmØ barasin tension. reinforcement area set by the code if the spacing is 250 mm. PROBLEM 40
a. Compute the depth of compression block. d. Find the distance from the supports where stirrups are no longer The figure shown is a continuous beam having given clear spans of
b. Compute the strain tn the tension steel. required. PROBLEM 37 L1 = 6 m., L2 = 7 m and L3 = 8 m. It carries a uniform dead load of 12
c. Compute the design strength of the beam. e. Calculate the theoretical spacing of 10 mmØ stirrups using the shear kN/m and a uniform live load of 30 kN/m. It is required to compute the
The beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m. The concrete following. Use NSCP moment coefficients.
d. Determine the total factored uniform load including the beam's at the critical section. compressive strength is equal to 34 MPa and the ft = 0.10 fc' .The plane
weight if it has a simple span of 8 m. a. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at A.
concrete beam has the following dimensions: b. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at B.
b = 300 mm h = 600 mm c. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at C.
PROBLEM 32 a. Compute the bending moment (kN-m) that will cause the beam to crack.
PROBLEM 27
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an effective depth of 500
A reinforced concrete T-beam has an effective depth of 600mm and has b. If the beam is cast with the provision of 180 mm diameter pipe with its
mm. fc'= 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPs. The section is to be reinforced for
reinforcement of 4,926mm2 at the bottom. The web has a width of pipe center is located 300 mm from the top of the section, by how
shear using 10 mmØ stirrups. much is the cracking moment in kN-m.
300mm and the slab thickness is 100mm. The beam is simply supported a. Compute the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at critical
beam of 6-m clear span and spaced 1.8m center to center. If the f’c = c. If the beam is replaced with a T-beam with 800mm x 275 mm flange and
section is 60 kN. 250 mm x 825 mm web, compute its cracking moment.
21MPa; Fy = 415MPa
b. Compute the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at critical
a. Determine the effective width of the flange.
section is 215 kN.
b. Determine the depth of compression block.
c. Compute the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at critical
c. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
section is 350 kN.

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PROBLEM 41 PROBLEM 43 PROBLEM 46 PROBLEM 48

A beam with width b = 250 mm and depth d = 450 mm is prestressed by an
Given the following data for the floor plan as shown in the figure. Beam DEF is supported by spandrel beams at the exterior edges and Figure shows the floor framing plan of a reinforced concrete building. All initial force of 600 kN. Total loss of prestress at service loads is 15%.
Dead load= 3 kPa (all weights are included) by a column at E. The torsional resistance of beams ADG and CFI beams are 300 mm x 500 mm
Live load = 4.8 kPa are not sufficient to restrain beam DEF at D and at F. Slab thickness = 100 mm a. Calculate the resulting final compressive stress (MPa) if the
Clear spans of beam, L1 = L2 = L3 = 6 m Given: For all beams, b x h = 300 mm x 450 mm Super imposed dead load = 3 kPa prestressing force is applied at the centroid of the beam.
Spacing of beams, S1 = S2 = 2.5 m For all columns, 400 mm x 400 mm Live load = 4.8 kPa b. Calculate the final compressive stress (MPa) if the prestressing force is
L1= 8 m L2= 7 m Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
L1 L2 L3
applied at an eccentricity 100 mm below the centroid of the beam
S= 2.5 m The column at E and H are deleted thus girder BEHK alone supports beam
C D
section.
A B Dead load, wu= 6.0 kPa (all weights included) DEF at E and beam GHI at H. c. Calculate the eccentricity (mm) at which the prestressing force can be
S1 Live load, wu= 4.6 kPa.
applied so that the resulting tensile stress at the top fiber of the
beam is zero.
E L1 L2
F G H B C
A
S2
S
I J K L D t h
E F
S PROBLEM 49
a. Find the maximum positive moment at span FG due to dead load.
b. What is the maximum negative moment at span EF due to live b A prestressed concrete beam 350 mm x 450 mm in cross-section has a
load? G H I simple span of 10 m.
c. How much is the maximum shear in span FG due to dead load Stresses due to external loads:
and live load? a. Which of the following gives the critical negative moment (kN-m) for Compression = 4.88 MPa
beam DEF? Tension = 4.88 MPa
b. Which of the following gives the critical positive moment (kN-m) for Stresses due to prestressing force:
beam DEF? Compression = 3.46 MPa
Tension = 0.72 MPa
PROBLEM 42 c. Determine the critical shear force (kN) for beam DEF.
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
Beam dimensions, b x h = 300 mm by 450 mm a. Calculate the uniformly distributed service dead load at beam DEF.
Concrete column. 300 mm by 300 mm b. Calculate the uniformly service live load at beam DEF. a. Determine the bending stress at the bottom fiber.
Slab thickness, t = 100 mm PROBLEM 44 c. Calculate the total ultimate load concentrated at E induced by b. What is the maximum addition external moment if the allowable
S= 2.80 m L = 8 m A three storey building has interior columns spaced 8 m. apart in two beam DEF using the tributary area method tensile stress is zero. Loss of stress = 20%
Superimposed loads: perpendicular directions. c. What is the super imposed uniform load if the allowable tensile stress
DL= 2.6 kPa LL= 3.6 kPa Given design loads: is 2 MPa and the allowable compressive stress is 4.0 MPA. Loss of
Concrete, fc’= 20.7 MPa Steel fy= 415 MPa Roof: DL = 5 kPa LL = 0 stress = 20%
Concrete unit weight= 24 kN/m3 Floor: DL = 7 kPa (typical each floor)
Clear cover to stirrups= 50 mm
Stirrups= 10 mm diameter
LL = 2.4 kPa (3rd floor)
LL = 6.0 kPa (2nd floor)
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
Based on the tributary area of an interior column. Using Live load
L L L Reduction PROBLEM 50
A B C D a. What is the total axial load on a column at the second floor due to PROBLEM 47 A 6 m. long cantilever beam, 250 mm wide x 600 mm deep, supports a
S service live load? uniformly distributed dead load (beam weight included) of 5 kN/m
The joist (double-tee) is to be used on a simply supported span of 8 m. and
b. What is the total axial load on a column at the ground floor due to throughout its length and a concentrated live load of 18 kN at the free end.
is pre tensioned with a total initial force of 1240 kN from low-relaxation
H service live load? To prevent excessive deflection of the beam, it is pretensioned with 12 mm
G F E strands. The centroid of the strands is located at 220 mm below the neutral
c. What is the total dead load on a column at the ground floor level? ø strands causing a final prestress force of 540 kN.
S axis of the DT throughout the beam span. Loss of pre stress of service loads
is 20%. Total uniformly distributed loads on the joists are: dead load = 4.5
a. Determine the resulting stress at the bottom fiber at the free end if
I J K L PROBLEM 45 kPa (beam weight included), live load = 3.6 kPa.
the center of gravity of the strands coincide the centroid of the
A four span beam shown has a clear span length of AB = 8 m., BC = 9 m., Section properties of the double-tee joists (DT) shown are as follows:
S section.
CD = 8 m. and DE = 7 m. a = 2.4 m.
b. Determine the resulting stress at the top fiber at the fixed end if the
yt = 103 mm
a. If the factored moment of beam MBA = - 96 kN.m, find the max. center of gravity of the strands is at 100 mm above the neutral axis
P O N M yb = 303 mm
factored live load that beam AB could carry if the factored dead of the beam.
A = 2.1 x 105 mm2
load is 8 kN/m. I = 2.76 x 109 mm4 c. Determine the eccentricity of the prestress force at the fixed end such
t b. If the factored live load is 12 kN/m and the factored dead load is 8 Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3 that the resulting stress at the top fiber of the beam at the fixed end
kN/m, what is the factored moment MCB. a. Compute the stress at the top fibers of the DT at the ends due to is zero.
c. If the factored moment MDE = - 84.38 kN.m, what is the safe initial pre stress force.
h service live load that beam DE could carry if the service dead load is b. Compute the bottom fibers of the DT at midspan due to the initial pre
6.67 kN/m (including its own weight). stress only.
c. Compute the resulting stress at the bottom fibers of the DT at
midspan due to service loads and pre stress force.
b

a. Compute the total ultimate load wu (kN/m) to design beam 2.40 m

I-J-K-L? Use NSCP 2010/2015 provisions. N.A.
yt
b. If the design ultimate load, wu= 32 kN/m, find the negative
moment (kN m), at the end K of span JK.
e
yb

CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483
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COLUMNS PROBLEM 14
PROBLEM 5 PROBLEM 10
A tied column 450mm square is reinforced with 8-28mm bars equally
A 600 mm diameter column contains 20-28 mm ø bars arranged in a A reinforced concrete tied column carries an axial dead load of 600kN and distributed on its sides. The unsupported length of the column si 2.6m
PROBLEM 1 circle. It has a spiral bar diam. of 10 mm which has a clear cover of 40 an axial live load of 750 kN. Suppose that the steel ratio is not to and is prevented to sidesway due to shear walls K=1.0, fc’=20.7 Mpa
A column is to be reinforced with 8 - 28 mm ø. If 25 mm ø bars are used instead, mm. Maximum size of aggregate is 25 mm. fc' = 21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa. exceed 3%. If fc'= 24 MPa and fy = 420 MPa, determine: and fy=415 MPa. Use 40mm covering measured from the center of
how many are needed if the column reinforcement has to be equal on all four a. Which of the following gives us the spiral steel ratio. 0.00908 reinforcement with tie diameter is 12mm. Es=200 GPa
sides? a. The dimension required for the column,in mm, considering a
b. Which of the following gives us the required spacing of the spirals. square cross-section. (ans. 350 mm x 350 mm) a. Determine the nominal load that the column could carry.
60 mm
c. Which of the following gives the clear spacing between longitudinal b. Determine the balanced load.
PROBLEM 2 b. The number of 20-mm dia. bars to beused as longitudinal
c. Determine the balanced moment.
bars 46 mm
reinforcement. (ans. 12 bars)
An axially loaded rectangular tied column is to be designed for the following
service loads. c. The spacing required for the 10-mm diameter lateral reinforcement.
Dead load = 1600 kN Live load = 845 kN PROBLEM 6 (ans. 300 mm)
Required strength: U = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL Capacity reduction factor ø = 0.65
PROBLEM 15
A reinforced concrete tied column carries an axial dead load of 650 kN
Effective cover to centroid of reinforcement = 70 mm and an axial live load of 800 kN. fc' = 28 MPa , fy = 400 MPa A spiral column is to be designed for the following service loads:
Concrete: fc' = 27.5 MPa Steel: fy = 415 MPa Dead load = 1070 kN Live load = 980 kN
a. Compute the smallest dimension of the tied column if the steel ratio is
a. Using 3% vertical steel ratio, what is the required column width (mm) if 2%. 360 mm x 360 mm ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS Concrete compressive strength, fc’ = 27.5 MPa
architectural considerations limit the width of the column in one direction Steel yield strength, fy = 413 MPa
b. Compute the number of 20 mm diameter bars. 8 bars
to 400 mm? Column unsupported length = 3 m
c. Compute the spacing of 10 mm ø tie wires 320 mm
PROBLEM 11 Strength reduction factor, ø = 0.75
b. Given column section = 400 mm x 500 mm, what is the minimum design
moment(kN.m.) about the stronger axis of the column? Effective length factor, K = 1.0
A 350 mm x 575 mm column is reinforced with 10 -32mm dia. bars, five
c. For a column section 400 mm x 500 mm, vertical reinforcement consists of PROBLEM 7 U = 1.2D + 1.6L Column is braced against sidesway
bars distributed equally in short dimension with steel covering of 57.5
16 bars. Which of the following gives the diameter of vertical bars (mm) if mm. f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Consider eccentricity measured a. Using 3% reinforcement, determine the diameter of the spiral
the required minimum steel ratio is 3%? A spiral column carries a dead load of 1070 kN and a live load of 980 kN. along the longer side. Use NSCP 2015 column.
If fc' = 27.50 MPa Fy = 413.50 MPa. Using a steel ratio of 0.03. b. The column is bent in single curvature, what is the minimum column
a. Determine the load Pbal for balanced failure. diameter so that slenderness effects can be neglected? Assume M1
a. Which of the following gives the value of the diameter of spiral
PROBLEM 3 column. D = 400 mm b. Determine the eccentricity ebal for balanced failure. = M2.
A spiral column 600 mm in diameter has an unsupported height of 2.4 m. c. Determine the moment Mbal for balanced failure. Hint: Klu/r≤ 34 - 12 (M1/M2) ≤ 40
b. Which of the following gives the number of 28 mmø main
The column is bent in single curvature and is braced against sidesway. reinforcement. nb = 7 bars d. Determine Pn and Pu when e=200 mm. c. The column is bent in double curvature, what is the minimum
column diameter so that the slenderness effects can be neglected?
Given: Axial loads at service condition: c. Which of the following gives the possible spacing of the 10 mmø e. Determine Pn and Pu when e=575 mm. Assume M1 = M2.
Dead Load, D = 3200 KN spirals. S = 56 mm Hint: Klu/r≤ 34 - 12 (M1/M2) ≤ 40
Live Load, L = 1420 KN
PROBLEM 12
Concrete compressive strength, fc' = 27.5 MPa PROBLEM 16
Steel yield strength, fy = 413 MPa
PROBLEM 8 Details of a rectangular column are as follows: Column width along the
x-axis = 250 mm Column width along the y-axis = 600 mm The column shown is reinforced with 8-25 mm diameter fc' = 27.6 MPa, fy
a. What is the slenderness ratio of the column? Assume that column A short column is subjected to a factored axial load Pu = 3790 kN, fc’ = = 414 MPa. The column load is acting at an eccentricity of 450 mm.
27.6 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa. Reinforcement:
ends are pinned. 600 mm
a. Assume moments are negligible, what is the minimum gross cross 8 of 25 mm diameter bars distributed equally along the longer sides.
b. If the required steel ratio is 1.7%, find the corresponding number of
sectional area required if it is a tied column. 266280 mm2 10 mm diameter ties spaced at 100 mm on centers.
32 mm diameter bars.
b. If the column is 450 mm x 450 mm square tied column, compute the Concrete 28th day compression strength, fc' = 20.7 MPa 350 mm
c. Find the number of 32 mm diameter bars required at ultimate maximum moment that can act without affecting the design (for pure
design load strength, U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L. axial loading) Reinforced steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
170.55 kN.m

c. If the column is 450 mm x 450 mm square tied column, determine the Assume that the compression steel yields.
PROBLEM 4 required area of steel is needed 6487 mm2 Concrete cover to the centroid of bars = 70 mm 62.5 62.5
The spiral column shown is to be designed to carry a safe ultimate load of a. Which of the following gives the location of the plastic centroid a. What is the depth of the compression block (mm)? W
2900 kN. (mm) along the geometric centroidal x-axis from the geometric b. What is the nominal load Pn in kN?
PROBLEM 9 centroidal y-axis? c. What is the ultimate load in kN?
Given:
A short column is subjected to a factored axial load of 3800 kN. fc’ = 27.6 b. Which of the following gives the nominal balanced load, Pb (kN), if
Concrete compressive strength, fc' = 28 MPa the by depth of the rectangular concrete compressive stress block a
MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa.
Main reinforcement, fyL = 415 MPa D = 90.4 mm? PROBLEM 17
a. If the column is a circular spiral column with an outside diameter
Spiral reinforcement, fyv = 275 MPa of 500 mm, determine the maximum moment that can act without c. Which of the following gives the nominal axial load (kN) that the A tied column 300 mm x 350 mm (b x h) in cross-section is reinforced with
Clear concrete cover = 40 mm affecting the design for pure axial loading. 95 kN-m column can carry at an eccentricity of 200 mm along the xaxis from 3-25 mmø bars along each of two short sides. Concrete cover to the
the centroidal y-axis? centroid of longitudinal bars = 700 mm. Steel yield strength, fy = 275 MPa
Capacity reduction factor ø = 0.75 b. If the column is a circular spiral with an outside diameter of 500
mm and the diameter of the spiral wire is 10 mm ø, determine the Concrete, fc' = 20.7 MPa Consider bending about the y-axis (along h
a. Using a steel ratio of 0.025 relative to the gross concrete area, what maximum spiral pitch if the diam. of the longitudinal bar is 25 mm PROBLEM 13 direction). Calculate the nominal compressive load strength, Pn (kN) at the
should the minimum column diameter in mm? diameter. S = 58 mm A rectangular column 350 mm x 600 is reinforced with 6-28 mm diameter following conditions:
b. The column diameter is 600 mm and the ratio of steel reinforcement c. If the column is a circular spiral column with an outside diameter bars with three bars along each 350 mm side. The center of the bars is a. At eccentricity, e = 0
to the gross concrete area, ρg = 0.02. Find the required minimum of 500 mm, determine the required area of steel. located 65 mm from the column edge. Assume fy = 414 MPa and fc' = 20.7 b. At balanced condition, e = eb. Neglect the concrete area displaced by
diameter (mm) of the main reinforcement. 3455.75 mm2 MPa. Calculate the following: the compression steel. Depth of compression block shown Cb = 192
a. Calculate the balanced loading Pb(kN)? mm.
c. What is the design axial strength of the column from the following b. What is the value of eb (mm)?
results of “a” and “b”. c. At eccentricity, e = 225 mm. For all bars fs = fy. Neglect the concrete
c. What is the value of Mbu (kN-m)? area displaced by compression steel.
a.
CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483
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PLASTIC CENTROID
PROBLEM 21 PROBLEM 24 PROBLEM 27
Due to architectural requirements, a column is of T-section as shown. A tied column with an unsupported length of 4.8 m carries an ultimate A 300 mm x 300 mm concrete column which is pin-connected at both
PROBLEM 18 Given: load of 1115 kN, a counter clockwise moment of 13.6 kN-m and a ends has an unsupported length of 4.6 m. The column carries an axial
As1 = 6 - 25 mm diameter bars As2= 4 - 25 mm diameter bars clockwise moment of 81.6 kN-m at each ends. If fc' = 20.7 MPa, fy = compressive load of 670 kN and a lateral concentrated load of 90 kN
The section of a column shown in the figure . h1 = 250 mm h2 = 450 mm b1 = 200 mm 414.7 MPa, effective length factor of 0.90 and a capacity reduction factor acting at the mid-height of the column. Assuming Ec = 21840 MPa.
For this problem, d1 = 360 mm, d2 = 540 mm, b1 = 420 mm, b2=280 mm, b2 = 300 mm fc' = 28 MPa fy = 415 MPa of 0.70.
fc'=27.5 MPa and fy = 413.5 MPa. 10 mm diameter ties. Clear concrete cover = 40 mm a. What is the Cm value?
Assume that for all bars, fs = fy b. What is the moment magnifier?
y-axis
c. What is the magnified moment in kN-m?
d1 d2
60 mm 60 mm b1

92 mm
PROBLEM 25
b1 b2 The tied column shown has dimension of 300 mm x 375 mm. It is to be
b2 used in a frame braced against sidesway. The column is bent in single
curvature about its y-axis and has an unsupported length Lu = 4.8 m.
b1 Assume value of effective length factor K = 0.83. The column is carrying a
8-20mm Ø 6-28mm Ø x-axis As1
As2 total factored axial load Pu = 490 kN with an unfactored dead axial load
PD= 134 kN. The factored moment at the top is 112 kN.m and at the
a. What is the nearest value of the nominal axial load capacity of the h1 h2 bottom it is 116 kN.m If fc’ = 27.6 MPa., fy = 414.6 MPa.,
column in kiloNewtons?
b. What is the the plastic centroid of the column measured from the a. What is the distance (mm) of the plastic centroid of the section
y-axis? from line 1 along the x-axis? a. Compute the Euler buckling load.
b. Which of the following gives the location(mm) of the geometric b. Compute the magnification factor.
centroid from line 1 along the x-axis? c. Compute the total moment including the secondary moment due
c. A load, Pu = 4155 kN acts along the x-axis at 420 mm from line 1. to lateral deflection.
PROBLEM 19 What is the resulting bending moment (kN.m.)?
A tied column 350 mm x 600 mm is reinforced with 2-28mmØ at the left
and 2-34mmØ at the right side. clear cover is 75 mm. fc' = 27.6 MPa and
fy = 415 MPa.
a. Compute the total axial capacity of the column, considering area of SLENDER COLUMNS FOOTINGS
displaced concrete by compression bars.
b. Compute the plastic centroid of the column from the left shorter
side. PROBLEM 22
Given: PROBLEM 28
b x h = 450 mm x 600 mm A square footing 2.4 m. x 2.4 m. x 0.45 m. thick supports a rectangular
PROBLEM 20 Main reinforcement, Ast = 8 - 28 mm ø column 0.35 m. x 0.40 m. at its center.
Lateral ties = 10 mm ø Column loads are service conditions:
A short rectangular reinforced concrete column shown is to be part of a Yield strength, fy of main bars = 415 MPa DL = 680 kN LL = 400 kN
long – span rigid frame and will be subjected to high bending moments Yield strength, fyv of lateral ties = 275 MPa a. Determine the critical load of the column. fc’ = 20.7 MPa fy = 275 MPa
combined with relatively low axial loads, causing bending about the Concrete strength fc' = 28 MPa b. Determine the moment magnifying factor. Concrete cover to the centroid of steel reinforcement = 100 mm.
strong axis. Steel bars are placed unsymmetrically as indicated in the Spacing of ties = 100 mm on centers c. Determine the actual eccentricity of the load.
figure shown. Consider the area displaced by compression bars. fc’ = 27.6 Modulus of elasticity = 25000 MPa a. Calculate the maximum wide-beam shear stress. 0.65 MPa
MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa Concrete cover to center of main bars = 70 mm b. What is the maximum punching shear stress. 1.73 MPa
Concrete unsupported height, Lu = 2.5 m. c. Determine the number of 20 mm ø bars required for critical
Effective length factor, K = 1.0 moment 14 bars
a. What is the nominal axial strength of the column (Pn)? PROBLEM 26
b. Find the critical buckling load Pc. A tied column 510 mm x 510 mm is reinforced with 12 bars having asteel
c. Calculate the nominal shear strength for bending about the y-axis area As = 700 mm2 per bar. The column is subjected to factored
moments without causing sidesway of M1 = 660 kN.m and M2 = 680 kN. PROBLEM 29
It carries an ultimate axial load Pu = 1800 kN. The column has an
A column 400 mm x 400 mm supports a dead load of 890 kN and a live
unsupported height Lu = 4 m. Es = 200000 MPa, fc’ = 20.7 MPa , ßdns =
load of 720 kN. The allowable soil bearing pressure is 250 kPa. The base
PROBLEM 23 0.4.
of the footing is 1.5 m. below the grade. Assume weight of concrete is
a. Compute the relative stiffness of the column.
A tied column 300 mm x 350 mm is reinforced with 6-25mmØ is b. Compute the moment magnifier factor if the column is bent in 24 kN/m3 and that of soil is 16 kN/m3. Total depth of footing is 560 mm
subjected to an axial factored load of 1115 kN, a clockwise moment single curvature. and has an effective depth of 460 mm.
of 13.6 kN-m and a clockwise moment of 81.6 kN-m at each ends. If c. Compute the design moment of the column a. Which of the following gives the effective soil pressure. 221.52 kPa
a. Determine the capacity of the column section considering the fc' = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa, effective length factor of 0.90 and a b. Which of the following gives the dimension of the footing. 2.70 m.
forces in the steel adjusted for concrete stress. capacity reduction factor of 0.70. Lu = 4.8 m and bd = 0.60 c. Which of the following gives the shear stress for a two way
b. Determine the plastic centroid of the section measured from the a. What is the Cm value? shear/punching 1.68 MPa
center of 36 mm ø bars. b. What is the value of Pc in kiloNewtons?
c. Determine the eccentricity of the column load assuming the c. What is the magnified moment in kN-m?
column load is applied at a distance of 300 mm from the center of
the section towards the right side.

CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483
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PROBLEM 30 PROBLEM 37 PROBLEM 40

PROBLEM 34
A column 450 mm x 450 mm square supports a dead load of 1000 kN and A rectangular footing, 0.70 m. thick, 2.5 m. wide along the y-axis and 3 m. A 400 mm x 400 mm column is supported as shown.
a live load of 780 kN. The allowable soil bearing pressure is 240 kPa. The A rectangular footing supports a square column concentrically. long along the x-axis, supports concentrically a column 0.40 m. Dimensions are as follows:
base of the footing is 1.5 m. below the grade. Assume weight of concrete Given: square subjected to the following loads. a = 0.6 m. c = 1.2 m. b = 1.8 m. d = 0.6 m.
to be 24 kN/m3 and that of soil to be 18 kN/m3. The total depth of footing Axial load = 1200 kN The column carries the following service loads
Footing dimensions = 2.5 m. wide x 4 m. long and 0.75 depth
is 600 mm with a steel covering of 100 mm. Moment about y-axis, My = 360 kN.m DL = 900 kN LL = 450 kN
a. Which of the following gives the effective soil pressure. 209.4 kPa Column dimension = 0.45 m. x 0.45 m. Height of backfill on top of the footing = 1.5 m. Concrete, fc' = 21 MPa Steel, fy = 415 MPa
b. Which of the following gives the dimension of the footing. 2.92 m Concrete fc' = 28 MPa Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3 Allowable stresses at ultimate loads.
c. Which of the following gives the moment at critical section. 639.34 kN.m Soil unit weight = 17 kN/m3 For beam shear = 0.76 MPa
Steel fy = 415 MPa For punching shear = 1.52 MPa
a. Calculate the max. net soil pressure.
Concrete cover to the centroid of steel reinforcement = 100 mm b. Calculate the min. net soil pressure. Minimum concrete cover to the centroid of reinforcement = 0.25 m.
PROBLEM 31 Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3 c. Calculate the gross safe soil bearing capacity.
a. Calculate the required footing thickness for the critical beam shear
A rectangular footing 2.5 m. wide along the y-axis, 3 m. long along the Unit weight of soil = 17 kN/m3 stress at ultimate loads.
x-axis, supports a circular pedestal, 0.45 m. in diameter. The horizontal
force acting at the top of the pedestal along the x-axis of the footing is
Allowable stresses at ultimate loads are as follows: FOOTING ON PILES b. Calculate the required footing thickness for punching shear stress at
ultimate loads.
144 kN. The total axial load from the pedestal is 1200 kN. Thickness of For beam action, the allowable shear stress = 0.88 MPa c. Calculate the number of 20 mm ø bars required for the maximum
the footing is 0.70 m., height of backfill on top of the footing is 1.5 m., moment about the x-axis using the effective depth of footing.
For two-way section, the allowable shear stress = 1.76 MPa PROBLEM 38
depth from the top of pedestal to the base of footing is 2.5 m. Concrete
unit weight = 24 kN/m3. Unit weight of soil = 17 kN/m3. a. Determine the concentrated load (kN) that the footing can carry A reinforced concrete footing on pile cap, fc' = 20.7 MPa, fy = 276 MPa as
a. Calculate the max. net soil pressure. based on beam action. Apply effective soil pressure only. shown in the figure is supported by piles which are 10 m. long.
a
b. Calculate the min. net soil pressure. b. Calculate the concentrated load (kN) that the footing can carry
c. Calculate the required soil bearing capacity. based on two-way action. Apply effective soil pressure only. a. What is the ultimate load per pile in kN if the footing is to be
c. If the allowable soil pressure at service loads is 192 kPa, what supported by 9 piles ? b/2
column axial load(unfactored) in kN, can the footing carry if depth of b. What is the required depth of footing in mm?
c. How many 20 mm round bars are required for this footing (both
PROBLEM 32 earth fill is 2 m. above the footing.
ways)?
A 2 m. x 2 m. footing carries concentrically a square column 0.4 mx0.4 m. b/2
Design data:
Column factored loads: DL = 580 kN LL = 440 kN
PROBLEM 35 a
Concrete cover to the centroid of footing reinforcement = 100 mm A steel column is hinged one pedestal and subjects it to axial and lateral
Concrete, fc' = 28 MPa loads. A square footing carries the pedestal at its center.
Steel, fy = 415 MPa Given: Load acting at the top of the pedestal d c c d
Axial load = 1020 kN
Allowable stresses at ultimate loads: Lateral load = 80 kN
For diagonal tension or two-way action shear = 1.76 MPa Dimensions:
For wide beam shear = 0.88 MPa Footing = 2.5 m x 2.5 m x 0.60 depth
Maximum steel ratio for moment = 0.021 Pedestal = 0.45 x 0.45 m PROBLEM 39 PROBLEM 41
a. What is the minimum thickness (mm) of footing required for Height of pedestal from the top of the footing = 2.0 m A 600 mm x 600 mm column is supported at the center of the pile cap
Height of soil from the top of the footing = 1.6 m A 400 mm square column shown is supported by square footing on 5 piles shown. The piles are precast with diameter of 350 mm.
diagonal tension?
Stresses and unit weights: as shown. Dimensions are a = 0.75 m., b = 2 m., effective footing depth = Dimensions are as follows:
b. Determine the minimum thickness (mm) of footing required for 0.6 m. Ultimate pile capacity = 320 kN.
Concrete, fc' = 20.7 MPa a = 0.8 m. b = 1.8 m. c = 1.2 m. d = 0.8 m.
wide beam shear. Column axial loads:
Steel, fy = 415 MPa Net load on the footing at ultimate conditions:
c. Determine the minimum thickness (mm) of footing required for Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3 Dead load: D = 420 kN Live load: L = 360 kN Pu = 1850 kN Mu = 165 KN-m about the x-axis
maximum moment. Earthquake load: E = 210 kN
Soil unit weight = 17 kN/m3 Strength reduction factors:
a. What is the max. soil pressure (kPa) due to vertical loads only? Column moment, ME due to earthquake = 160 kN.m shear = 0.75
b. Solve for the max. soil pressure (kPa) due to all loads. Required strength of the footing is based on: flexure = 0.90
PROBLEM 33 c. Calculate the max. lateral load (kN) that the footing can carry U = 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 1.0 L a. Compute the max. pile reaction at ultimate loads in KN.
without causing uplift. a. Compute the critical beam shear stress at ultimate loads. 0.32 MPa b. Compute the min. pile reaction at ultimate loads in KN.
A footing 2 m. wide x 2 m. long and 0.45 m. thick carries a square column
b. Compute the ultimate punching shear stress. 0.48 MPa c. Compute the punching shear stress around the square column
0.40 m x 0.40 m on its center.
c. Compute the maximum design moment. 407.68 kN-m d. Calculate the critical beam shear stress in MPa.
Given: PROBLEM 36 e. Determine the critical design moment in KN-m.
Effective depth of footing = 0.35 m.
A rectangular footing is subjected to the following service loads: a b a
Concrete, fc' = 28 MPa Axial load: DL = 580 kN LL = 420 kN a
Reinforcing steel, fy = 415 MPa Moment about the x-axis: MDL = 105 kN.m MLL = 45 kN.m a
Moment about y-axis: MDL = 140 kN.m MLL = 110 kN.m
Allowable stresses at ultimate loads: Height of earth fill above the footing = 1.5 m. b/2
3
For two-way action shear = 1.76 MPa Soil unit weight = 17 kN/m
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
For wide beam shear = 0.88 MPa b
a. Calculate the maximum net soil pressure.
a. Based on two-way action shear, what is the allowable axial load (kN) b. Calculate the minimum net soil pressure. b/2
at ultimate condition? c. Calculate the required soil bearing capacity.
b. Based on wide-beam shear, find the allowable axial load (kN) at a
ultimate stresses.The design moment at ultimate loads at the face a
of the column is 300 kN.m.
d c c d
c. How many 20 mmø bars are required?

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The Final Complete RC Notes

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The Final Complete RC Notes

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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY:

NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES- BY: NTDEGUMA

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Steel MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF CONCRETE, fr CALCULATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT DEFLECTIONS

For normal weight concrete,

As fs d = distance from extreme compression fiber to

b 0.85 fc' 0.003 d'

SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS FOR WEB

SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (Vc) 1. Compute the factored shear force, Vu

(a) Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered

If r < rmin, decrease thickness of the slab

A. ACCORDING TO REINFORCEMENT PLASTIC CENTROID ey

3. COMPRESSION CONTROLS C C' = As'fs'

Pu Two initial conditions of failure are as follows:

DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL ACI Moment Magnifier Method

1. When Klu/r < 22, column is short.

C For slenderness ratio: Cm 5. Solve for EI.

Modes of failure: c+d

llowable unching hear tress N RE N R EMENT Pressure Distribution Under an

To be safe, uallow > up

T-BEAMS SHEAR STRESS ON BEAMS SLABS CRACKING MOMENT, LIVELOAD REDUCTION,

PROBLEM 41 PROBLEM 43 PROBLEM 46 PROBLEM 48

a. Compute the total ultimate load wu (kN/m) to design beam 2.40 m

PROBLEM 30 PROBLEM 37 PROBLEM 40

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