Created in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.

Three-Port Ferrite Circulator

This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 5.6.
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Introduction
A microwave circulator is a multiport device that has the property that a wave incident in
port 1 is coupled into port 2 only, a wave incident in port 2 is coupled into port 3 only,
and so on. A circulator is used to isolate microwave components to couple a transmitter
and a receiver to a common antenna, for example. They typically rely on the use of
anisotropic materials, most commonly ferrites. In this example, a three-port circulator is
constructed from three rectangular waveguide sections joining at 120° where a ferrite post
is inserted at the center of the joint. Figure 1 shows the geometry of the circulator.

Ferrite
post

Figure 1: Geometry of the three-port microwave circulator.

To match the junction, identical dielectric tuning elements are inserted into each branch
(not shown above). The ferrite post is magnetized by a static H0 bias field along the axis.
The bias field is usually supplied by external permanent magnets. Here, the focus is on the
modeling of the ferrite and how to minimize reflections at the inport by matching the
junction by the proper choice of tuning elements. For a general introduction to the
modeling of rectangular waveguide structures, see the model H-Bend Waveguide 3D.
Matching the circulator junction involves calculating how well a TE10 wave propagates
between ports in the circulator for different materials in the tuning element. This is done
by calculating the scattering parameters, or S-parameters, of the structure as a function of
the permittivity of the tuning elements for the fundamental TE10 mode. The S-parameters
are a measure of the transmittance and reflectance of the circulator. For a theoretical
background on S-parameters, see the section S-Parameters and Ports in the RF Module
User’s Guide.

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This example only includes the TE10 mode of the waveguide. Thus the model can be made
in 2D as the fields of the TE10 mode have no variation in the transverse direction. Figure 2
shows the 2D geometry including the dielectric tuning elements.

Figure 2: 2D geometry with dielectric tuning elements.

Model Definition
The dependent variable in this physics interface is the z-component of the electric field E.
It obeys the following relation:

∇ × ( μ r ∇ × E z ) –  ε r – --------- k 0 E z = 0
–1 jσ 2
 ωε 0

where μr denotes the relative permeability, ω the angular frequency, σ the conductivity, ε0
the permittivity of vacuum, εr the relative permittivity, and k0 is the free space wave
number. Losses are neglected so the conductivity is zero everywhere. The magnetic
permeability is of key importance in this example as it is the anisotropy of this parameter
that is responsible for the nonreciprocal behavior of the circulator. For the theory of the
magnetic properties of ferrites, see Ref. 1 and Ref. 2. The model assumes that the static
magnetic bias field, H0, is much stronger than the alternating magnetic field of the
microwaves, so the quoted results are a linearization for a small-signal analysis around this

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operating point. Further assume that the applied magnetic bias field is strong enough for
the ferrite to be in magnetic saturation. Under these assumptions and neglecting losses,
the anisotropic permeability of a ferrite magnetized in the positive z direction is given by:

μ jκ 0
[ μ ] = – jκ μ 0
0 0 μ0

where

 ωω m 
κ = μ 0  ----------------------
 ω20 – ω2 

 ω0 ωm 
μ = μ 0  1 + ----------------------
 ω20 – ω2 

and

ω 0 = μ 0 γH 0

ω m = μ 0 γM s

Here μ0 denotes the permeability of free space; ω is the angular frequency of the
microwave field; ω0 is the precession frequency or Larmor frequency of a spinning electron
in the applied magnetic bias field, H0; ωm is the electron Larmor frequency at the
saturation magnetization of the ferrite, Ms; and γ is the gyromagnetic ratio of the electron.
For a lossless ferrite, the permeability clearly becomes unbounded at ω = ω0. In a real
ferrite, this resonance becomes finite and is broadened due to losses. For complete
expressions including losses, see Ref. 1 and Ref. 2. In this analysis the operating frequency
is chosen sufficiently off from the Larmor frequency to avoid the singularity. The material
data, Ms = 2.39·105 A/m and εr = 12.9, are taken for magnesium ferrite from Ref. 2. The
applied bias field is set to H0 = 2.72·105 A/m, which is well above saturation. The
electron gyromagnetic ratio is set to 1.759·1011 C/kg. Finally, the model uses an
operating frequency of 10 GHz. This is well above the cutoff for the TE10 mode, which
for a waveguide cross section of 2 cm by 1 cm is at about 7.5 GHz. At the ports, matched
port boundary conditions make the boundaries transparent to the wave.

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Results and Discussion
The S11 parameter as a function of the relative permittivity of the matching elements,
eps_r, is shown in Figure 3. The S11 parameter corresponds to the reflection coefficient
at port 1. Thus matching the junction is equivalent to minimizing the magnitude of S11.

Figure 3: S11 parameter as a function of the relative permittivity.

By choosing eps_r to about 1.29, you obtain a reflection coefficient of about −35 dB,
which is a good value for a circulator design. Judging from the absence of standing wave
patterns in the magnitude plot of the electric field and by looking at the direction of the

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microwave energy flow in the result plot below, it is clear that the circulator behaves as
desired.

References
1. R.E. Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed., IEEE Press/Wiley-
Interscience, 2000.

2. D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

Application Library path: RF_Module/Ferrimagnetic_Devices/circulator

Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.

NEW
In the New window, click Model Wizard.

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MODEL WIZARD
1 In the Model Wizard window, click 2D.
2 In the Select Physics tree, select Radio Frequency>Electromagnetic Waves,
Frequency Domain (emw).
3 Click Add.
4 Click Study.
5 In the Select Study tree, select General Studies>Frequency Domain.
6 Click Done.

GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Parameters 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Global Definitions click Parameters 1.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:

Name Expression Value Description

eps_r 1 1 Relative permittivity

GEOMETRY 1

Import 1 (imp1)
1 In the Home toolbar, click Import.
2 In the Settings window for Import, locate the Import section.
3 Click Browse.
4 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
circulator.mphbin.

5 Click Import.
6 Click the Zoom Extents button in the Graphics toolbar.

ADD MATERIAL
1 In the Home toolbar, click Add Material to open the Add Material window.
2 Go to the Add Material window.
3 In the tree, select Built-in>Air.
4 Click Add to Component in the window toolbar.
5 In the Home toolbar, click Add Material to close the Add Material window.

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MATERIALS

Air (mat1)
Select Domains 1, 3, 6, and 7 only.

Define the dielectric matching elements with a permittivity eps_r. You will later set up the
solver to sweep this parameter.

Dielectric
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Blank Material.
2 In the Settings window for Material, type Dielectric in the Label text field.
3 Select Domains 2, 4, and 5 only.
4 Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:

Property Variable Value Unit Property

group
Relative permittivity epsilonr_iso ; eps_r 1 Basic
epsilonrii =
epsilonr_iso,
epsilonrij = 0
Relative permeability mur_iso ; murii 1 1 Basic
= mur_iso,
murij = 0
Electrical conductivity sigma_iso ; 0 S/m Basic
sigmaii =
sigma_iso,
sigmaij = 0

Ferrite
1 Right-click Materials and choose Blank Material.
2 In the Settings window for Material, type Ferrite in the Label text field.
3 Select Domain 8 only.

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4 Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:

Property Variable Value Unit Property

group
Relative permittivity epsilonr_iso 12.9 1 Basic
; epsilonrii =
epsilonr_iso,
epsilonrij =
0
Relative permeability {mur11, {mur, -i*kr, 0, 1 Basic
mur21, i*kr, mur, 0, 0,
mur31, 0, 1}
mur12,
mur22,
mur32,
mur13,
mur23,
mur33}
Electrical conductivity sigma_iso ; 0 S/m Basic
sigmaii =
sigma_iso,
sigmaij = 0

5 In the Model Builder window, expand the Component 1 (comp1)>Materials>Ferrite (mat3)

node, then click Basic (def).
6 In the Settings window for Property Group, locate the Model Inputs section.
7 Click Select Quantity.
8 In the Physical Quantity dialog box, type frequency in the text field.
9 Click Filter.
10 In the tree, select General>Frequency (Hz).
11 Click OK.
To define mur and kr in terms of the frequency, you need to enter a number of local
parameters.
12 In the Settings window for Property Group, locate the Local Properties section.
13 In the Local properties table, enter the following settings:

Name Expression Unit Description

gamma 1.759e11[C/kg] C/kg
omega 2*pi*freq Hz

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Name Expression Unit Description
H0 omega/(gamma*mu0_const+1e4[m/C]) A/m
w0 mu0_const*gamma*H0 1/s
Ms 0.3[Wb/m^2]/mu0_const A/m
wm mu0_const*gamma*Ms 1/s
mur 1+w0*wm/(w0^2-omega^2)
kr omega*wm/(w0^2-omega^2)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, FREQUENCY DOMAIN (EMW)

With the Electromagnetic Waves interface selected and the materials defined, the physics
you need to specify is only the ports.

1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Electromagnetic Waves,
Frequency Domain (emw).
2 In the Settings window for Electromagnetic Waves, Frequency Domain, locate the
Components section.
3 From the Electric field components solved for list, choose Out-of-plane vector.
Only the z-component of electric field (transverse electric mode) is effective in the
simulation domain. By choosing the Out-of-plane vector, the computation can be more
efficient.

Port 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Port.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
3 In the Settings window for Port, locate the Port Properties section.
4 From the Type of port list, choose Rectangular.
For the first port, wave excitation is on by default.

Port 2
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Port.
2 Select Boundary 20 only.
3 In the Settings window for Port, locate the Port Properties section.
4 From the Type of port list, choose Rectangular.

Port 3
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Port.
2 Select Boundary 21 only.

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3 In the Settings window for Port, locate the Port Properties section.
4 From the Type of port list, choose Rectangular.

MESH 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Mesh 1.
2 In the Settings window for Mesh, locate the Physics-Controlled Mesh section.
3 In the table, clear the Use check box for Electromagnetic Waves,
Frequency Domain (emw).
4 From the Element size list, choose Finer.
5 Click Build All.

STUDY 1

Parametric Sweep
1 In the Study toolbar, click Parametric Sweep.
2 In the Settings window for Parametric Sweep, locate the Study Settings section.
3 Click Add.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:

Parameter name Parameter value list Parameter unit

eps_r (Relative permittivity) range(1,0.01,1.5)

Step 1: Frequency Domain

1 In the Model Builder window, click Step 1: Frequency Domain.
2 In the Settings window for Frequency Domain, locate the Study Settings section.
3 In the Frequencies text field, type 10[GHz].
4 In the Study toolbar, click Compute.

RESULTS

Electric Field (emw)

The default plot shows the norm of the electric field for eps_r = 1.5. The plot is dominated
by the strong field in the ferrite post. Adjust the range to get a better overview of the fields
throughout the circulator, and add arrows representing the power flow.

Surface
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Electric Field (emw) node, then click Surface.
2 In the Settings window for Surface, click to expand the Range section.

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3 Select the Manual color range check box.
4 In the Maximum text field, type 350.
5 In the Electric Field (emw) toolbar, click Plot.

Arrow Surface 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Electric Field (emw) and choose Arrow Surface.
2 In the Settings window for Arrow Surface, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Component 1 (comp1)>
Electromagnetic Waves, Frequency Domain>Energy and power>emw.Poavx,emw.Poavy -
Power flow, time average.
3 Locate the Arrow Positioning section. Find the Y grid points subsection. In the Points text
field, type 25.
4 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Color list, choose Black.
5 In the Electric Field (emw) toolbar, click Plot.

The presence of standing waves in the input arm is clearly visible for this value (1.5) of the
relative permittivity in the matching elements. To study how the reflections depend on the
value of this parameter, plot the reflection coefficient S11 as a function of eps_r.

1D Plot Group 4
In the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 1D Plot Group.

Global 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>S-parameter (emw) node, then click
Global 1.
2 In the Settings window for Global, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of
the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Component 1 (comp1)>
Electromagnetic Waves, Frequency Domain>Ports>S-parameter, dB>emw.S11dB - S11.
3 In the S-parameter (emw) toolbar, click Plot.
The plot shows that eps_r = 1.29 gives the minimum reflection. You can study the field
distribution for this solution by selecting it as follows:

Electric Field (emw)

1 In the Model Builder window, click Electric Field (emw).
2 In the Settings window for 2D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
3 From the Parameter value (eps_r) list, choose 1.29.
4 In the Electric Field (emw) toolbar, click Plot.

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